Abstract Meinong’s thought has been rediscovered in recent times by analytic philosophy: his object theory has significant consequences in formal ontology, and especially his account of impossible objects has proved itself to be decisive in a wide range of fields, from logic up to ontology of fiction. Rejecting the traditional ‘prejudice in favour of the real’, Meinong investigates what there is not: a peculiar non-existing object is precisely the fictional object, which exemplifies a number of properties (like Sherlock Holmes, who lives in Baker Street and is an outstanding detective) without existing in the same way as flesh-and-blood detectives do. Fictional objects are in some sense incomplete objects, whose core of constituent properties is not completely determined. Now, what does it imply to hold that a fictional object may also occur in true statements? We shall deal with the objections raised by Russell and Quine against Meinong’s view, pointing out limits and advantages of both perspectives.
{"title":"Centaurs, Pegasus, Sherlock Holmes: Against the Prejudice in Favour of the Real","authors":"Cristina Travanini","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Meinong’s thought has been rediscovered in recent times by analytic philosophy: his object theory has significant consequences in formal ontology, and especially his account of impossible objects has proved itself to be decisive in a wide range of fields, from logic up to ontology of fiction. Rejecting the traditional ‘prejudice in favour of the real’, Meinong investigates what there is not: a peculiar non-existing object is precisely the fictional object, which exemplifies a number of properties (like Sherlock Holmes, who lives in Baker Street and is an outstanding detective) without existing in the same way as flesh-and-blood detectives do. Fictional objects are in some sense incomplete objects, whose core of constituent properties is not completely determined. Now, what does it imply to hold that a fictional object may also occur in true statements? We shall deal with the objections raised by Russell and Quine against Meinong’s view, pointing out limits and advantages of both perspectives.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"56 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75333288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conceptualization of natural selection by Elliott Sober has had an enormous influence on both philosophers of biology and professional biologists. He addresses, in his work The Nature of Selection, the issues of how to understand and explain natural selection. This position has become known as the ‘Negative View’. It maintains that natural selection is a negative force or cause which works as a filter by eliminating those individuals with less fit traits and leaving the rest intact. From this view, natural selection has only a distributive role: the existence of population variation is assumed and selection only changes traits frequencies in it. In this case, Sober follows a long-standing tradition that dates back to
{"title":"From Toys to Games: Overcoming the View of Natural Selection as a Filter","authors":"Victor J. Luque","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0014","url":null,"abstract":"The conceptualization of natural selection by Elliott Sober has had an enormous influence on both philosophers of biology and professional biologists. He addresses, in his work The Nature of Selection, the issues of how to understand and explain natural selection. This position has become known as the ‘Negative View’. It maintains that natural selection is a negative force or cause which works as a filter by eliminating those individuals with less fit traits and leaving the rest intact. From this view, natural selection has only a distributive role: the existence of population variation is assumed and selection only changes traits frequencies in it. In this case, Sober follows a long-standing tradition that dates back to","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86096183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1 Valemos-nos aqui da tradução para o latim mencionada por Michaux, ou seja, da obra “Euclides, Data, aos cuidados de H. Menge e I. L. Heiberg, de 1896, Leipzig: Ed. Teubener”; obra bilíngue (grego-latim) que corresponde ao VI volume da Opera Omnia de Euclides; é a esta edição que se referem os algarismos “234.1” e “256.25”, por exemplo, do texto em grego que aparece ao ! nal da presente tradução, isto é, página 234 (início do texto), linha 1 ou página 256 (! nal do texto), linha 25. Também consultamos a tradução latina de Claude Hardy de 1625 (que certamente foi a lida por Leibniz), obra que também é bilingue. Como não podia ser diferente, a nossa tradução assumiu como referência o trabalho do já mencionado Maurice Michaux, o Le commentaire de Marinus aux Data d’Euclide, de 1947. Segundo o próprio Michaux, Marino teria nascido por volta de 440 d.C em Flávia Neápolis, antiga Sichem, na Palestina; ele substituirá Proclo (410-485) à frente da Academia de Atenas a partir de 484, depois de uma disputa acirrada com Isidoro de Alexandria (ou de Gaza); não se sabe exatamente quando morreu, de qualquer modo, outros historiadores mencionam seu nascimento e morte em mais ou menos 450-500 estimativa que poderíamos estender também para Isidoro.
1在这里，我们使用米修提到的拉丁文翻译，即《欧几里得，数据，由H. Menge和I. L. Heiberg编辑，1896年，莱比锡:Teubener编辑》;双语作品(希腊-拉丁)，对应欧几里得的歌剧《Omnia》第六卷;例如，在希腊文本中，数字“234.1”和“256.25”指的是这个版本!第234页(正文开头)，第1行或第256页(!)文本末尾)，第25行。我们还参考了克劳德·哈代1625年的拉丁文译本(当然是莱布尼茨读过的)，这本书也是双语的。由于这是不可能的，我们的翻译参考了前面提到的莫里斯·米修的作品，Le评注de Marinus aux Data d ' Euclide, 1947。根据米修自己的说法，马里努斯大约在公元440年出生在巴勒斯坦古示赫姆的弗拉维亚尼亚波利斯;在与亚历山大(或加沙)的伊西多尔发生激烈争执后，他将取代普罗克洛斯(410-485)从484年开始领导雅典学院;我们不知道他死的确切时间，但其他历史学家在大约450-500年的估计中提到了他的出生和死亡，我们也可以扩展到伊西多尔。
{"title":"Comentário ao livro Dados de Euclides feito pelo filósofo Marino","authors":"H. Canuto, J. C. Silva, William de Siqueira Piauí","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"1 Valemos-nos aqui da tradução para o latim mencionada por Michaux, ou seja, da obra “Euclides, Data, aos cuidados de H. Menge e I. L. Heiberg, de 1896, Leipzig: Ed. Teubener”; obra bilíngue (grego-latim) que corresponde ao VI volume da Opera Omnia de Euclides; é a esta edição que se referem os algarismos “234.1” e “256.25”, por exemplo, do texto em grego que aparece ao ! nal da presente tradução, isto é, página 234 (início do texto), linha 1 ou página 256 (! nal do texto), linha 25. Também consultamos a tradução latina de Claude Hardy de 1625 (que certamente foi a lida por Leibniz), obra que também é bilingue. Como não podia ser diferente, a nossa tradução assumiu como referência o trabalho do já mencionado Maurice Michaux, o Le commentaire de Marinus aux Data d’Euclide, de 1947. Segundo o próprio Michaux, Marino teria nascido por volta de 440 d.C em Flávia Neápolis, antiga Sichem, na Palestina; ele substituirá Proclo (410-485) à frente da Academia de Atenas a partir de 484, depois de uma disputa acirrada com Isidoro de Alexandria (ou de Gaza); não se sabe exatamente quando morreu, de qualquer modo, outros historiadores mencionam seu nascimento e morte em mais ou menos 450-500 estimativa que poderíamos estender também para Isidoro.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"70 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82123801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leibniz crítico de Euclides. El método del Analysis Situs","authors":"J. Echeverría, Mary Sol de Mora","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"123 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79065003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nota Introdutória sobre a Vida, a Obra e o Comentário de Marino","authors":"William de Siqueira Piauí","doi":"10.1515/KJPS-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/KJPS-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"65 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74049762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper I concentrate on Euclidean diagrams, namely on those diagrams that are licensed by the rules of Euclid’s plane geometry. I shall overview some philosophical stances that have recently been proposed in philosophy of mathematics to account for the role of such diagrams in mathematics, and more particularly in Euclid’s Elements. Furthermore, I shall provide an original analysis of the epistemic role that Euclidean diagrams may (and, indeed) have in empirical sciences, more specifically in physics. I shall claim that, although the world we live in is not Euclidean, Euclidean diagrams permit to obtain knowledge of the world through a specific mechanism of inference I shall call inheritance.
{"title":"The Epistemological Import of Euclidean Diagrams (in a non-Euclidean world)","authors":"Daniele Molinini","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper I concentrate on Euclidean diagrams, namely on those diagrams that are licensed by the rules of Euclid’s plane geometry. I shall overview some philosophical stances that have recently been proposed in philosophy of mathematics to account for the role of such diagrams in mathematics, and more particularly in Euclid’s Elements. Furthermore, I shall provide an original analysis of the epistemic role that Euclidean diagrams may (and, indeed) have in empirical sciences, more specifically in physics. I shall claim that, although the world we live in is not Euclidean, Euclidean diagrams permit to obtain knowledge of the world through a specific mechanism of inference I shall call inheritance.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"124 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90439020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumário Mostramos que, em virtude dos limites teóricos da computação, nem toda a ciência formulada com carácter preditivo pode ser simulada. Em particular, evidencia- se que a Fisica Clássica, nomeadamente a Físíca Newtoniana, padece deste mal, encerrando processos de Zenão.
{"title":"A Física da Terminação","authors":"J. Costa","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Sumário Mostramos que, em virtude dos limites teóricos da computação, nem toda a ciência formulada com carácter preditivo pode ser simulada. Em particular, evidencia- se que a Fisica Clássica, nomeadamente a Físíca Newtoniana, padece deste mal, encerrando processos de Zenão.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"14 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90922535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article considers the connection between ethics, in particular Kant’s practical philosophy, and economics. The author examines historical reasons for Kant’s ethic not to have become part of the economic discourse and interprets modern business processes from Kant’s perspective. The article aims to demonstrate the possibilities of applying the philosophical instruments of Kant’s morals to concrete economic issues.
{"title":"‘Kingdom of Ends’ as Economic Model: Whether Transition is Possible?","authors":"Alexey I. Trotsak","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article considers the connection between ethics, in particular Kant’s practical philosophy, and economics. The author examines historical reasons for Kant’s ethic not to have become part of the economic discourse and interprets modern business processes from Kant’s perspective. The article aims to demonstrate the possibilities of applying the philosophical instruments of Kant’s morals to concrete economic issues.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"35 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78938481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract My aim in this paper is to critically assess Plantinga’s modal ontological argument for existence of God, such as it is presented in the book “The Nature of Necessity” (1974). Plantinga tries to show that this argument is (i) valid and (ii) it is rational to believe in his main premise, namely “there is a possible world in which maximal greatness is instantiated”. On the one hand, I want to show that this argument is logically valid in both systems B and S5 of modal logic. On the other hand, I think that this argument is not a good argument to show that God exists or that it is rational to believe in God.
{"title":"Uma avaliação do argumento ontológico modal de Plantinga","authors":"Domingos Faria","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract My aim in this paper is to critically assess Plantinga’s modal ontological argument for existence of God, such as it is presented in the book “The Nature of Necessity” (1974). Plantinga tries to show that this argument is (i) valid and (ii) it is rational to believe in his main premise, namely “there is a possible world in which maximal greatness is instantiated”. On the one hand, I want to show that this argument is logically valid in both systems B and S5 of modal logic. On the other hand, I think that this argument is not a good argument to show that God exists or that it is rational to believe in God.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"71 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73306383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ortega y Gasset is known for his philosophy of life and his effort to propose an alternative to both realism and idealism. The goal of this article is to focus on an unfamiliar aspect of his thought. The focus will be given to Ortega’s interpretation of the advancements in modern mathematics in general and Cantor’s theory of transfinite numbers in particular. The main argument is that Ortega acknowledged the historical importance of the Cantor’s Set Theory, analyzed it and articulated a response to it. In his writings he referred many times to the advancements in modern mathematics and argued that mathematics should be based on the intuition of counting. In response to Cantor’s mathematics Ortega presented what he defined as an ‘absolute positivism’. In this theory he did not mean to naturalize cognition or to follow the guidelines of the Comte’s positivism, on the contrary. His aim was to present an alternative to Cantor’s mathematics by claiming that mathematicians are allowed to deal only with objects that are immediately present and observable to intuition. Ortega argued that the infinite set cannot be present to the intuition and therefore there is no use to differentiate between cardinals of different infinite sets.
{"title":"Ortega y Gasset on Georg Cantor’s Theory of Transfinite Numbers","authors":"Lior Rabi","doi":"10.1515/kjps-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/kjps-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ortega y Gasset is known for his philosophy of life and his effort to propose an alternative to both realism and idealism. The goal of this article is to focus on an unfamiliar aspect of his thought. The focus will be given to Ortega’s interpretation of the advancements in modern mathematics in general and Cantor’s theory of transfinite numbers in particular. The main argument is that Ortega acknowledged the historical importance of the Cantor’s Set Theory, analyzed it and articulated a response to it. In his writings he referred many times to the advancements in modern mathematics and argued that mathematics should be based on the intuition of counting. In response to Cantor’s mathematics Ortega presented what he defined as an ‘absolute positivism’. In this theory he did not mean to naturalize cognition or to follow the guidelines of the Comte’s positivism, on the contrary. His aim was to present an alternative to Cantor’s mathematics by claiming that mathematicians are allowed to deal only with objects that are immediately present and observable to intuition. Ortega argued that the infinite set cannot be present to the intuition and therefore there is no use to differentiate between cardinals of different infinite sets.","PeriodicalId":52005,"journal":{"name":"Kairos-Journal of Philosophy & Science","volume":"88 1","pages":"46 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74720516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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