Abstract The modern understanding of radiation got its start in 1895 with X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen, followed in 1896 by Henri Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity. The development of the study of radiation opened a vast field of research concerning various disciplines: chemistry, physics, biology, geology, sociology, ethics, etc. Additionally, new branches of knowledge were created, such as atomic and nuclear physics that enabled an in-depth knowledge of the matter. Moreover, during the historical evolution of this body of knowledge a wide variety of new technologies was emerging. This article seeks to analyze the characteristics of experimental research in radioactivity and microphysics, in particular the relationship experience-theory. It will also be emphasized that for more than two decades, since the discovery of radioactivity, experiments took place without the theory being able to follow experimental dynamics. Some aspects identified as structural features of scientific research in the area of radiation and matter will be addressed through historical examples. The inventiveness of experiments in parallel with the emergence of quantum mechanics, the formation of teams and their relationship with technology developed from the experiments, as well as the evolution of microphysics in the sense of “Big Science” will be the main structural characteristics here focused. The case study of research in radioactivity in Portugal that assumes a certain importance and has structural characteristics similar to those of Europe will be presented.
{"title":"Epistemology of Research on Radiation and Matter: a Structural View","authors":"I. Serra, Elisa Maia","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The modern understanding of radiation got its start in 1895 with X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen, followed in 1896 by Henri Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity. The development of the study of radiation opened a vast field of research concerning various disciplines: chemistry, physics, biology, geology, sociology, ethics, etc. Additionally, new branches of knowledge were created, such as atomic and nuclear physics that enabled an in-depth knowledge of the matter. Moreover, during the historical evolution of this body of knowledge a wide variety of new technologies was emerging. This article seeks to analyze the characteristics of experimental research in radioactivity and microphysics, in particular the relationship experience-theory. It will also be emphasized that for more than two decades, since the discovery of radioactivity, experiments took place without the theory being able to follow experimental dynamics. Some aspects identified as structural features of scientific research in the area of radiation and matter will be addressed through historical examples. The inventiveness of experiments in parallel with the emergence of quantum mechanics, the formation of teams and their relationship with technology developed from the experiments, as well as the evolution of microphysics in the sense of “Big Science” will be the main structural characteristics here focused. The case study of research in radioactivity in Portugal that assumes a certain importance and has structural characteristics similar to those of Europe will be presented.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"244 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87657334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resumo Afirmando que a problemática ambiental impõe um novo paradigma ético que realize a unidade das faculdades (sensibilidade, entendimento e razão prática) na unidade da acção, este artigo defende uma pedagogia centrada no estímulo da sensibilidade ao belo natural em articulação com o sentimento moral, como via privilegiada de enfrentamento da crise ecológica contemporânea. Na transição para uma dimensão inclusiva e planetária do conceito de cidadania, em tanto que expressão de um agir responsável e comprometido no colectivo em que é, a educação ambiental impõe-se como protagonista fundamental na formação de cidadãos capazes de pensar e agir ambientalmente.
{"title":"Da Percepção Estética da Natureza à Acção – Uma Pedagogia Ambiental","authors":"Maria José Varandas","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Resumo Afirmando que a problemática ambiental impõe um novo paradigma ético que realize a unidade das faculdades (sensibilidade, entendimento e razão prática) na unidade da acção, este artigo defende uma pedagogia centrada no estímulo da sensibilidade ao belo natural em articulação com o sentimento moral, como via privilegiada de enfrentamento da crise ecológica contemporânea. Na transição para uma dimensão inclusiva e planetária do conceito de cidadania, em tanto que expressão de um agir responsável e comprometido no colectivo em que é, a educação ambiental impõe-se como protagonista fundamental na formação de cidadãos capazes de pensar e agir ambientalmente.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"115 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85208761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resumo A conservação da biodiversidade tornou-se um compromisso inquestionável diante do seu papel inexorável para a manutenção da vida na Terra. Apesar do consensual compromisso em sustentá-la, as razões pelas quais fazê-lo ainda são alvo de discussões e controvérsias. Que valores devem reger sua proteção? Contudo, a conservação da biodiversidade está cada vez mais voltada para um lado objetivo-econômico, na qual a natureza é marginal aos interesses que parecem mais evidentes: a eficiência econômica. Esse artigo faz uma reflexão sobre os esquemas de biodiversity offsets, instrumentos cujo objetivo é a compensação pelos danos à biodiversidade provocados pelas atividades de desenvolvimento; e sobre a mudança nos valores da conservação da biodiversidade que tais instrumentos tendem a provocar. Uma mudança discursiva, institucional, técnica e material que altera o sentido de se fazer conservação e a relação humana com o mundo natural. Essa ‘nova’ perspectiva da conservação revela dilemas éticos fundamentais, e vem se tornando uma estratégia cada vez mais difundida no âmbito das políticas ambientais para a conservação.
{"title":"Permissão Para Degradar: Uma Análise Crítica Dos Biodiversity Offsets Nas Práticas Conservacionistas","authors":"R. Muniz","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Resumo A conservação da biodiversidade tornou-se um compromisso inquestionável diante do seu papel inexorável para a manutenção da vida na Terra. Apesar do consensual compromisso em sustentá-la, as razões pelas quais fazê-lo ainda são alvo de discussões e controvérsias. Que valores devem reger sua proteção? Contudo, a conservação da biodiversidade está cada vez mais voltada para um lado objetivo-econômico, na qual a natureza é marginal aos interesses que parecem mais evidentes: a eficiência econômica. Esse artigo faz uma reflexão sobre os esquemas de biodiversity offsets, instrumentos cujo objetivo é a compensação pelos danos à biodiversidade provocados pelas atividades de desenvolvimento; e sobre a mudança nos valores da conservação da biodiversidade que tais instrumentos tendem a provocar. Uma mudança discursiva, institucional, técnica e material que altera o sentido de se fazer conservação e a relação humana com o mundo natural. Essa ‘nova’ perspectiva da conservação revela dilemas éticos fundamentais, e vem se tornando uma estratégia cada vez mais difundida no âmbito das políticas ambientais para a conservação.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"37 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87454000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Martins-Loução, Cristina Branquinho, H. Serrano
Resumo Com a presente dominância do Homem sobre os ecossistemas, a sociedade enfrenta agora novos desafios do foro social, ético e ambiental. A Ecologia, como ciência transversal e holística, tem muito a contribuir para a construção do conhecimento científico, aquisição de dados e elaboração de propostas de resolução de problemas ambientais com vista a diluir o ecocentrismo e catastrofismo. A ecologia enquanto ciência pode e deve mostrar as relações entre espécies, entre comunidades e ecossistemas, entre o Homem e a natureza, minimizando noções de destruição absolutistas, e contribuindo para um diálogo científico sobre ferramentas de gestão e conservação. Este é o contributo que se pretende dar com este artigo, através de dois casos de estudo, que permitirão sugerir novas medidas de gestão e atitudes sociais perante problemas reais.
{"title":"A Importância da Biodiversidade para o Ecólogo","authors":"M. A. Martins-Loução, Cristina Branquinho, H. Serrano","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Resumo Com a presente dominância do Homem sobre os ecossistemas, a sociedade enfrenta agora novos desafios do foro social, ético e ambiental. A Ecologia, como ciência transversal e holística, tem muito a contribuir para a construção do conhecimento científico, aquisição de dados e elaboração de propostas de resolução de problemas ambientais com vista a diluir o ecocentrismo e catastrofismo. A ecologia enquanto ciência pode e deve mostrar as relações entre espécies, entre comunidades e ecossistemas, entre o Homem e a natureza, minimizando noções de destruição absolutistas, e contribuindo para um diálogo científico sobre ferramentas de gestão e conservação. Este é o contributo que se pretende dar com este artigo, através de dois casos de estudo, que permitirão sugerir novas medidas de gestão e atitudes sociais perante problemas reais.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"72 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82537374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uma Voz de Aliança Por Vir Derrida e a Paixão do Outro/Animal","authors":"Fernanda Bernardo","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"24 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83306916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The use of idealized scientific theories in explanations of empirical facts and regularities is problematic in two ways: they don’t satisfy the condition that the explanans is true, and they may fail to entail the explanandum. An attempt to deal with the latter problem was proposed by Hempel and Popper with their notion of approximate explanation. A more systematic perspective on idealized explanations was developed with the method of idealization and concretization by the Poznan school (Nowak, Krajewski) in the 1970s. If idealizational laws are treated as counterfactual conditionals, they can be true or truthlike, and the concretizations of such laws may increase their degree of truthlikeness. By replacing Hempel’s truth requirement with the condition that an explanatory theory is truthlike one can distinguish several important types of approximate, corrective, and contrastive explanations by idealized theories. The conclusions have important consequences for the debates about scientific realism and anti-realism.
{"title":"Explanation by Idealized Theories","authors":"I. Niiniluoto","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2018-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2018-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of idealized scientific theories in explanations of empirical facts and regularities is problematic in two ways: they don’t satisfy the condition that the explanans is true, and they may fail to entail the explanandum. An attempt to deal with the latter problem was proposed by Hempel and Popper with their notion of approximate explanation. A more systematic perspective on idealized explanations was developed with the method of idealization and concretization by the Poznan school (Nowak, Krajewski) in the 1970s. If idealizational laws are treated as counterfactual conditionals, they can be true or truthlike, and the concretizations of such laws may increase their degree of truthlikeness. By replacing Hempel’s truth requirement with the condition that an explanatory theory is truthlike one can distinguish several important types of approximate, corrective, and contrastive explanations by idealized theories. The conclusions have important consequences for the debates about scientific realism and anti-realism.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"43 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83636267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract According to an influential epistemological tradition, science explains phenomena on the basis of laws, but the last two decades have witnessed a neo-mechanistic movement that emphasizes the fundamental role of mechanism-based explanations in science, which have the virtue of opening the “black box” of correlations and of providing a genuine understanding of the phenomena. Mechanisms enrich the empirical content of a theory by introducing a new set of variables, helping us to make causal inferences that are not possible on the basis of macro-level correlations (due to well-known problems regarding the underdetermination of causation by correlation). However, the appeal to mechanisms has also a methodological price. They are vulnerable to interference effects; they also face underdetermination problems, because the available evidence often allows different interpretations of the underlying structure of a correlation; they are strongly context-dependent and their individuation as causal patterns can be controversial; they present specific testability problems; finally, mechanism-based extrapolations can be misleading due to the local character of mechanisms. At any rate, the study of mechanisms is an indispensable part of the human sciences, and the problems that they raise can be controlled by quantitative and qualitative methods, and an epistemologically informed exercise of critical thinking.
{"title":"Laws and Mechanisms in The Human Sciences","authors":"Rui Sampaio","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2018-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2018-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract According to an influential epistemological tradition, science explains phenomena on the basis of laws, but the last two decades have witnessed a neo-mechanistic movement that emphasizes the fundamental role of mechanism-based explanations in science, which have the virtue of opening the “black box” of correlations and of providing a genuine understanding of the phenomena. Mechanisms enrich the empirical content of a theory by introducing a new set of variables, helping us to make causal inferences that are not possible on the basis of macro-level correlations (due to well-known problems regarding the underdetermination of causation by correlation). However, the appeal to mechanisms has also a methodological price. They are vulnerable to interference effects; they also face underdetermination problems, because the available evidence often allows different interpretations of the underlying structure of a correlation; they are strongly context-dependent and their individuation as causal patterns can be controversial; they present specific testability problems; finally, mechanism-based extrapolations can be misleading due to the local character of mechanisms. At any rate, the study of mechanisms is an indispensable part of the human sciences, and the problems that they raise can be controlled by quantitative and qualitative methods, and an epistemologically informed exercise of critical thinking.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"64 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90629141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The assumption that natural selection alone is sufficient to explain not only which traits get fixed in a population/species, but also how they develop, has been questioned since Darwin’s times, and increasingly in the last decades. Alternative theories, linked to genetic and phenotypic processes, or to the theory of complex systems, have been proposed to explain the rise of the phenotypic variety upon which natural selection acts. In this article, we illustrate the current state of the issue and we propose a logical space based on phenotypic robustness that allows a classification of evolutionary phenomena and can provide a framework for unifying all these accounts.
{"title":"More than Fitness. A Robustness-based Proposal of a Logical Space to Classify Processes Behind Evolutionary Phenomena","authors":"Giorgio Airoldi","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2018-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2018-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The assumption that natural selection alone is sufficient to explain not only which traits get fixed in a population/species, but also how they develop, has been questioned since Darwin’s times, and increasingly in the last decades. Alternative theories, linked to genetic and phenotypic processes, or to the theory of complex systems, have been proposed to explain the rise of the phenotypic variety upon which natural selection acts. In this article, we illustrate the current state of the issue and we propose a logical space based on phenotypic robustness that allows a classification of evolutionary phenomena and can provide a framework for unifying all these accounts.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"112 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82606521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional analysis of the notion of knowledge seems to neglect that although we gather many of our beliefs under the flag of “knowledge” we do not always employ the same standards to bestow this title to them. The semantic thesis known as epistemic contextualism, instead, clearly vindicates and accounts for this phenomenon concerning our epistemic custom. Unfortunately, however, epistemic contextualism faces a severe objection – known in the philosophical literature as the factivity problem, – that seriously menaces its own survival. This objection, indeed, claims that the contextualist who endorses two well-known epistemological principles that he should not desire to give up (i.e. the
{"title":"Knowledge in Context: The Factivity Principle and Its Epistemological Consequences","authors":"S. Leardi, N. Vassallo","doi":"10.2478/kjps-2018-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/kjps-2018-0002","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional analysis of the notion of knowledge seems to neglect that although we gather many of our beliefs under the flag of “knowledge” we do not always employ the same standards to bestow this title to them. The semantic thesis known as epistemic contextualism, instead, clearly vindicates and accounts for this phenomenon concerning our epistemic custom. Unfortunately, however, epistemic contextualism faces a severe objection – known in the philosophical literature as the factivity problem, – that seriously menaces its own survival. This objection, indeed, claims that the contextualist who endorses two well-known epistemological principles that he should not desire to give up (i.e. the","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"12 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74387565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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