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A NOÇÃO DO PROCEDER CIENTÍFICO NA OBRA DE PIERRE DUHEM 皮埃尔·迪赫姆著作中的科学过程概念
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.36311/1982-8004.2022.v15.n2.p89-108
Fernando Camano
O presente artigo visa abordar os principais pontos da filosofia da ciência de Pierre Duhem, expoente e pioneiro da epistemologia histórica francesa. Visamos introduzir o que o autor expõe como sua noção geral de ciência em crítica ao empirismo, com foco especial em sua noção de objeto científico, sua construção por meio das propriedades abstratas, leis experimentais e hipóteses, bem como suas posições sobre explicação e representação científicas. Isso nos possibilita compreender suas teses gerais em filosofia da ciência como um todo. Para isso, partiremos das posições mais gerais do autor, notadamente acerca da teoricidade do objeto científico, incluindo o holismo proposicional e experimental, para em seguida pormenorizarmos como se dá a construção daquele objeto, até finalmente retornarmos às funções gerais de uma teoria científica, a saber, a de explicação versus a de representação. Com isso, apresentamos que para o parisiense a ciência realiza classificações artificiais que tendem a parecer classificações naturais, e conseguimos ainda relacionar sua filosofia com sua história da ciência, por meio da historicidade da construção de propriedades ideais e hipóteses, e do continuísmo representativo e descontinuísmo explicativo.
本文旨在探讨法国历史认识论的倡导者和先驱皮埃尔·迪赫姆的科学哲学的要点。本文旨在介绍作者在《经验主义批判》中所阐述的科学的一般概念,特别关注他的科学对象概念,通过抽象性质、实验定律和假设构建科学对象,以及他对科学解释和表征的立场。这使我们能够从整体上理解他关于科学哲学的一般论点。一般的位置出发的观点,尤其是对teoricidade对象的科学命题,包括整体论和实验,然后pormenorizarmos像给建筑的对象,直到最后等一般功能的理论,即科学解释和表示。这样首先介绍巴黎的科学进行人工分类,往往显得自然分类,我们把哲学和科学的故事,通过与历史建筑的理念和假设的属性将代表和descontinuísmo解释。
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引用次数: 0
MULHERES DE CONFORTO 舒适的女人
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.36311/1982-8004.2022.v15.n2.p109-122
Murilo Mesquita
Para investigar a experiência de mulheres no cenário asiático da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o papel das mulheres conforto no cenário de guerra; e como objetivos específicos de (i) caracterizar o papel dessas mulheres na estratégia de segurança japonesa; (ii) descrever os conceitos de prostituição militarizada, estupro militarizado e mulheres de conforto; e (iii) identificar os fatores responsáveis pela criação das mulheres de conforto. Na primeira seção apresenta-se um aporte teórico feminista sobre o papel das mulheres em cenários de guerra. Na segunda são trabalhados os conceitos de prostituição militarizada e mulheres de conforto. A terceira apresenta o contexto histórico referente ao desenvolvimento dessa prática de guerra. Ao fim, mulheres conforto se configura como uma prática de guerra adotada pelo Estado japonês que normatiza a conduta das suas forças armadas.
为了调查女性在第二次世界大战(1939-1945)亚洲场景中的经历,本研究的总体目标是分析安慰女性在战争场景中的角色;具体目标是(i)描述这些妇女在日本安全战略中的作用;描述军事化卖淫、军事化强奸和慰安妇的概念;(iii)确定创造舒适女性的因素。第一部分提出了女性主义在战争场景中的角色的理论贡献。第二部分探讨了军事化卖淫和慰安妇的概念。第三部分介绍了这种战争实践发展的历史背景。最后,慰安妇被配置为日本政府规范其武装部队行为的战争实践。
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引用次数: 0
O CRIME DE DURKHEIM 哦,迪尔凯姆的罪恶
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.36311/1982-8004.2022.v15.n2.p49-66
Maiara Corrêa
O trabalho é resultado da inquietação quanto a existência ou não de uma sociologia do crime durkheimiana. Para isso, foi percorrida, ainda que brevemente, sua recepção e interpretações no Brasil, além das produções que partem ou mobilizam de alguma forma a ideia de crime normal-patológico de Durkheim. Onde está o crime no trabalho do autor e como a criminologia o tratou? Quais são seus desdobramentos na produção acadêmica brasileira? Essas são algumas das questões que foram perseguidas para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho. A pesquisa identifica que houve no Brasil uma leitura prévia que bloqueou a recepção e a possível mobilização da obra de Durkheim nas discussões relacionadas ao crime. As lentes foram dadas ante mesmo de sua tradução e disseminação. Se não há uma vasta e estabelecida bibliografia destrinchado o que seria uma sociologia do crime em Durkheim, talvez seja porque o crime para Durkheim serviu como exemplo para mostrar uma outra coisa: como o melhor exemplo de uma moralidade, de valores coletivos diferentes de individuais.
这部作品是对迪尔凯姆犯罪社会学是否存在的担忧的结果。为了做到这一点,我们简要地回顾了它在巴西的接受和解释,以及以某种方式离开或调动迪尔凯姆的正常病理犯罪思想的作品。在作者的作品中,犯罪在哪里?犯罪学是如何处理的?它对巴西学术生产的影响是什么?这些是在这项工作的发展中所追求的一些问题。研究表明,在与犯罪有关的讨论中,巴西的阅读阻碍了迪尔凯姆作品的接受和可能的动员。甚至在它的翻译和传播之前,镜头就被给予了。如果迪尔凯姆的犯罪社会学没有广泛的、既定的文献,也许是因为迪尔凯姆的犯罪作为一个例子来展示另一件事:作为道德的最好例子,集体价值与个人价值不同。
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引用次数: 0
The main themes of the «Last God» in Heidegger’s unpublished treatises (1930s and 1940s) 海德格尔未发表论文中“最后的上帝”的主题(20世纪30年代和40年代)
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ao03
Miguel Lobos Zuzunaga
In this study we expose and develop the core and principal themes of the philosophy of the last God in Martin Heidegger’s treatises written between 1930 and 1940. With this historical reconstruction it’s possible to observe and determine how his ontological research involves the subject of Godhood and how they evolve together in the period of time in which being is discovered and interpreted as Ereignis and as Anfang, but most importantly, when this idea becomes the object of an insistent philosophical work that advances towards a more precise formulation and completion of the horizon of its problems, in a group of initially secret writings that aimed to provide an answer to the “question of being”.
在这项研究中,我们揭示和发展了马丁·海德格尔1930年至1940年间著作中最后一位上帝哲学的核心和主要主题。通过这一历史重建,可以观察和确定他的本体论研究是如何涉及神性主题的,以及在被发现和解释为艾瑞格尼斯和安方的这段时间里,它们是如何共同进化的,但最重要的是,当这个想法成为一部坚持的哲学作品的对象,这部作品朝着更精确的表述和完成其问题的地平线前进,在一组最初的秘密著作中,旨在为“存在的问题”提供答案。
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引用次数: 0
Wittgenstein y la Filosofía 维特根斯坦与哲学
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ds08
Alejandro Tomasini Bassols
En este ensayo reconstruyo y contrasto las dos concepciones de la filosofía desarrolladas por Ludwig Wittgenstein en sus dos grandes periodos filosóficos. Uno de mis objetivos es resaltar la importancia de Bertrand Russell en la gestación de ambas concepciones. Hago ver que el elemento común a ambas concepciones es la convicción de que la filosofía tradicional brota por incomprensiones concernientes, respectivamente, a la lógica o a la Gramática del lenguaje. Sostengo que Wittgenstein inventó una nueva actividad intelectual, internamente vinculada con la filosofía aunque radicalmente diferente a ella, para la cual quizá el mejor epíteto sea ‘anti-filosofía’.
在这篇文章中,我重建和对比了路德维希·维特根斯坦在两个伟大的哲学时期发展起来的两个哲学概念。我的目标之一是强调伯特兰·罗素在这两个概念的孕育中的重要性。我认为,这两个概念的共同点是坚信传统哲学源于对语言逻辑或语法的误解。我认为维特根斯坦发明了一种新的智力活动,与哲学有内在的联系,尽管与哲学有根本的不同,对这种活动来说,最好的绰号可能是“反哲学”。
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引用次数: 0
Merleau-Ponty reader of Goldstein: what is organismic intentionality? 戈尔茨坦的梅洛-庞蒂读者:什么是有机意向性?
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ao02
Marcos José Müller
Abstract: The present study proposes an investigation into the reasons why Merleau-Ponty recognizes, in Goldstein’s incorporation of the figure-ground notion from the Gestalt Psychology, the convergence between contemporary science and phenomenological philosophy. It is about understanding how, insofar as it reveals the power of centering that operates in the concreteness of the existence of organisms in the surroundings, the notion of figure-background corresponds to the phenomenological notion of operative intentionality. In the same way, it is a matter of showing in what sense, as a form of operative intentionality, the power of centering of organisms does not need to be based on the presupposition of an “I think”. Keywords: Merleau-Ponty; Goldstein; Gestalt; organismic intentionality    
摘要:本研究旨在探讨梅洛·庞蒂在戈尔茨坦将格式塔心理学中的图形基础概念结合起来的过程中,认识到当代科学与现象学哲学的融合的原因。这是关于理解,只要它揭示了在环境中有机体存在的具体性中运作的中心力量,图形背景的概念如何对应于操作意向性的现象学概念。同样,这是一个问题,表明在什么意义上,作为一种操作意向性的形式,生物体的中心力量不需要基于“我认为”的预设。关键词:梅洛桥;戈尔茨坦;格式塔;组织意向性
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引用次数: 0
Aux origines du « marxisme à la française » : réception et évolution du projet d’A la lumière du marxisme “法国马克思主义”的起源:根据马克思主义接受和发展项目
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ao04
Fabrizio Carlino
Cet article vise à présenter les résultats d'une recherche portant sur la réception des premières études françaises sur le matérialisme dialectique, publiées en 1935 dans le recueil intitulé A la lumière du marxisme. L'analyse des nombreux compte-rendus et la reconstruction du débat autour de ce volume, à travers lequel est introduit en France le marxisme en tant que philosophie, jette une lumière nouvelle sur la genèse du "rationalisme moderne", dont se réclame, lors de sa fondation en 1939, la revue liée au Pcf, La Pensée. On découvre ainsi que l'image figée du marxisme à la française, fondé sur la reprise de la tradition nationale matérialiste et rationaliste, telle qu'elle sera transmise à partir de l'après-guerre, est le résultat d'une lutte idéologique dans laquelle des positions différentes s'étaient affrontées. En effet, au début de la décennie les intellectuels réunis autour de la Commission scientifiques du Cercle de la Russie neuve avaient essayé d'envisager le marxisme principalement comme une méthodologie vivante pour l'avancement des sciences, y compris de la nature, et que dans cette appropriation épistémologique de la dialectique matérialiste la référence à Hegel y joue un rôle crucial pour l'appropriation et l'introduction de la philosophie de Marx dans le milieu académique. Cependant, à travers les recensions qui ont été faites de leurs premiers essaies, différentes pressions sont exercées, provenant principalement des instances de contrôle soviétiques, pour que l'étude de la "source française" du marxisme remplace la "source allemande". Malgré leur résistance initiale, dont témoignent les débats qui s'ensuivent, les "néo-marxistes" finissent par suivre ces invitations à abandonner la voie hégélienne à la dialectique matérialiste pour tracer une ligne nationale qui de Descartes mènerait jusqu'à Staline. Mots-clés: Marxisme. Matérialisme dialectique. Rationalisme moderne. Louis Althusser. Epistémologie marxiste.
本文旨在介绍一项关于接受法国第一批关于辩证唯物主义的研究的研究结果,该研究发表于1935年的《A la lumiere du marxisme》一书中。分析的许多报道和重建的辩论围绕这本书,就是在这样的环境中引入法国马克思主义哲学作为扔,就获得了一个新的现代理性主义”的起源,其中宣称,在1939年建城、Pcf)杂志相关思想。因此,我们发现,法国马克思主义的僵化形象,建立在恢复唯物主义和理性主义民族传统的基础上,并将从战后继承下来,是一场意识形态斗争的结果,在这场斗争中,不同的立场相互对抗。事实上,本世纪初的知识分子圈围绕科学委员会举行会议的俄罗斯新车曾试图探讨马克思主义当作活生生的方法主要为在内的自然科学的进步,并且在这种辩证唯物主义认识论的提法黑格尔对此起着至关重要的作用,并且采用了自主马克思哲学的学术环境中。然而,通过对他们的第一次尝试的修正,主要来自苏联控制机构施加了各种压力,要求对马克思主义的“法国来源”的研究取代“德国来源”。尽管“新马克思主义者”最初的抵制在随后的辩论中得到了证明,但他们最终还是听从了这些邀请,放弃了黑格尔的道路,转而采用唯物辩证法,并绘制了一条从笛卡尔到斯大林的民族路线。关键词:马克思主义。唯物辩证法。现代理性主义。Louis Althusser。Epistémologie马克思。
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引用次数: 0
Remarks on the problem of Sense in a pragmatic reading 试论语用阅读中的意义问题
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ao01
L. Vollet
The division of the problems about Meaning in an extensional and an intensional theory was accused of unnecessarily duplicating the theoretical problems involved in the knowledge of Meaning. The result was either 1. an aggressive rejection of the intensional part of the problem or 2. the adoption of non-classical semantics to account for intensions. This paper suggests a reading of Frege's theory of Meaning that preserves the contribution of the intensional aspect of the question without sacrificing the benefits of the classical insights. For this, however, we need to expand his theory to cases of semantic values which are not directly assertive, that is, what Micheal Dummett called ingredient value. This solution preserves the direct and intuitive insights of classical semantics, expanding it to cases where the designation of truth or falsehood does not have a unified interpretation: speculative, modal, ambiguous, relative cases or cases in which theories disputing Meaning is not straightforwardly mapped to the truth or the not-truth. The paper is a contribution to support the pragmatic interpretation of Frege's legacy by Micheal Dummett.
在外延理论和内涵理论中对意义问题的划分被指责为不必要地重复了涉及意义知识的理论问题。结果要么是1。积极地拒绝问题的内涵部分;采用非经典语义来解释内涵。本文建议阅读弗雷格的意义理论,既保留了问题的内涵方面的贡献,又不牺牲经典见解的好处。然而,为此,我们需要将他的理论扩展到语义价值的情况,而语义价值不是直接断言的,也就是迈克尔·达米特所说的成分价值。这个解决方案保留了经典语义学的直接和直观的见解,将其扩展到真理或谬误的指定没有统一解释的情况:思辨的,模态的,模棱两可的,相对的情况,或者争论意义的理论没有直接映射到真理或非真理的情况。这篇论文是支持迈克尔·达米特对弗雷格遗产的实用主义解释的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Possibilia, Qualia, and Sensibilia 可能性、Qualia和敏感性
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ds03
A. Voltolini
In this article I shall first and foremost attempt to show that the semantic requirements of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus logico-philosophicus intend the objects of the Tractatus to be conceived of as possibilia in the Russellian sense of 1903, i.e., as objects that may exist or may not exist; secondly, that the general ontology of the Tractatus suggests integrating this onto-semantic conception with a conception of these objects not properly as qualia but as sensibilia in the Russellian sense of 1914, i.e., as sense-data that may exist or may not exist. 
在这篇文章中,我首先试图表明,维特根斯坦的《逻辑哲学大全》的语义要求意图将《逻辑哲学百科全书》的对象视为1903年罗素意义上的可能性,即可能存在或可能不存在的对象;其次,Tractatus的一般本体论建议将其与语义概念相结合,并将这些对象的概念恰当地视为1914年罗素意义上的qualia,而非sensilia,即可能存在或不存在的感知数据。
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引用次数: 0
Neither Theory nor Science Metaphilosophical Remarks on Philosophical Elucidations 不是理论,也不是科学——论哲学的阐发
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.ds02
Guadalupe Reinoso
This article examines Wittgenstein’s philosophical reflection on philosophy: its method, its scope, and its relationship with other knowledge as central elements of the philosophical proposal the author developed in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Therefore, my proposal is to rehearse a metaphilosophical reading of Wittgenstein’s remarks about philosophy in TLP focusing, on the one hand, on his reflections on philosophy as an activity and not as a theory; on the other hand, on his categorical differentiation established between philosophical elucidations and scientific explanations. This proposal differs from the readings that interpret it is through the construction of a theory of meaning -or logical doctrine- that one can distinguish philosophical nonsense and see the world correctly. It also differs from Tractatus’s non-theoretical or quietist readings which understand philosophical elucidations as exclusively negative or critical nonsense. My aim is to highlight a positive aspect of philosophical elucidations that I will call performative. From my metaphilosophical reading, not only does the activity of clarification work as a critical sieve that separates what makes sense from what does not –with no theory; but it also makes a modification -a transformation- in the one who establishes it. These performative aspects imply emphasizing that there is a change in the way we see the world but also in the way we ‘see’ language, meaning, logic, science, philosophy, life, etc. Thus, the refusal to elaborate a theory or to offer scientific explanations does not turn the philosophical elucidations in TLP into a mode of self-destructive attack on all kinds of philosophy. On the contrary, these elucidations are part of the defense of a particular way of practicing it.
本文考察了维特根斯坦对哲学的哲学反思:它的方法,它的范围,以及它与其他知识的关系,作为作者在《逻辑哲学论》中发展的哲学建议的中心要素。因此,我的建议是对维特根斯坦在《TLP》中关于哲学的评论进行一种形而上学的解读,一方面,关注他对哲学作为一种活动而不是一种理论的思考;另一方面,他对哲学阐释和科学解释进行了绝对区分。这一建议不同于解读它的解读,它是通过构建意义理论或逻辑学说,人们可以区分哲学上的废话,并正确地看待世界。它也不同于Tractatus的非理论或安静主义解读,后者将哲学阐释理解为完全否定或批判的废话。我的目的是强调哲学阐释的积极方面,我称之为表演。从我的形而上学阅读来看,澄清活动不仅是一个关键的筛子,将有意义的东西与没有意义的东西分开——没有理论;但它也使建立它的人发生了改变——一种转变。这些表现方面意味着强调我们看待世界的方式发生了变化,而且我们“看待”语言、意义、逻辑、科学、哲学、生活等的方式也发生了变化。因此,拒绝阐述一种理论或提供科学解释,并没有把《TLP》中的哲学阐释变成一种对各种哲学进行自我毁灭攻击的模式。相反,这些阐释是为实践它的特定方式辩护的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
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Revista de Filosofia Aurora
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