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Foucault’s Analytics of Sovereignty 福柯的《主权分析
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953750
Eli B. Lichtenstein
ABSTRACT The classical theory of sovereignty describes sovereignty as absolute and undivided yet no early modern state could claim such features. Historical record instead suggests that sovereignty was always divided and contested. In this article I argue that Foucault offers a competing account of sovereignty that underlines such features and is thus more historically apt. While commentators typically assume that Foucault’s understanding of sovereignty is borrowed from the classical theory, I demonstrate instead that he offers a sui generis interpretation, which results from the application of his general strategic conception of power to sovereignty itself. In construing sovereignty through a “matrix” of civil war, Foucault thus deprives it of the absoluteness traditionally attributed to it. Instead, he views sovereignty as constituted by conflictual and mobile power relations, a precarious political technology that deploys violence to restore its authority. I also motivate Foucault’s contention that popular sovereignty remains fundamentally continuous with the absolutist sovereignty it succeeds, insofar as it masks and thereby perpetuates unequal power relations in conditions of social conflict. According to Foucault, sovereignty is not a fact of power but a contestory claim, a discourse whose mutability helps to explain its persistence today.
经典的主权理论将主权描述为绝对的、不可分割的,但早期现代国家没有这样的特征。相反,历史记录表明,主权总是被分割和争夺的。在这篇文章中,我认为福柯对主权提出了一种竞争性的解释,强调了这些特征,因此更符合历史。虽然评论家通常认为福柯对主权的理解是从古典理论中借鉴来的,但我证明他提供了一种自成一体的解释,这是他将权力的一般战略概念应用于主权本身的结果。在通过内战的“矩阵”来解释主权时,福柯因此剥夺了传统上赋予它的绝对性。相反,他认为主权是由冲突和流动的权力关系构成的,这是一种不稳定的政治技术,利用暴力来恢复其权威。我也激发了福柯的观点,即人民主权与专制主义主权在根本上保持连续性,它成功了,因为它在社会冲突的条件下掩盖并因此使不平等的权力关系永续。根据福柯的说法,主权不是权力的事实,而是一种有争议的主张,这种话语的可变性有助于解释它今天的持久性。
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引用次数: 0
Silence Outside the Repressive Paradigm: Silence as a Condition for Public Exchanges 压抑范式之外的沉默:沉默作为公共交流的条件
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953747
Ejvind Hansen
ABSTRACT Silence is often considered under the sign of repression or oppression, and as such, the result of forces hostile to democracy. In this paper we will try to demystify that unilateral image of silence, reviving the dialectic between silence and democracy in which the former operates as a foundational precondition for exchanges in the democratic public spheres. An increased awareness of the structures of silence will help us reflect upon what remains external to ongoing public discourses. Through a reading of Deleuze, Foucault, Derrida and Heidegger, it will be shown that understanding silence not as the passive negative of speaking, but as an active form of reflection, will help us become aware of what is pre-emptively excluded from discursive exchanges. It is argued that an awareness of this kind of silence can help us reflect upon the structures of public discourses.
沉默通常被认为是镇压或压迫的标志,因此也是敌视民主的力量的结果。在本文中,我们将试图揭开沉默的单方面形象的神秘面纱,恢复沉默和民主之间的辩证法,前者是民主公共领域交流的基本前提。提高对沉默结构的认识将有助于我们反思正在进行的公共话语之外的东西。通过阅读德勒兹、福柯、德里达和海德格尔,我们会发现,将沉默理解为一种积极的反思形式,而不是被动的消极话语,将有助于我们意识到什么是被先发制人地排除在话语交流之外的。有人认为,意识到这种沉默可以帮助我们反思公共话语的结构。
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引用次数: 2
On the Notions of Police/State (of Situation): An Economic Perspective in Light of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 论警察/国家(状态)概念:基于黑格尔法哲学的经济学视角
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953751
Uroš Kranjc
ABSTRACT The article discusses the Hegelian opposition between institutions of Police and Corporation, leading to the objective spirit formed in the notion of the State. Juxtaposing both of Hegel's institutions against the usage of these notions proposed by Jacques Rancière (Police) and Alain Badiou (State of the Situation) opens a critical dividing line. We emphasize the inadequate handling of economic factors inherent in both notions, consequently obfuscating the economic conditioning of the political dimension in the social body. Moreover, we supplement both of the institutions with an economic-counterpart notion; to Police we add “Private Property” and to Corporation “State of Technology”. Further, we apply Badiou's handling of Hegel's dialectics as the dialectics of “constitutive scission”. The dialectical play of private property and state of technology is distinguished in the dialectics of algebra of places and topology of localizations. The resulting intersection is shown to be the place of torsion – corresponding to the place of the Subject – an interval, where we confront an uttered “wrong”, an interruption in the smooth counting of parts in a social body. This torsion is an immanent backside operation of the economic structure as far as it is a necessary factor in the upsurge of political subjectivity.
本文探讨了黑格尔式的“警察”与“公司”制度的对立,这种对立导致了在国家概念中形成的客观精神。将黑格尔的制度与雅克·朗西雷(《警察》)和阿兰·巴迪欧(《现状》)提出的这些概念的用法并列,打开了一条关键的分界线。我们强调对这两种概念所固有的经济因素处理不当,从而混淆了社会主体中政治方面的经济条件。此外,我们用经济对等概念补充了这两种制度;我们在“警察”后面加上“私有财产”,在“公司”后面加上“技术状况”。进一步,我们将巴迪欧对黑格尔辩证法的处理作为“本构分裂”的辩证法。私有财产和技术状态的辩证作用在地方的代数辩证法和地方的拓扑辩证法中得到了区分。由此产生的交叉点被显示为扭曲的地方——对应于主体的地方——一个间隔,在那里我们面对一个说出的“错误”,一个中断,在一个社会团体中顺利地计数部分。这种扭曲既是政治主体性高涨的必要因素,也是经济结构内在的反向运行。
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引用次数: 1
Foucault and the Historiography of Early Hellenistic Philosophy 福柯与早期希腊哲学史学
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953749
C. E. Snyder
ABSTRACT In his 1981–82 lectures The Hermeneutics of the Subject, Michel Foucault claims that a significant portion of the modern historiography of ancient philosophy tends to discredit the ethical framework of epimeleia heautou (“care of the self”). The thematic analysis of knowledge in the historiography of ancient philosophy overshadows the theme of care of the self. Taking Foucault’s claim as a point of departure, the aim of this paper is twofold. First, the paper provides a genealogy of the early Hellenistic Academy, from Polemo to Arcesilaus. Second, the paper demonstrates that for Arcesilaus, the alleged pioneer of what modern historiography has designated the Academy’s epistemological scepticism, philosophy is not restricted to a continual search for knowledge at a theoretically rarefied level of challenging arguments or discursive statements. This paper situates Arcesilaus’ opposition to early Stoic epistemology within the framework of Academic epimeleia heautou, and defends the thesis that under Arcesilaus the Hellenistic Academy undergoes a shift in the practice of care of the self.
摘要:米歇尔·福柯在1981–82年的《主体的解释学》一书中声称,现代古代哲学史学的很大一部分倾向于否定“自我关怀”的伦理框架。古代哲学史学中对知识的主题分析掩盖了对自我关怀的主题。以福柯的主张为出发点,本文的目的是双重的。首先,本文提供了早期希腊化学院的谱系,从波列莫到阿尔塞西劳斯。其次,论文证明,对于被称为现代史学所称的科学院认识论怀疑论先驱的阿尔塞西劳斯来说,哲学并不局限于在具有挑战性的论点或话语的理论上不断探索知识。本文将阿塞西laus对早期斯多葛认识论的反对置于学术美学的框架内,并为在阿塞西Laus的领导下希腊化学院在照顾自我的实践中发生转变的论点进行了辩护。
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引用次数: 0
On (Crypto-)Normativity 关于(Crypto-)规范性
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953748
M. Papastephanou
ABSTRACT The present article extracts the normative and the crypto-normative from the polemical contexts in which they have been deployed as charges to study them in their more affirmative dimensions. Polemics increasingly contribute to a disabling dismissal of normativity that ultimately blocks nuanced re-conceptualizations of normative operations. Against this backdrop, the article attempts a first theorization of crypto-normativity as a concept in its own right independently from the Habermasian-Foucauldian polemics that initially framed it. However, instead of emerging as an escape route from normativity, crypto-normativity is defended as part and parcel of a broader set of normative “technologies” that assist human beings in their critical reshuffling of themselves and of their realities.
摘要本文从争论的背景中提取了规范和加密规范,在这些背景中,它们被用作指控,以从更积极的角度研究它们。Polemics越来越多地导致对规范性的无效否定,最终阻碍了对规范操作的细微重新概念化。在这种背景下,本文试图将加密规范性作为一个独立于最初构建它的哈贝马斯-傅论战的概念进行首次理论化。然而,它并没有成为一种逃离规范性的途径,加密规范性被认为是一套更广泛的规范性“技术”的一部分,这些技术有助于人类对自己和现实进行批判性的重组。
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引用次数: 0
What Remains of the Person: Civil Death and Disappearance in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit 人的残余:黑格尔《精神现象学》中的公民死亡与消失
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1953752
Philip Schauss
ABSTRACT English-language commentary on the role of the French Revolution in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit tends to equate the so-called “fury of destruction” (Furie des Verschwindens) with the violent dialectic of rival factions’ rush for power. Here it is argued that “Absolute Freedom and Terror” ought instead to be read in the light of a “fury of disappearance”, namely in terms of the extinction of dissenting citizens’ legal personhood. This is achieved by recourse to civil death, a criminal sentence that declares the individual, who is very much alive, legally dead. While there are some actual and quite painful consequences for recipients of such a sentence, civil death is effective mainly on the philosophical and constitutional planes, where it maintains the illusion of a unanimous general will, fleetingly securing the state from failure. A focus on personhood and civil death also taps into the larger Hegelian dialectic of legalism and tradition, and into the various shapes community life takes therein, beginning with Greek Ethical Life, and ending in Absolute Freedom and Terror.
摘要在黑格尔的精神现象学中,关于法国大革命的作用的英语评论倾向于将所谓的“毁灭之怒”(Furie des Verschwindens)等同于敌对派系争夺权力的暴力辩证法。在这里,有人认为,《绝对自由与恐怖》应该从“消失的愤怒”的角度来解读,即从持不同意见的公民法人的消亡的角度来理解。这是通过诉诸民事死亡来实现的,这是一种宣告个人在法律上死亡的刑事判决。虽然对这样的判决的接受者来说会有一些实际的、相当痛苦的后果,但民事死亡主要在哲学和宪法层面上是有效的,它保持着一致的普遍意愿的幻想,迅速地确保国家免于失败。对人格和公民死亡的关注也利用了黑格尔对法律主义和传统的辩证法,以及社区生活的各种形式,从希腊的伦理生活开始,到绝对自由和恐怖结束。
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引用次数: 0
Critique of Forms of Life or Critique of Pervasive Doctrines? 对生活形式的批判还是对普遍教义的批判?
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2019.1676946
A. Pinzani
ABSTRACT The paper critically evaluates Rahel Jaeggi’s concept of form of life. Particularly, it deals with the question of why one should want to criticize forms of life or society in the first place. While Jaeggi mentions issues of rationality and success, the paper refers to issues of suffering. Therefore, it introduces firstly the concept of pervasive doctrine, which aims at complementing, not at substituting, Jaeggi’s concept of form of life. A pervasive doctrine is composed by (1) a coherent system of believes, by (2) a coherent set of values inspired by these believes, as well by a set of (3) norms and of (4) social practices organized around (1) and (2). It is pervasive insofar as it aims at explaining and regulating every aspect of the life of individuals and communities. The paper establishes, secondly, a connection between pervasive doctrines and systemic suffering, i.e. a suffering whose roots lie in the very way society is structured and the power relations within it that have been distributed along its history. Analysing the effects of pervasive doctrines in provoking systemic suffering is offered as a complementary critical strategy to the critique of forms of life provided by Jaeggi.
本文对贾吉的生命形式观进行了批判性的评价。特别是,它首先涉及一个问题,即为什么人们要批评生活或社会的形式。虽然贾吉提到了理性和成功的问题,但论文提到了痛苦的问题。因此,本文首先引入了普适主义的概念,旨在补充而非替代贾吉的生命形式观。普遍学说由(1)一个连贯的信仰体系,由(2)受这些信仰启发的一套连贯的价值观,以及围绕(1)和(2)组织的一套(3)规范和(4)社会实践组成。它无处不在,因为它旨在解释和规范个人和社区生活的方方面面。其次,本文确立了普遍主义与系统性苦难之间的联系,即一种苦难,其根源在于社会的结构方式及其历史上分布的权力关系。分析普遍主义在引发系统性痛苦方面的影响,是贾吉对生命形式批判的一种补充性批判策略。
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引用次数: 3
Rejoinder 反驳
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1921453
Rahel Jaeggi
ABSTRACT A rejoinder to comments by Marco Solinas, Giorgio Fazio, Alessandro Pinzani, Italo Testa, Federica Gregoratto, Leonardo Marchettoni and Matteo Bianchin in this Special Issue of Critical Horizons.
摘要:对Marco Solinas、Giorgio Fazio、Alessandro Pinzani、Italo Testa、Federica Gregoratto、Leonardo Marchettoni和Matteo Bianchin在本期《批判性视野》特刊中的评论的回应。
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引用次数: 1
Practices, Conventions, Problems 惯例、惯例、问题
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2019.1676945
L. Marchettoni
ABSTRACT This paper aims at examining the way in which Rahel Jaeggi’s conception of forms of life as inert bundles of practices is connected to the problem of the possibility of an immanent critique of life forms, that is, of a kind of analysis that is both internal and transformative. In the first part, my contention will be that understanding practices in terms of conventions makes it difficult to admit of internal criticisms of them. Jaeggi’s account of immanent critique, as argued in the second part, tries to differentiate practices from social conventions by maintaining that transformations of life forms can be seen as the result of episodes of crises ignited by the inability to cope with “second order” problems. I maintain that, unless one is willing to postulate something like an absolute telos dictating the historical sequence that forms of life must follow, the way in which forms of life solve second order problems displays some conventional features preventing any quick assimilation to the paradigm of immanent critique. This circumstance, as argued in the third section of my presentation, poses an obstacle to Jaeggi’s project of an immanent critique of life forms.
本文旨在考察拉赫尔·贾基(Rahel Jaeggi)将生命形式作为惰性实践束的概念与生命形式内在批判的可能性问题联系起来的方式,即一种既内在又变革的分析。在第一部分中,我的论点将是,从惯例的角度来理解实践使得很难承认对它们的内部批评。正如第二部分所论证的那样,贾基对内在批判的描述试图区分实践与社会习俗,他坚持认为,生命形式的转变可以被看作是由于无法应对“二级”问题而引发的危机事件的结果。我坚持认为,除非一个人愿意假设某种绝对的终极目标,规定生命形式必须遵循的历史顺序,否则生命形式解决二阶问题的方式显示出一些传统特征,阻止了任何对内在批判范式的快速同化。正如我在演讲的第三部分所讨论的那样,这种情况对贾基对生命形式的内在批判的计划构成了障碍。
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引用次数: 1
Recognition Across French-German Divides: The Social Fabric of Freedom in French Theory 法德两派之间的认同:法国理论中自由的社会结构
IF 0.4 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14409917.2021.1886668
A. Honneth, M. Bankovsky
ABSTRACT In his recent book, Recognition: A Chapter in the History of European ideas (2021), Honneth has explained how he understands the French concept of recognition. This article places Honneth's latest interpretation in the context of his long-standing and evolving engagement with French theory over several decades. Honneth acknowledges his significant debt to a French tendency to view recognition as a problem for self-realisation (and not an opportunity). Bourdieu's and Boltanski's account of how ambitions become limited by the availability of capital and the internalisation of class was a major breakthrough in Honneth's intellectual development. Other formative French influences included the articulation of denigration in existentialist phenomenology, and the idea of regulative power in Foucault, with “deconstructive” asymmetrical care presented as productive but comparatively less important. The discussion also reveals why Honneth presents the “German” concept of recognition as having basic explanatory force (as an opportunity for self-realisation), and why he resists what he views as a French-influenced tendency (also present in some contemporary German critical theory) to depict recognition as ambivalent. The discussion reveals, on one hand, how working across perceived divides can be immensely productive, and, on the other hand, why a French-German divide remains entrenched in contemporary thinking.
在他的新书《承认:欧洲思想史上的一章》(2021)中,Honneth解释了他是如何理解法国的承认概念的。这篇文章将Honneth的最新解释置于他几十年来长期和不断发展的法国理论的背景下。霍尼思承认,他很大程度上得益于法国人的一种倾向,即把认可视为自我实现的一个问题(而不是一个机会)。布迪厄和博尔坦斯基关于野心如何受到资本可用性和阶级内在化的限制的描述,是霍内斯智力发展的一个重大突破。其他形成性的法国影响包括存在主义现象学中诋毁的清晰表达,以及福柯关于调节权力的想法,“解构的”不对称关怀被认为是富有成效的,但相对而言不那么重要。讨论还揭示了为什么Honneth将“德国”的认知概念呈现为具有基本解释力(作为自我实现的机会),以及为什么他抵制他认为受法国影响的倾向(也出现在一些当代德国批判理论中)将认知描述为矛盾的。这一讨论一方面揭示了跨越可感知的分歧如何能产生巨大的成效,另一方面揭示了为什么法德分歧在当代思维中仍然根深蒂固。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Critical Horizons
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