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Anatomia da Linguagem: Podemos Compreender Jogos de Linguagem a Partir de Redes Corticais? 语言解剖:我们能从皮层网络理解语言游戏吗?
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2017-0004
Inês Hipólito
Abstract There is today much interest in research of neuronal substrata in metaphor processing. It has been suggested that the right hemisphere yields a key role in the comprehension of figurative language (non-literal) and, particularly, in metaphors. Figurative language is included in pragmatics, a branch of linguistics that researches the use of language, in opposition to the study of the system of language. There lingers, though, an open debate in respect to the identification of the specific aspects concerning semantics, as opposed to those dominated by pragmatics. Can studies from neuronal correlates clarify questions that relate to semantics/pragmatics representation? I shall analyze neuroscientific developments about implicit language to attempt to understand, in section 2, scientific techniques available and more suitable to the phenomenology of the act of understanding an implicit, figurative or implicated message in a certain language game. To do so, I shall start by reviewing the studies in philosophy of language, and accommodate the development of the research in pragmatics underlying metaphor, particularly, in Philosophical Investigations by Wittgenstein. Finally, I discuss the possibility of interpretative capabilities being socioculturally grounded. I expect this methodological analysis to contribute to the enlightenment of the problem of phenomenology of intersubjective pragmatics, and to its future experimental paradigms.
摘要隐喻处理中的神经元基质是目前研究的热点。有人认为,右半球在理解比喻语言(非字面),特别是隐喻方面起着关键作用。比喻语言属于语用学,这是语言学的一个分支,研究语言的使用,与语言系统的研究相反。然而,关于语义学的具体方面的识别,与语用学所主导的方面相反,仍然存在一场公开的辩论。从神经元相关的研究可以澄清与语义/语用表征相关的问题吗?在第二节中,我将分析关于内隐语言的神经科学发展,以试图理解更适用于理解某种语言游戏中隐含、比喻或暗示信息行为现象学的科学技术。为此,我将从回顾语言哲学的研究开始,并适应隐喻的语用学研究的发展,特别是维特根斯坦的《哲学研究》。最后,我讨论了社会文化背景下解释能力的可能性。我希望这一方法论分析能够对主体间语用学现象学问题的启蒙,以及对其未来的实验范式有所贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Rosto e Mãos: Em torno de Deleuze, Derrida e Schiele 脸和手:围绕德勒兹,德里达和席勒
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2017-0006
F. Silva
“O ser começa entre as minhas mãos de homem. / o ser ,/ todas as mãos, / qualquer palavra que se diga no mundo, / o trabalho da tua morte, / Deus, que não trabalha. // Mas o não ser também começa entre as minhas mãos de homem. // O não-ser, / todas as mãos, / a palavra que se diz fora do mundo, / as férias da tua morte, / a fadiga de Deus, / a mãe que nunca terá filho, / meu não morrer ontem. // Mas as minhas mãos de homem onde começam?” (Juarroz, 1998: 12)
“存在从我作为一个男人的手中开始。/存在,/所有的手,/世上说的每一句话,/你死亡的工作,/不工作的上帝。//但“不存在”也从我作为一个男人的手中开始。//不存在,/所有的手,/在世界之外说的话,/你死亡的假期,/上帝的疲劳,/永远不会有孩子的母亲,/我昨天没有死。//但是我的手从哪里开始呢?(Juarroz, 1998: 12)
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引用次数: 0
Pode Sustentar-se o Argumento de Que Exista uma Dialéctica Quântica da Natureza? 自然界存在量子辩证法的论点能被支持吗?
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2017-0005
Lino Machado
Resumo Autores como os físicos Léon Rosenfeld, Gerald Holton e Franco Selleri, bem como o filósofo Miguel Reale perceberam já que, no interior da mecânica quântica, o princípio da complementaridade de Niels Bohr pode ser aproximado á noção filosófica de dialéctica (numa perspectiva não hegeliana, entretanto). Além de buscar contribuir para robustecer tal linha de interpretaoção do famoso principío bohriano, neste paper tentaremos compreender dialecticamente a relaoção de Louis de Broglie e a de desigualdade de Werner Heisenberg. Por fim, argumentaremos a favor de um enfoque realista do principío em causa.
物理学家leon Rosenfeld、Gerald Holton和Franco Selleri以及哲学家Miguel Reale已经意识到,在量子力学中,玻尔的互补原理可以近似于辩证法的哲学概念(然而,从非黑格尔的角度)。除了寻求对著名的波希里原理的解释,本文还试图辩证地理解路易斯·德布罗意和维尔纳·海森堡的不等式之间的关系。最后,我们将主张对这一原则采取现实的做法。
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引用次数: 0
Is Science Really What Naturalism Says it is? 科学真的是自然主义所说的那样吗?
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2017-0001
Federico Laudisa
Abstract In spite of the relevance of a scientific representation of the world for naturalism, it is surprising that philosophy of science is less involved in the debate on naturalism than expected. Had the viewpoint of philosophy of science been duly considered, naturalism could not have overlooked the established lesson, according to which there is no well-defined recipe for what science must or must not be. In the present paper I address some implications of this lesson for (some forms of) naturalism, arguing that a radically naturalistic outlook fails to pay sufficient attention to some of the main lessons that philosophy of science has taught us concerning the nature of scientific theories. One of these lessons is that real scientific theories are far more normative than ordinary scientific naturalism is ready to accept, a circumstance that at a minimum is bound to force most naturalization strategies to re-define their significance.
尽管世界的科学表征与自然主义具有相关性,但令人惊讶的是,科学哲学在关于自然主义的辩论中所参与的程度比预期的要少。如果科学哲学的观点得到适当的考虑,自然主义就不可能忽视这一既定的教训,根据这一教训,没有明确规定科学必须是什么或不应该是什么。在本文中,我讨论了这一教训对(某些形式的)自然主义的一些含义,认为激进的自然主义观点未能充分重视科学哲学教给我们的关于科学理论本质的一些主要教训。其中一个教训是,真正的科学理论远比普通的科学自然主义所愿意接受的要规范得多,这种情况至少必然会迫使大多数自然化策略重新定义它们的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Sobre O Bailado da Alma de Pio Abreu. À Procura da Alma Perdida. Ensaio Filosófico-Científico-Artístico Sobre as Danças e Outras Desventuras 关于皮奥·阿布瑞尤的灵魂舞。寻找失落的灵魂。关于舞蹈和其他不幸的哲学-科学-艺术文章
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/KJPS-2017-0007
C. Nabais
O último livro de J. L. Pio Abreu, O bailado da alma (Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 2014) é um livro provocador. Ele provoca o pensamento e provoca o encontro. É um livro que exalta o acontecimento! Essa é a primeira dimensão que gostava de sublinhar neste livro: a glori! cação do acontecimento, a procura da sincronia entre os corpos, a descrição, como que em regime de consagração, dos movimentos uníssonos do cérebro. O livro está genuinamente interessado pela questão do encontro, do encontro dos corpos e das almas, da sincronia rítmica das danças. Aliás, o livro é percorrido por uma tipologia da dança desde o ballet clássico até ao tango, passando pelas danças de roda. Toda uma profusão de estilos e ritmos que marcam a cadência dos encontros.
J. L. Pio Abreu的最后一本书《灵魂的舞蹈》(里斯本:Dom Quixote, 2014)是一本挑衅性的书。它激发思想,激发相遇。这是一本颂扬这一事件的书!这是我想在这本书中强调的第一个维度:荣耀!对事件的解释,对身体之间同步性的探索,对大脑统一运动的描述,就像在一种神圣的状态中一样。这本书真正感兴趣的是相遇的问题,身体和灵魂的相遇,舞蹈的节奏同步。事实上,这本书涵盖了一种舞蹈类型,从古典芭蕾到探戈,通过轮舞。丰富的风格和节奏标志着会议的节奏。
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引用次数: 0
Enactivism, Radical Enactivism and Predictive Processing: What is Radical in Cognitive Science? 认知行动主义、激进行动主义与预测加工:认知科学中的激进是什么?
Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2017-0003
K. Gärtner, Robert W. Clowes
Abstract According to Enactivism, cognition should be understood in terms of a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. Further, this view holds that organisms do not passively receive information from this environment, they rather selectively create this environment by engaging in interaction with the world. Radical Enactivism adds that basic cognition does so without entertaining representations and hence that representations are not an essential constituent of cognition. Some proponents think that getting rid of representations amounts to a revolutionary alternative to standard views about cognition. To emphasize the impact, they claim that this ‘radicalization’ should be applied to all enactivist friendly views, including, another current and potentially revolutionary approach to cognition: predictive processing. In this paper, we will show that this is not the case. After introducing the problem (section 2), we will argue (section 3) that ‘radicalizing’ predictive processing does not add any value to this approach. After this (section 4), we will analyze whether or not radical Enactivism can count as a revolution within cognitive science at all and conclude that it cannot. Finally, in section 5 we will claim that cognitive science is better off when embracing heterogeneity.
根据Enactivism的观点,认知应该被理解为活动生物体与其环境之间的动态相互作用。此外,这种观点认为,生物不是被动地从这个环境中接受信息,而是通过与世界的互动有选择地创造这个环境。激进启蒙主义补充说,基本认知是在没有娱乐表征的情况下发生的,因此表征不是认知的基本组成部分。一些支持者认为,摆脱表征等同于对认知标准观点的革命性替代。为了强调这种影响,他们声称这种“激进化”应该适用于所有积极分子友好的观点,包括另一种当前和潜在的革命性认知方法:预测处理。在本文中,我们将证明情况并非如此。在介绍问题(第2节)之后,我们将论证(第3节),“激进化”预测处理不会为这种方法增加任何价值。在此之后(第4节),我们将分析激进的Enactivism是否可以算作认知科学中的一场革命,并得出结论,它不能。最后,在第5节中,我们将声称认知科学在接受异质性时会更好。
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引用次数: 6
Scientific Models and Games of Make-Believe: A Modal-Logical Perspective 假装的科学模型和游戏:一个模态逻辑的视角
Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2016-0018
Matthieu Gallais
objects (like an ideal pendulum) do not have the same properties as concrete physical systems and Frigg approves of that idea and concedes that a property is not instantiated by a real object in the same way as by a fictional one. In the latter case, according to Frigg, in keeping with a game of make-believe, one has to imagine that the model object has properties, whereas, in the target system, one deals with real properties. In short, Frigg does not accept similarities between objects which are ontologically different, but bases his idea on similarities between properties which are ontologically different. One should not presuppose the notion of “similar properties”, it has to be constructed or at least established. 43 Frigg, 2010b, 273.
物体(如理想的钟摆)不具有与具体的物理系统相同的属性,弗里格赞同这一观点,并承认一个属性不像一个虚构的物体那样由一个真实的物体实例化。根据Frigg的说法,在后一种情况下,为了与假装游戏保持一致,人们必须想象模型对象具有属性,而在目标系统中,人们处理的是真实属性。简而言之,弗里格不接受本体不同的对象之间的相似性,而是把他的观点建立在本体不同的属性之间的相似性上。人们不应该预先假定“相似属性”的概念,它必须被构建或至少被确立。[43]林业科学,2010,b, 273。
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引用次数: 0
The Nature of Fiction/al Utterances 小说/话语的本质
Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2016-0016
A. Voltolini
Abstract In this paper, first of all, I want to try a new defense of the utterance approach as to the relationship between fictional and nonfictional works on the one hand and between fictional and nonfictional utterances on the other hand, notably the idea that the distinction between fictional and nonfictional works is derivative on the distinction between fictional and nonfictional utterances of the sentences that constitute a text. Moreover, I want to account for the second distinction in minimally contextualist semantic terms. Finally, I want to hold that what makes a fictional utterance, hence a fictional work, properly fictional is the contextually pre-semantic fact that its utterer entertains an act of make-believe, where such an act is accounted for in metarepresentational terms. This ultimately means that the fiction/nonfiction distinction is not clarified in terms of the fictional works/nonfictional works distinction, for things rather go the other way around.
在本文中,首先,我想尝试对话语研究方法进行新的辩护,一方面是虚构和非虚构作品之间的关系,另一方面是虚构和非虚构话语之间的关系,特别是虚构和非虚构作品之间的区别是由构成文本的句子的虚构和非虚构话语之间的区别衍生而来的观点。此外,我想用最低限度的语境主义语义术语来解释第二个区别。最后,我想说,虚构的话语,因此是虚构的作品,真正虚构的是语境前语义的事实,即它的说话者有一种假装的行为,这种行为是用元表征的术语来解释的。这最终意味着小说/非小说的区别并没有被虚构作品/非虚构作品的区别所澄清,因为事情恰恰相反。
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引用次数: 13
Hypothetical, not Fictional Worlds 假设的,而不是虚构的世界
Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2016-0019
F. Weinert
Abstract This paper critically analyzes the fiction-view of scientific modeling, which exploits presumed analogies between literary fiction and model building in science. The basic idea is that in both fiction and scientific modeling fictional worlds are created. The paper argues that the fiction-view comes closest to certain scientific thought experiments, especially those involving demons in science and to literary movements like naturalism. But the paper concludes that the dissimilarities prevail over the similarities. The fiction-view fails to do justice to the plurality of model types used in science; it fails to realize that a function like idealization only makes sense in science because models, unlike works of fiction, can be de-idealized; it fails to distinguish sufficiently between the make-believe (fictional) worlds created in fiction and the hypothetical (as-if) worlds envisaged in models. Representation characterized in the fiction-view as a license to draw inferences does not sufficiently distinguish between inferences in fiction from inferences in scientific modeling. To highlight the contrast the paper proposes to explicate representation in terms of satisfaction of constraints.
摘要本文批判性地分析了科学建模的虚构观,它利用文学小说与科学建模之间的假定类比。其基本思想是,在小说和科学建模中都创造了虚构的世界。这篇论文认为,小说观最接近某些科学思想实验,尤其是那些涉及科学中的恶魔和自然主义等文学运动的实验。但本文的结论是,差异大于相似。虚构的观点不能公正地对待科学中使用的多种模型类型;它没有意识到,像理想化这样的功能只在科学中有意义,因为模型与小说作品不同,可以被去理想化;它未能充分区分虚构中创造的虚构世界和模型中设想的假设(假设)世界。在小说的观点中,表征被认为是推理的许可,它没有充分区分小说中的推理和科学建模中的推理。为了突出这种对比,本文提出从满足约束的角度来解释表征。
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引用次数: 0
The question of Fiction – nonexistent objects, a possible world response from Paul Ricoeur 虚构的问题——不存在的对象,保罗·里科对世界的可能回应
Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/kjps-2016-0020
N. Fitzpatrick
Abstract The question of fiction is omnipresent within the work of Paul Ricoeur throughout his prolific career. However, Ricoeur raises the questions of fiction in relation to other issues such the symbol, metaphor and narrative. This article sets out to foreground a traditional problem of fiction and logic, which is termed the existence of non-existent objects, in relation to the Paul Ricoeur’s work on narrative. Ricoeur’s understanding of fiction takes place within his overall philosophical anthropology where the fictions and histories make up the very nature of identity both personal and collective. The existence of non-existent objects demonstrates a dichotomy between fiction and history, non-existent objects can exist as fictional objects. The very possibility of the existence of fictional objects entails ontological status considerations. What ontological status do fictional objects have? Ricoeur develops a concept of narrative configuration which is akin to the Kantian productive imagination and configuration frames the question historical narrative and fictional narrative. It is demonstrated that the ontological status of fictional objects can be best understood in a model of possible worlds.
在保罗·利科尔多产的职业生涯中,小说问题无处不在。然而,利科尔提出了小说与象征、隐喻和叙事等其他问题的关系问题。本文从保罗·利科的叙事作品出发,提出了小说与逻辑的一个传统问题,即不存在对象的存在性问题。Ricoeur对小说的理解发生在他的整体哲学人类学中,小说和历史构成了个人和集体身份的本质。不存在对象的存在体现了虚构与历史的两分法,不存在的对象可以作为虚构的对象存在。虚构对象存在的可能性需要考虑本体论地位。虚构对象具有什么样的本体论地位?Ricoeur发展了一种叙事配置的概念,类似于康德的生产想象和配置框架的问题,历史叙事和虚构的叙事。研究表明,在可能世界模型中,虚构对象的本体状态可以得到最好的理解。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science
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