The objective of this paper is to measure the spatial changes that have occurred in the working conditions of women in the agricultural sector in the 32 states of Mexico, during the 2008-2017 period. For this, an index is elaborated that considers three factors: rate of occupied female population that receives some remuneration, rate of occupied female population that has access to health and other benefits, and rate of employed female population that does not receive any remuneration. The results of the index for 2017 show persistent precariousness in the working conditions of women in the southern states: Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, with indexes of 0.13, 0.17 and 0.2, respectively. In contrast, the states of the northwest: Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua, continue presenting the best results with indexes of 0.74, 0.66, 0.66, 0.59 and 0.55, respectively. Relatively more industrialized states, such as Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Coahuila and Nuevo León, have improved working conditions by increasing the index considerably, suggesting the existence of a spillover effect on the agricultural sector.
{"title":"Análisis espacial de las condiciones laborales de la mujer en el sector agropecuario en México","authors":"J. Martínez, Alejandro Molina Vargas","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N91A06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N91A06","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to measure the spatial changes that have occurred in the working conditions of women in the agricultural sector in the 32 states of Mexico, during the 2008-2017 period. For this, an index is elaborated that considers three factors: rate of occupied female population that receives some remuneration, rate of occupied female population that has access to health and other benefits, and rate of employed female population that does not receive any remuneration. The results of the index for 2017 show persistent precariousness in the working conditions of women in the southern states: Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, with indexes of 0.13, 0.17 and 0.2, respectively. In contrast, the states of the northwest: Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua, continue presenting the best results with indexes of 0.74, 0.66, 0.66, 0.59 and 0.55, respectively. Relatively more industrialized states, such as Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Coahuila and Nuevo León, have improved working conditions by increasing the index considerably, suggesting the existence of a spillover effect on the agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47414487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low serviceability of rural road networks in Colombia hinders economic development, and especially rural development. Municipalities have budget constraints, so it is important to develop low cost techniques for preventive and corrective maintenance of rural roads. Stabilization of rural roads using industrial by-products is an alternative to improve road conditions and to prevent negative impacts from sediment production. This paper presents a case study in which three non-commercial materials produced from industrial waste are used for stabilizing a road section in Urrao, Antioquia. Stabilization costs are compared for the three alternatives by adapting the life cycle cost analysis to the information available. In addition, assessed costs consider geographic and technical factors, as well as availability of residues. It is found that stabilization costs are highly sensitive to waste availability and location, to processed volumes and to transportation costs.
{"title":"Estimación de costos del ciclo de vida para la estabilización de vías terciarias en Colombia con subproductos industriales","authors":"Laura Isabel Martínez-Murillo, Yris Olaya-Morales","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N91A08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N91A08","url":null,"abstract":"Low serviceability of rural road networks in Colombia hinders economic development, and especially rural development. Municipalities have budget constraints, so it is important to develop low cost techniques for preventive and corrective maintenance of rural roads. Stabilization of rural roads using industrial by-products is an alternative to improve road conditions and to prevent negative impacts from sediment production. This paper presents a case study in which three non-commercial materials produced from industrial waste are used for stabilizing a road section in Urrao, Antioquia. Stabilization costs are compared for the three alternatives by adapting the life cycle cost analysis to the information available. In addition, assessed costs consider geographic and technical factors, as well as availability of residues. It is found that stabilization costs are highly sensitive to waste availability and location, to processed volumes and to transportation costs.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N91A08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45360617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a new way of calculating the infrastructural stock. This is composed of all durable assets for public use, whether built by private or state agents. In this way, economic growth regressions for Colombia yield that the hypothesis of constant returns to scale in entrepreneurial capital (aggregate of fixed and human capital) and infrastructure cannot be ruled out. It is also estimated that the product elasticity of infrastructure is significantly greater than that of entrepreneurial capital. Once controlled for the accumulation of production factors, the main determinants of growth (and productivity) are the diversification of the manufacturing industrial sector, the purchasing power of the population, and the homicide rate. The Smithian approach to economic development is compatible with these findings. Finally, the decomposition of national economic growth suggests that this has been predominantly extensive.
{"title":"El impacto de la infraestructura en el crecimiento económico colombiano: un enfoque smithiano","authors":"C. H. Ortíz, Diana Marcela Jiménez, G. Cruz","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new way of calculating the infrastructural stock. This is composed of all durable assets for public use, whether built by private or state agents. In this way, economic growth regressions for Colombia yield that the hypothesis of constant returns to scale in entrepreneurial capital (aggregate of fixed and human capital) and infrastructure cannot be ruled out. It is also estimated that the product elasticity of infrastructure is significantly greater than that of entrepreneurial capital. Once controlled for the accumulation of production factors, the main determinants of growth (and productivity) are the diversification of the manufacturing industrial sector, the purchasing power of the population, and the homicide rate. The Smithian approach to economic development is compatible with these findings. Finally, the decomposition of national economic growth suggests that this has been predominantly extensive.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41518800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to assess the relevance of the municipal context on individual academic performance. To this end, micro data from the Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluacion de la Educacion Icfes and municipal information from the Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Economico are used. Using these data sources, municipal incidence is evaluated by means of variables associated with the infant mortality rate, violence and land conflicts in the twentieth century, among others. All these analyses are carried out under a multilevel stage and considering interactions between different contexts. Among the results, the limited impact of the municipal context on individual performance stands out. Also, evidence in favour of the triple risk hypothesis is found, as well as a strong relationship between the school effect and the socioeconomic composition of the classroom.
{"title":"Impacto del contexto municipal sobre el desempeño académico individual","authors":"M. A. Ortiz, J. Fonnegra","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A06","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to assess the relevance of the municipal context on individual academic performance. To this end, micro data from the Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluacion de la Educacion Icfes and municipal information from the Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Economico are used. Using these data sources, municipal incidence is evaluated by means of variables associated with the infant mortality rate, violence and land conflicts in the twentieth century, among others. All these analyses are carried out under a multilevel stage and considering interactions between different contexts. Among the results, the limited impact of the municipal context on individual performance stands out. Also, evidence in favour of the triple risk hypothesis is found, as well as a strong relationship between the school effect and the socioeconomic composition of the classroom.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":"159-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43856352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to determine money and price dynamics under the gold standard in the one-sector neoclassical growth model. To do this, a model is built upon a few approaches in the literature on dynamic economic theory. In particular, the production sector is based on the Solow model, the gold standard and price dynamics are founded on Barro (1979), and money demand is influenced by the traditional money-in-the-utility-function setup. The model integrates the ideas of these approaches within a compact framework. Through simulations, it is shown that the economic system is characterized by a unique unstable steady state. Also, comparative dynamic analyses regarding changes in some parameters are conducted.
{"title":"Money and price dynamics under the gold standard in the neoclassical theory of growth","authors":"Wei-bin Zhang","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N90A02","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine money and price dynamics under the gold standard in the one-sector neoclassical growth model. To do this, a model is built upon a few approaches in the literature on dynamic economic theory. In particular, the production sector is based on the Solow model, the gold standard and price dynamics are founded on Barro (1979), and money demand is influenced by the traditional money-in-the-utility-function setup. The model integrates the ideas of these approaches within a compact framework. Through simulations, it is shown that the economic system is characterized by a unique unstable steady state. Also, comparative dynamic analyses regarding changes in some parameters are conducted.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48314080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer el impacto del sistema bus rapid transit de Medellin, Colombia, sobre la calidad de vida urbana (CVU), medida como la contribucion al bienestar de cada uno de los amenities disponibles en el lugar en que se reside. Para esto, se utilizan datos de cortes transversales repetidos, provenientes de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida de Medellin de los anos 2010 y 2014, y de informacion sobre los atributos de barrio disponibles. En total, la investigacion cuenta con 4.091 observaciones en el 2010 y 4.219 en el 2014. Para el analisis, se estima un modelo hedonico cuasiexperimental, y con sus resultados se construye un indice de CVU. El trabajo muestra que la puesta en marcha del Metroplus tuvo un efecto positivo y significativo sobre los cambios en la CVU en el periodo 2010-2014. La magnitud del impacto se refleja en los resultados en las diferentes zonas de la ciudad.
{"title":"Transporte y calidad de vida urbana. Estudio de caso sobre el Metroplús de Medellín, Colombia","authors":"L. Hernández, Viktoriya Semeshenko","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A04","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer el impacto del sistema bus rapid transit de Medellin, Colombia, sobre la calidad de vida urbana (CVU), medida como la contribucion al bienestar de cada uno de los amenities disponibles en el lugar en que se reside. Para esto, se utilizan datos de cortes transversales repetidos, provenientes de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida de Medellin de los anos 2010 y 2014, y de informacion sobre los atributos de barrio disponibles. En total, la investigacion cuenta con 4.091 observaciones en el 2010 y 4.219 en el 2014. Para el analisis, se estima un modelo hedonico cuasiexperimental, y con sus resultados se construye un indice de CVU. El trabajo muestra que la puesta en marcha del Metroplus tuvo un efecto positivo y significativo sobre los cambios en la CVU en el periodo 2010-2014. La magnitud del impacto se refleja en los resultados en las diferentes zonas de la ciudad.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47355899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana María Jaramillo Jiménez, Juan Camilo Rengifo López
{"title":"Impacto del sistema Metroplús sobre el Mercado laboral de las comunas Manrique y Aranjuez de Medellín, Colombia","authors":"Ana María Jaramillo Jiménez, Juan Camilo Rengifo López","doi":"10.17533/udea.le.n89a05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n89a05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/udea.le.n89a05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67599673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germán Romero Otalora, Andrés Camilo Álvarez-Espinosa, Silvia Calderón, Daniel A. Ordóñez
This paper examines the redistributive effects of taxing carbon dioxide emissions on household welfare through changes in prices of consumer goods. To this end, the results of a computable general equilibrium model are sequentially integrated with a household-level analysis based on microsimulation models (MSM). The analysis also allows for comparisons between the effects of using arithmetic and behavioral MSMs. Results show that a carbon tax has negative effects on population welfare, with higher-income households being the most affected and middle-class households the least. Finally, a number of policy recommendations for reducing emissions and including well-being criteria in mitigation measures are presented.
{"title":"Impactos distributivos de un impuesto al carbono en Colombia: vínculo entre modelos de microsimulaciones y equilibrio general","authors":"Germán Romero Otalora, Andrés Camilo Álvarez-Espinosa, Silvia Calderón, Daniel A. Ordóñez","doi":"10.17533/udea.le.n89a06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n89a06","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the redistributive effects of taxing carbon dioxide emissions on household welfare through changes in prices of consumer goods. To this end, the results of a computable general equilibrium model are sequentially integrated with a household-level analysis based on microsimulation models (MSM). The analysis also allows for comparisons between the effects of using arithmetic and behavioral MSMs. Results show that a carbon tax has negative effects on population welfare, with higher-income households being the most affected and middle-class households the least. Finally, a number of policy recommendations for reducing emissions and including well-being criteria in mitigation measures are presented.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/udea.le.n89a06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41789802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julio Cifuentes, Daniela Estrada Nates, Brigitte Vanesa Mueces Bedon
This paper assesses whether college graduates from bachelor programs in Economics in Colombia have achieved the bilingualism goal proposed by the government for 2014. To this end, we use a descriptive approach and inferential statistics (parametric and non-parametric proportions tests) using data from the English module of the standardized test Saber Pro (2011-2015). We find that, at the national level, 54 out of 61 bachelor programs did not meet the goal and that only 7 out of the 21 accredited programs in the country have reached it. These results suggest the need to rethink the public policy of bilingualism in the education of Colombia’s future economists.
{"title":"Nivel de inglés en los programas de Economía de Colombia: ¿se cumple la meta?","authors":"Julio Cifuentes, Daniela Estrada Nates, Brigitte Vanesa Mueces Bedon","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses whether college graduates from bachelor programs in Economics in Colombia have achieved the bilingualism goal proposed by the government for 2014. To this end, we use a descriptive approach and inferential statistics (parametric and non-parametric proportions tests) using data from the English module of the standardized test Saber Pro (2011-2015). We find that, at the national level, 54 out of 61 bachelor programs did not meet the goal and that only 7 out of the 21 accredited programs in the country have reached it. These results suggest the need to rethink the public policy of bilingualism in the education of Colombia’s future economists.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N89A02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67599545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we analyze the effects of introducing an experience-rating adjustment scheme on employers? contributions to health nsurance. To this end, we develop a search and matching model in a segmented labor market. In the segment with higher-risk jobs, sick leaves are more frequent and thereby average productivity is lower. The model is calibrated to the French economy. Results from the simulations show that the experience-rating policy slightly improves productivity and employment. In quantitative terms, a 1 % variation in the experience-rating rate induces a 0,48 % reduction in the unemployment spell, a 1,07 % reduction in the days of absence, and a 0.1 % increase in productivity. Finally, this policy also leads to a slightly better economic performance compared to health insurance privatization.
{"title":"Ausentismo y producción: el esquema de ajuste de primas por siniestralidad observada aplicado al seguro de salud en Francia","authors":"S. Menard, C. Quintero","doi":"10.17533/UDEA.LE.N88A01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N88A01","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we analyze the effects of introducing an experience-rating adjustment scheme on employers? contributions to health nsurance. To this end, we develop a search and matching model in a segmented labor market. In the segment with higher-risk jobs, sick leaves are more frequent and thereby average productivity is lower. The model is calibrated to the French economy. Results from the simulations show that the experience-rating policy slightly improves productivity and employment. In quantitative terms, a 1 % variation in the experience-rating rate induces a 0,48 % reduction in the unemployment spell, a 1,07 % reduction in the days of absence, and a 0.1 % increase in productivity. Finally, this policy also leads to a slightly better economic performance compared to health insurance privatization.","PeriodicalId":52205,"journal":{"name":"Lecturas de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":"9-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17533/UDEA.LE.N88A01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41602467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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