R. Podstawski, M. Zurawik, K. Borysławski, A. Buková, B. Masanovic, Z. Alföldi, P. Żurek
Background: For the majority of students, the transition into higher education seems to have deleterious effects on their physical activity (PA) behaviors and motivation. To tackle students' physical inactivity, reforms in higher education were supposed to reinvent physical education (PE) programs, revise their objectives and tasks. Nevertheless, European universities are experiencing a physical activity crisis, and recent generations of students are facing health problems due to underprovided levels of PA. Objective: The aim of this descriptive study was to analyze the state and status of physical education in higher education in selected European countries with regards to its curriculum and resources. Methods: Quantitative data were collected from 66 tertiary institutions from various countries in Europe. The questionnaire was used to gather information regarding characteristics of tertiary institutions, sport and leisure facilities, types and characteristics of PA programs available for students. Results: PE classes were obligatory in 44% and facultative in 30.3% of tertiary institutions; 22.7% of the institutions offered mixed PE curricula. The most popular team sports were volleyball, soccer and basketball, whereas fitness and functional training were the most popular types of individual PA. PE sessions lasted one or two semesters in 53% of the institutions. In 12% of establishments, PE was not part of curricula. In 60% of institutions, PE curricula consisted of 31-60 academic hours during the entire study program, and 55% of establishments charged additional fees for sports activities. In 55% of the analyzed institutions, physical fitness assessments were conducted only to determine students' eligibility to participate in team sports. Conclusions: The research study investigated problems of insufficient PA levels in higher education, indicating several reasons for this state of affairs. The study recommends that PE curricula are thoughtfully planned and executed with improved financing. Furthermore, PE ought to be combined with health education to promote active and healthy lifestyles among students.
{"title":"State and status of physical education in tertiary institutions in selected European countries in the second decade of the 21st century","authors":"R. Podstawski, M. Zurawik, K. Borysławski, A. Buková, B. Masanovic, Z. Alföldi, P. Żurek","doi":"10.5507/AG.2021.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/AG.2021.013","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For the majority of students, the transition into higher education seems to have deleterious effects on their physical activity (PA) behaviors and motivation. To tackle students' physical inactivity, reforms in higher education were supposed to reinvent physical education (PE) programs, revise their objectives and tasks. Nevertheless, European universities are experiencing a physical activity crisis, and recent generations of students are facing health problems due to underprovided levels of PA. Objective: The aim of this descriptive study was to analyze the state and status of physical education in higher education in selected European countries with regards to its curriculum and resources. Methods: Quantitative data were collected from 66 tertiary institutions from various countries in Europe. The questionnaire was used to gather information regarding characteristics of tertiary institutions, sport and leisure facilities, types and characteristics of PA programs available for students. Results: PE classes were obligatory in 44% and facultative in 30.3% of tertiary institutions; 22.7% of the institutions offered mixed PE curricula. The most popular team sports were volleyball, soccer and basketball, whereas fitness and functional training were the most popular types of individual PA. PE sessions lasted one or two semesters in 53% of the institutions. In 12% of establishments, PE was not part of curricula. In 60% of institutions, PE curricula consisted of 31-60 academic hours during the entire study program, and 55% of establishments charged additional fees for sports activities. In 55% of the analyzed institutions, physical fitness assessments were conducted only to determine students' eligibility to participate in team sports. Conclusions: The research study investigated problems of insufficient PA levels in higher education, indicating several reasons for this state of affairs. The study recommends that PE curricula are thoughtfully planned and executed with improved financing. Furthermore, PE ought to be combined with health education to promote active and healthy lifestyles among students.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42873279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grigorios Masadis, F. Filippou, E. Bebetsos, Stella Mavridou, O. Kouli, V. Karagiannidou, D. Petanidis, D. Varsami, Dafni-Anastasia Filippou, Z. Németh
Background: The Greek bibliography does not provide researchers with a credible measurement instrument that can estimate satisfaction as a multi-dimensional concept, in the frame of a physical education lesson. Objective: The main aim of this study was to cross-validate the Greek version of the Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) in a Greek educational context. The internal consistency of the PACSQ was also examined as well as the levels of satisfaction, gender, and grade of studies as factors that differentiate lesson satisfaction from lesson attendance. Methods: A total of 459 elementary school students (220 boys and 239 girls) aged between 11 and 12 years, across the country joined in the study. The Greek version of PACSQ was used. The statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis and discriminant and convergent validity, and one-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the hypothesized model produced a significant χ2 (3311.55), normed fit index (.95) and comparative fit index (.96). The root mean square error of approximation (.62) was also considered to assess the degree of fit of the model. Composite reliability (≥ .879) and variance extracted (≥ .586) of all dimensions of the PACSQ demonstrated an acceptable reliability coefficient. Conclusions: From the analysis of the results, we came to the following conclusions. The PACSQ constitutes an instrument credible enough to measure the satisfaction of elementary school male and female students. Students seem to be quite satisfied by the cognitive process. Gender is a differentiation factor only as far as Normative Success is concerned. Students in the 6th grade (12 years old) appear to be more satisfied by their participatiοn in a physical education lesson.
{"title":"The Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) in Greek educational context: Psychometric properties","authors":"Grigorios Masadis, F. Filippou, E. Bebetsos, Stella Mavridou, O. Kouli, V. Karagiannidou, D. Petanidis, D. Varsami, Dafni-Anastasia Filippou, Z. Németh","doi":"10.5507/ag.2021.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Greek bibliography does not provide researchers with a credible measurement instrument that can estimate satisfaction as a multi-dimensional concept, in the frame of a physical education lesson. Objective: The main aim of this study was to cross-validate the Greek version of the Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) in a Greek educational context. The internal consistency of the PACSQ was also examined as well as the levels of satisfaction, gender, and grade of studies as factors that differentiate lesson satisfaction from lesson attendance. Methods: A total of 459 elementary school students (220 boys and 239 girls) aged between 11 and 12 years, across the country joined in the study. The Greek version of PACSQ was used. The statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis and discriminant and convergent validity, and one-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the hypothesized model produced a significant χ2 (3311.55), normed fit index (.95) and comparative fit index (.96). The root mean square error of approximation (.62) was also considered to assess the degree of fit of the model. Composite reliability (≥ .879) and variance extracted (≥ .586) of all dimensions of the PACSQ demonstrated an acceptable reliability coefficient. Conclusions: From the analysis of the results, we came to the following conclusions. The PACSQ constitutes an instrument credible enough to measure the satisfaction of elementary school male and female students. Students seem to be quite satisfied by the cognitive process. Gender is a differentiation factor only as far as Normative Success is concerned. Students in the 6th grade (12 years old) appear to be more satisfied by their participatiοn in a physical education lesson.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70741806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Vertical jump height and body height are almost universally recognised as determinant factors in elite volleyball performance. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between basic anthropometric parameters (body height and body weight) and jumping performance in a group of 16 female volleyball players (age 19.14 ± 5.52 years, height 1.80 ± 0.06 m, weight 69.81 ± 6.85 kg) and in a control group of 15 female university students (age 22.90 ± 0.83 years, height 1.70 ± 0.05 m, weight 61.70 ± 8.23 kg). Methods: The Quattro Jump 9290BA force platform system (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) was used to test jumping performance in single vertical jumps (squat jump, countermovement jump) and 45-s continuous jumps. In single jumps, jump height was analysed and during the 45-s continuous jumps the maximal and mean jump height, the average contact time and the fatigue index were evaluated. The efficiency of the conversion of mechanical work into mechanical energy at the moment of takeoff was calculated. Results: No significant influence of body height and body weight was found in the jumping performance in the squat jump and countermovement jump. In continuous jumps, a significant correlation was found between body height and fatigue index in the volleyball players. In the control group, in most of the tests moderate correlation between body height and jump height was observed. In the volleyball players, rather low values of efficiency of take-off (23.67 ± 2.64%) were calculated. The values in the control group were even lower. Conclusions: Nowadays, many volleyball coaches choose individuals mainly according to body height, but it is important that the talent identification process should also consider jumping abilities in the simple jumps and in continuous jumps. All these parameters should help coaches choose the right players for the appropriate position and role in the team.
{"title":"Jumping performance and take-off efficiency correlation with the basic anthropometric parameters in female volleyball players","authors":"S. Jandova","doi":"10.5507/ag.2021.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.020","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vertical jump height and body height are almost universally recognised as determinant factors in elite volleyball performance. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between basic anthropometric parameters (body height and body weight) and jumping performance in a group of 16 female volleyball players (age 19.14 ± 5.52 years, height 1.80 ± 0.06 m, weight 69.81 ± 6.85 kg) and in a control group of 15 female university students (age 22.90 ± 0.83 years, height 1.70 ± 0.05 m, weight 61.70 ± 8.23 kg). Methods: The Quattro Jump 9290BA force platform system (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) was used to test jumping performance in single vertical jumps (squat jump, countermovement jump) and 45-s continuous jumps. In single jumps, jump height was analysed and during the 45-s continuous jumps the maximal and mean jump height, the average contact time and the fatigue index were evaluated. The efficiency of the conversion of mechanical work into mechanical energy at the moment of takeoff was calculated. Results: No significant influence of body height and body weight was found in the jumping performance in the squat jump and countermovement jump. In continuous jumps, a significant correlation was found between body height and fatigue index in the volleyball players. In the control group, in most of the tests moderate correlation between body height and jump height was observed. In the volleyball players, rather low values of efficiency of take-off (23.67 ± 2.64%) were calculated. The values in the control group were even lower. Conclusions: Nowadays, many volleyball coaches choose individuals mainly according to body height, but it is important that the talent identification process should also consider jumping abilities in the simple jumps and in continuous jumps. All these parameters should help coaches choose the right players for the appropriate position and role in the team.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70741978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: From the perspective of achievement goal orientation theory, athletes may evaluate their performance by comparing current achievements with previous achievements (task orientation) or with those of other athletes (ego orientation); these two orientations may affect their sport motivation and performance outcomes in different ways. Objective: Based on a sample of competitive Czech beach volleyball players, this study aimed to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations (task/ego), sport motivation (represented by intrinsic motivation, extrinsic regulation, and amotivation), and athletes’ competitive performance. Methods: A total of 128 beach volleyball players (63 men and 65 women, age 26 ± 6.27 years, range 14–42 years) from the highest Czech national competition participated in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire battery included the Sport Motivation Scale-6 as a measure of self-determined sport motivation and the Perception of Success Questionnaire as a measure of achievement goal orientation. We used multiple linear regression models to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations, different types of sports motivation, and athletes’ performance in sports competition measured by their point averages at the end of the season. Results: In regression models, we observed different effects of task and ego orientations on dependent variables, including intrinsic motivation, external regulation and athletes’ competitive performance. Specifically, we found a highly significant effect of task orientation in the model of intrinsic motivation (ß = .522, p < .001, R2 = .255) and a highly significant effect of ego orientation in the model of external regulation (ß = .394, p < .001, R2 = .132). Furthermore, we found a significant effect of ego orientation in the model of athletes’ competitive performance (ß = .239, p = .005, R2 = .122). Conclusions: We assume that task and ego orientations contribute to different outcomes in competitive athletes, with task orientation supporting athletes’ interest in and enjoyment of the sport and ego orientation supporting athletes’ external regulation and performance in competition. Based on self-determination theory, task orientation may affect intrinsic motivation through the satisfaction of the basic needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence. At the same time, ego orientation may support less self-determined motivation but may also represent an advantage in the highly competitive environment of elite sports.
背景:从成就目标取向理论的角度来看，运动员可以通过比较当前成绩与以往成绩(任务取向)或与其他运动员成绩(自我取向)来评价自己的成绩;这两种取向可能以不同的方式影响他们的运动动机和表现结果。目的:以捷克竞技沙滩排球运动员为研究对象，探讨成就目标取向(任务/自我)、运动动机(以内在动机、外在调节和激励为代表)与运动员竞技成绩之间的关系。方法:对捷克全国最高赛事的128名沙滩排球运动员(男63人，女65人，年龄26±6.27岁，年龄范围14 ~ 42岁)进行问卷调查。问卷组包括运动动机量表-6(衡量自我决定的运动动机)和成功感知问卷(衡量成就目标取向)。本研究采用多元线性回归模型来评估成就目标取向、不同类型运动动机与运动员赛季末平均得分之间的关系。结果:在回归模型中，我们观察到任务取向和自我取向对内因动机、外因调节和运动员竞技成绩的不同影响。具体而言，我们发现任务取向在内在动机模型中具有极显著的影响(ß = .522, p < .001, R2 = .255)，自我取向在外部调节模型中具有极显著的影响(ß = .394, p < .001, R2 = .132)。此外，我们发现自我取向在运动员竞技表现模型中有显著的影响(ß = .239, p = .005, R2 = .122)。结论:我们假设任务取向和自我取向对竞技运动员的成绩有不同的影响，其中任务取向支持运动员对运动的兴趣和享受，自我取向支持运动员的外部调节和比赛表现。根据自我决定理论，任务导向可以通过满足自主性、关联性和胜任性等基本需求来影响内在动机。与此同时，自我取向可能支持较少的自我决定动机，但也可能在精英体育的高度竞争环境中表现出优势。
{"title":"Achievement goal orientations, sport motivation and competitive performance in beach volleyball players","authors":"Michaela Knoblochova, J. Mudrak, P. Slepička","doi":"10.5507/ag.2021.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.016","url":null,"abstract":"Background: From the perspective of achievement goal orientation theory, athletes may evaluate their performance by comparing current achievements with previous achievements (task orientation) or with those of other athletes (ego orientation); these two orientations may affect their sport motivation and performance outcomes in different ways. Objective: Based on a sample of competitive Czech beach volleyball players, this study aimed to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations (task/ego), sport motivation (represented by intrinsic motivation, extrinsic regulation, and amotivation), and athletes’ competitive performance. Methods: A total of 128 beach volleyball players (63 men and 65 women, age 26 ± 6.27 years, range 14–42 years) from the highest Czech national competition participated in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire battery included the Sport Motivation Scale-6 as a measure of self-determined sport motivation and the Perception of Success Questionnaire as a measure of achievement goal orientation. We used multiple linear regression models to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations, different types of sports motivation, and athletes’ performance in sports competition measured by their point averages at the end of the season. Results: In regression models, we observed different effects of task and ego orientations on dependent variables, including intrinsic motivation, external regulation and athletes’ competitive performance. Specifically, we found a highly significant effect of task orientation in the model of intrinsic motivation (ß = .522, p < .001, R2 = .255) and a highly significant effect of ego orientation in the model of external regulation (ß = .394, p < .001, R2 = .132). Furthermore, we found a significant effect of ego orientation in the model of athletes’ competitive performance (ß = .239, p = .005, R2 = .122). Conclusions: We assume that task and ego orientations contribute to different outcomes in competitive athletes, with task orientation supporting athletes’ interest in and enjoyment of the sport and ego orientation supporting athletes’ external regulation and performance in competition. Based on self-determination theory, task orientation may affect intrinsic motivation through the satisfaction of the basic needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence. At the same time, ego orientation may support less self-determined motivation but may also represent an advantage in the highly competitive environment of elite sports.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70741728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Krejčí, R. Psotta, M. Hill, J. Kajzar, D. Jandová, V. Hošek
Background: Body balance control represents a key function for the physical activities of elderly people aged sixty-five and over. Due to the biological and psychosocial changes in this age group, yoga-based intervention appears to be beneficial to maintaining their ability to balance along with related mental aspects of health. Objective: The aim of the presented study was to examine the effects of the 4-week yoga-based intervention on balance, body composition and the mental health aspects of elderly men. Methods: 67-80-year-old elderly men (N = 234, mean age 72.5 ± 7.7 years) were assessed with The Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, bioimpedance body composition analyser InBody 230 and the Health Survey SF-36, applied for the pre- and post-testing. The experimental group (n = 122) underwent the 4-week intervention based on yoga exercises, while the control group (n = 112) had a usual daily program at their senior homes or centers. Results: The yoga intervention led to significant improvement of both the static balance and gait scores compared to the control group, with medium effect size, ηp2 = .070 and .080. The intervention also had an effect on the decrease of body fat percentage (by 1.7%) and an increase in muscle mass (by 1.3 kg), with a large effect size, ηp2 = .214 and .301. Results of the Health Survey showed that overall mental health did not change significantly although positive improvement in two items connected with emotional problems. Conclusions: A short-term yoga-based intervention may have a significant positive influence on physical abilities such as balance control and body composition rather than on mental health aspects in elderly men aged sixty-five and over.
{"title":"A short-term yoga-based intervention improves balance control, body composition, and some aspects of mental health in the elderly men","authors":"M. Krejčí, R. Psotta, M. Hill, J. Kajzar, D. Jandová, V. Hošek","doi":"10.5507/ag.2020.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Body balance control represents a key function for the physical activities of elderly people aged sixty-five and over. Due to the biological and psychosocial changes in this age group, yoga-based intervention appears to be beneficial to maintaining their ability to balance along with related mental aspects of health. Objective: The aim of the presented study was to examine the effects of the 4-week yoga-based intervention on balance, body composition and the mental health aspects of elderly men. Methods: 67-80-year-old elderly men (N = 234, mean age 72.5 ± 7.7 years) were assessed with The Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, bioimpedance body composition analyser InBody 230 and the Health Survey SF-36, applied for the pre- and post-testing. The experimental group (n = 122) underwent the 4-week intervention based on yoga exercises, while the control group (n = 112) had a usual daily program at their senior homes or centers. Results: The yoga intervention led to significant improvement of both the static balance and gait scores compared to the control group, with medium effect size, ηp2 = .070 and .080. The intervention also had an effect on the decrease of body fat percentage (by 1.7%) and an increase in muscle mass (by 1.3 kg), with a large effect size, ηp2 = .214 and .301. Results of the Health Survey showed that overall mental health did not change significantly although positive improvement in two items connected with emotional problems. Conclusions: A short-term yoga-based intervention may have a significant positive influence on physical abilities such as balance control and body composition rather than on mental health aspects in elderly men aged sixty-five and over.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41810533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: It is necessary to deal with the aggressive behaviour of young people and find out whether sport can play a role in this area. So far, findings indicate modification role of sports activity and its type in terms of contact's occurrence, in the behavior of individuals. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the level of the dimension of aggression and anxiety trait between nonathletes and contact and noncontact sport athletes and to assess the relationship between dimensions of aggression and the level of anxiety trait across the groups. Methods: The research group consisted of 153 males aged 22.07 ± 2.49 years: 47 contact sport athletes, 51 noncontact sport athletes and 55 nonathletes. Dimensions of aggression were evaluated by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, anxiety trait was evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The differences between the groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test was used for posthoc pairwise comparisons. Relationship between dimensions of aggression and anxiety trait was assessed by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: We found that nonathletes were more physically aggressive than contact sport athletes and they also displayed a higher level of anger and hostility. Moreover, nonathletes were more hostile, physical and verbally aggressive than noncontact sport athletes. Nonathletes also had a higher level of anxiety trait than athletes. There was no difference between athletes in any dimension of aggression and anxiety trait level. Besides that, we found a significant relationship between anxiety trait level and physical aggression across the groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sports activity can be beneficial for personality in both contact and noncontact athletes. Sport activity may be one of the factors which increase the possibility of releasing of aggression, while "contactness" of the sport does not play any major role in the aggression of athletes.
{"title":"Aggression and anxiety trait level of young male contact and noncontact athletes","authors":"P. Pačesová, Pavel Šmela","doi":"10.5507/ag.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is necessary to deal with the aggressive behaviour of young people and find out whether sport can play a role in this area. So far, findings indicate modification role of sports activity and its type in terms of contact's occurrence, in the behavior of individuals. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the level of the dimension of aggression and anxiety trait between nonathletes and contact and noncontact sport athletes and to assess the relationship between dimensions of aggression and the level of anxiety trait across the groups. Methods: The research group consisted of 153 males aged 22.07 ± 2.49 years: 47 contact sport athletes, 51 noncontact sport athletes and 55 nonathletes. Dimensions of aggression were evaluated by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, anxiety trait was evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The differences between the groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test was used for posthoc pairwise comparisons. Relationship between dimensions of aggression and anxiety trait was assessed by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: We found that nonathletes were more physically aggressive than contact sport athletes and they also displayed a higher level of anger and hostility. Moreover, nonathletes were more hostile, physical and verbally aggressive than noncontact sport athletes. Nonathletes also had a higher level of anxiety trait than athletes. There was no difference between athletes in any dimension of aggression and anxiety trait level. Besides that, we found a significant relationship between anxiety trait level and physical aggression across the groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sports activity can be beneficial for personality in both contact and noncontact athletes. Sport activity may be one of the factors which increase the possibility of releasing of aggression, while \"contactness\" of the sport does not play any major role in the aggression of athletes.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47287105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Values of young urban professionals (yuppies) are still valid and it is possible to find references to the lifestyle of young people. This also applies to the younger generation, in other words, middle-aged urban professionals (muppies). Objective: The aim is evaluating whether yuppies and muppies can be a role model for society in the field of taking care of leisure-time physical activity (PA). Methods: Surveys were conducted by an Omnibus survey on the representative sample of Poles in two studies (N = 1053, N = 1067). Persons aged 20-39 (N = 762 were selected) and based on the criteria: education, residence in cities, study skills character of work, income, there was created a yuppie/muppie group (n = 67) and non-yuppies (n = 695). International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Long Form was used. Results: Recommendations of WHO were met by 43.3% of yuppies/muppies and 33.4% of non-yuppies. No significant differences between groups were observed (p = .103) in this regard. There were no significant differences also between groups in practiced days per week leisure-time PA (walking p = .069, moderate PA p = .095, vigorous PA p = .256). The average value of MET-min/week for vigorous PA during leisure time was significantly higher declared (p = .03) by the yuppie/muppie group (628.7 ± 1415.5 vs. 345.8 ± 1073.4 MET-min/week). Conclusions: Yuppies and muppies cannot be regarded as a role model for Polish society in terms of taking up active leisure-time activities and meeting World Health Organization recommendations. Thus, it seems valuable to carry out further research in order to find role-model groups within the population aged 20-39.
{"title":"Are yuppies and muppies more physically active than the others aged 20-39?","authors":"E. Biernat, M. Piątkowska, Justyna Krzepota","doi":"10.5507/ag.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Values of young urban professionals (yuppies) are still valid and it is possible to find references to the lifestyle of young people. This also applies to the younger generation, in other words, middle-aged urban professionals (muppies). Objective: The aim is evaluating whether yuppies and muppies can be a role model for society in the field of taking care of leisure-time physical activity (PA). Methods: Surveys were conducted by an Omnibus survey on the representative sample of Poles in two studies (N = 1053, N = 1067). Persons aged 20-39 (N = 762 were selected) and based on the criteria: education, residence in cities, study skills character of work, income, there was created a yuppie/muppie group (n = 67) and non-yuppies (n = 695). International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Long Form was used. Results: Recommendations of WHO were met by 43.3% of yuppies/muppies and 33.4% of non-yuppies. No significant differences between groups were observed (p = .103) in this regard. There were no significant differences also between groups in practiced days per week leisure-time PA (walking p = .069, moderate PA p = .095, vigorous PA p = .256). The average value of MET-min/week for vigorous PA during leisure time was significantly higher declared (p = .03) by the yuppie/muppie group (628.7 ± 1415.5 vs. 345.8 ± 1073.4 MET-min/week). Conclusions: Yuppies and muppies cannot be regarded as a role model for Polish society in terms of taking up active leisure-time activities and meeting World Health Organization recommendations. Thus, it seems valuable to carry out further research in order to find role-model groups within the population aged 20-39.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46702918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Jahanbakhsh, M. Sohrabi, A. Kakhki, E. Khodashenas
Background: Among the main deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), the underdeveloped balance is important because of the impact on motor skills development, the falling risks and participation in various physical activities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of task-specific balance training in dual-task and single-task conditions on balance performance in children with DCD. Methods: Thirty-nine boys aged from 7 to 9 years with DCD were randomly assigned to 3 groups: dual-task training group (n = 13, mean age 8.59 ± 0.82 years), single-task training group (n = 13, mean age 8.61 ± 0.83 years) and control group without any intervention (n = 13, mean age 8.41 ± 0.86 years). Each session in the single-task or dual-task group continued for 45 minutes, three times per week for a duration of 8 weeks. The balance of all three groups was measured using the Stork Balance Stand Test and dynamic Y Balance Test in the pre-test, post-test (after 24 sessions), and follow-up phases (2 months after the intervention). Results: There was a significant difference between the dual-task and single-task training program in static and dynamic balance tests score during post-test. The dual-task program significantly improved the balance performance of children with DCD (p < .001). Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present research, the dual-task training condition focusing on balance and cognitive tasks may improve the skills of children on performing static and dynamic balance significantly more than the single-task training.
{"title":"The effect of task-specific balance training program in dual-task and single-task conditions on balance performance in children with developmental coordination disorder","authors":"H. Jahanbakhsh, M. Sohrabi, A. Kakhki, E. Khodashenas","doi":"10.5507/ag.2020.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Among the main deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), the underdeveloped balance is important because of the impact on motor skills development, the falling risks and participation in various physical activities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of task-specific balance training in dual-task and single-task conditions on balance performance in children with DCD. Methods: Thirty-nine boys aged from 7 to 9 years with DCD were randomly assigned to 3 groups: dual-task training group (n = 13, mean age 8.59 ± 0.82 years), single-task training group (n = 13, mean age 8.61 ± 0.83 years) and control group without any intervention (n = 13, mean age 8.41 ± 0.86 years). Each session in the single-task or dual-task group continued for 45 minutes, three times per week for a duration of 8 weeks. The balance of all three groups was measured using the Stork Balance Stand Test and dynamic Y Balance Test in the pre-test, post-test (after 24 sessions), and follow-up phases (2 months after the intervention). Results: There was a significant difference between the dual-task and single-task training program in static and dynamic balance tests score during post-test. The dual-task program significantly improved the balance performance of children with DCD (p < .001). Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present research, the dual-task training condition focusing on balance and cognitive tasks may improve the skills of children on performing static and dynamic balance significantly more than the single-task training.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46918833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-28327/v1
E. Sigmund, D. Sigmundová
Background The influence of parents on physical activity (PA) and body weight of their children is confirmed by scientific studies and accepted by the professional community. However, it is not known whether only children or those with siblings have a higher level of PA and healthier body weight. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess whether there are any differences in the daily step counts (SC) and the prevalence of obesity between only children and children with siblings, and whether the achievement of the daily SC recommendation by children/parents and parental obesity influence obesity in children with and without siblings. Methods The analysis included 566 families (10.6%/89.4% with single child/two or more children) with complete data of family members on weight status and ambulatory PA monitored with a Yamax pedometer during regular school/work week during spring and autumn between 2013–2019. The cut-point values of the daily SC recommendation amounted to ≥ 13,000/≥11,000 steps/day for 5–12 years old sons/daughters and ≥ 10,000 steps/day for 12–16-year-old adolescents and adults. The Chi-Square (χ2) test series was used to compare the achievement of the daily SC recommendation and the prevalence of normal body weight, overweight and obesity between only children and those with siblings. Logistic regression models (Enter method) were used to investigate whether the achievement of the daily SC recommendation by children/parents and parental obesity were associated with obesity in offspring in single-child families and families with more children. Results A significantly higher proportion of children with siblings (p < 0.01) achieved the recommended daily SC (51.8% vs. 31.7%) and showed a lower prevalence of overweight (16.2% vs. 20.0%) and obesity (7.1% vs. 20.0%) compared with only children. The achievement of the daily SC recommendation in children significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the odds ratio (OR) of obesity (OR = 0.22–0.34). Children with siblings had lower odds (OR = 0.41–0.54) of obesity than only children, but significantly (p < 0.05) only in mother-child dyads. Overweight/obesity of mothers significantly increased (p < 0.05) the odds of obesity (OR = 2.07) in their children. Conclusion Children from families with siblings have a higher amount of daily PA and healthier body weight than single-child families.
{"title":"Only children or siblings: Who has higher physical activity and healthier weight?","authors":"E. Sigmund, D. Sigmundová","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-28327/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-28327/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background\u0000\u0000The influence of parents on physical activity (PA) and body weight of their children is confirmed by scientific studies and accepted by the professional community. However, it is not known whether only children or those with siblings have a higher level of PA and healthier body weight. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess whether there are any differences in the daily step counts (SC) and the prevalence of obesity between only children and children with siblings, and whether the achievement of the daily SC recommendation by children/parents and parental obesity influence obesity in children with and without siblings.\u0000Methods\u0000\u0000The analysis included 566 families (10.6%/89.4% with single child/two or more children) with complete data of family members on weight status and ambulatory PA monitored with a Yamax pedometer during regular school/work week during spring and autumn between 2013–2019. The cut-point values of the daily SC recommendation amounted to ≥ 13,000/≥11,000 steps/day for 5–12 years old sons/daughters and ≥ 10,000 steps/day for 12–16-year-old adolescents and adults. The Chi-Square (χ2) test series was used to compare the achievement of the daily SC recommendation and the prevalence of normal body weight, overweight and obesity between only children and those with siblings. Logistic regression models (Enter method) were used to investigate whether the achievement of the daily SC recommendation by children/parents and parental obesity were associated with obesity in offspring in single-child families and families with more children.\u0000Results\u0000\u0000A significantly higher proportion of children with siblings (p < 0.01) achieved the recommended daily SC (51.8% vs. 31.7%) and showed a lower prevalence of overweight (16.2% vs. 20.0%) and obesity (7.1% vs. 20.0%) compared with only children. The achievement of the daily SC recommendation in children significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the odds ratio (OR) of obesity (OR = 0.22–0.34). Children with siblings had lower odds (OR = 0.41–0.54) of obesity than only children, but significantly (p < 0.05) only in mother-child dyads. Overweight/obesity of mothers significantly increased (p < 0.05) the odds of obesity (OR = 2.07) in their children.\u0000Conclusion\u0000\u0000Children from families with siblings have a higher amount of daily PA and healthier body weight than single-child families.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Absolute and relative information may have different roles during motor learning through observation.Objective: This study aimed to address the effect of observing different information on the learning of the basketball jump shot. Methods: For this purpose, 30 participants were included in the study and divided into three groups (Full Body, Arm, and Wrist) according to the information they observed. Full Body group observed information relating to all body parts, Arm group observed information relating to the throwing arm, and the Wrist group observed the information relating to the throwing wrist. All information was presented in the point light format. During data acquisition, participants performed 30 trials which were observed in the model 5 times before the first trial and once before the remaining trials. Twenty-four hours later, 10 trials were performed as a retention test. After retention, there was a re-acquisition period in which all groups observed full-body information in an order similar to the acquisition period and then performed 10 trials. Accuracy, visual search (eye fixations), and kinematics data (intra-limb coordination variability) were acquired. Results: No between-group difference existed in the accuracy measurement. Results of the kinematics data (intra-limb coordination) showed that Full Body and Arm groups performed more like the model than Wrist group. Visual search data showed that all groups were fixed more on the throwing arm than other parts of the body. Conclusions: These results showed that restricted relative information can be more useful for learning a throwing action.
{"title":"The effect of observing different information on learning the basketball jump shot","authors":"S. Rafiee, A. Dana","doi":"10.5507/ag.2019.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2019.015","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Absolute and relative information may have different roles during motor learning through observation.Objective: This study aimed to address the effect of observing different information on the learning of the basketball jump shot. Methods: For this purpose, 30 participants were included in the study and divided into three groups (Full Body, Arm, and Wrist) according to the information they observed. Full Body group observed information relating to all body parts, Arm group observed information relating to the throwing arm, and the Wrist group observed the information relating to the throwing wrist. All information was presented in the point light format. During data acquisition, participants performed 30 trials which were observed in the model 5 times before the first trial and once before the remaining trials. Twenty-four hours later, 10 trials were performed as a retention test. After retention, there was a re-acquisition period in which all groups observed full-body information in an order similar to the acquisition period and then performed 10 trials. Accuracy, visual search (eye fixations), and kinematics data (intra-limb coordination variability) were acquired. Results: No between-group difference existed in the accuracy measurement. Results of the kinematics data (intra-limb coordination) showed that Full Body and Arm groups performed more like the model than Wrist group. Visual search data showed that all groups were fixed more on the throwing arm than other parts of the body. Conclusions: These results showed that restricted relative information can be more useful for learning a throwing action.","PeriodicalId":51894,"journal":{"name":"Acta Gymnica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44357984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：