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State Partisan Dominance and the Distribution of TANF Funds, 2000–2018 2000-2018 年各州党派主导地位与 TANF 资金分配情况
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241262047
Jonathan Winburn, Robert Brown, Nichole Gligor
In this field note, we examine the changing distribution of TANF spending patterns across the states. Given the important shift from the more restrictive categorical grant of AFDC to the more flexible block grant of TANF, examining patterns of spending across program categories is an important facet for understanding states’ welfare efforts. Overall, there has been a general decrease in the percentage of state TANF spending on cash assistance. Using a new measure of party dominance, we find that Democratic states initially spent a higher share of their TANF funds on cash assistance than Republican states. However, by the 2010s this partisan difference basically disappeared with Democratic states spending patterns matching those of Republican states, focusing less on cash assistance and giving greater priority to areas less reflective of TANF’s principal objectives.
在本实地说明中,我们研究了各州 TANF 支出模式不断变化的分布情况。鉴于从限制性更强的分类补助(AFDC)向更灵活的整体补助(TANF)的重要转变,研究各计划类别的支出模式是了解各州福利工作的一个重要方面。总体而言,各州用于现金援助的 TANF 支出比例普遍下降。通过使用一种新的政党优势衡量方法,我们发现民主党各州最初用于现金援助的 TANF 资金比例高于共和党各州。然而,到了 2010 年代,这种党派差异基本消失,民主党各州的支出模式与共和党各州一致,减少了对现金援助的关注,而更多地优先考虑那些较少反映 TANF 主要目标的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Autonomous Vehicle Policy in the American States 政策学习与自动驾驶汽车政策在美国各州的传播
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241262816
Pedro Robles, Daniel J. Mallinson
This study examines the multifaceted mechanisms driving the adoption of autonomous vehicle (AV) policy in the United States. Drawing from diffusion and network governance theories, it explores the intricate interplay between state governments, private industry, and shared mobility services in shaping AV policies. Several states like California, Nevada, and Texas have emerged as frontrunners in AV testing and innovation. However, policymakers grapple with unique challenges related to AV technology, including safety, liability, and infrastructure enhancement, necessitating innovative policy solutions. As AVs signify a transformative shift in transportation, state governments assume a pivotal role in policy innovation and experimentation. Using a blend of dyadic quantitative analysis and qualitative interviews, this study examines to what extent policy learning predominantly drives AV policy adoption. In doing so, we explore specific diffusion mechanisms, including policy learning and competitive dynamics, to understand how they shape the early adoption of AV policies across states. We find substantial evidence for interstate learning facilitated by intergovernmental organizations and the private sector.
本研究探讨了推动美国采用自动驾驶汽车(AV)政策的多方面机制。它借鉴扩散和网络治理理论,探讨了州政府、私营企业和共享移动服务在制定自动驾驶汽车政策方面错综复杂的相互作用。加利福尼亚州、内华达州和德克萨斯州等几个州已成为自动驾驶汽车测试和创新的先行者。然而,政策制定者们也在努力应对与自动驾驶汽车技术相关的独特挑战,包括安全、责任和基础设施的改善,这就需要创新的政策解决方案。由于自动驾驶汽车标志着交通领域的变革性转变,州政府在政策创新和实验中承担着举足轻重的作用。本研究采用定量分析和定性访谈相结合的方法,探讨了政策学习在多大程度上推动了电动汽车政策的采用。在此过程中,我们探索了具体的传播机制,包括政策学习和竞争动力,以了解它们是如何影响各州早期采用反车辆政策的。我们发现大量证据表明,政府间组织和私营部门推动了州际学习。
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引用次数: 0
Political Drivers of State Fiscal Cyclicality 国家财政周期性的政治驱动因素
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241254806
Peter Wilschke
This study examines political factors influencing US state fiscal policy cyclicality. US states largely pursue procyclical fiscal policy, despite the federal government operating countercyclically. Institutional factors, such as balanced-budget rules, have been examined as influences on state cyclicality, with little prior focus on political factors. This article examines the impacts of electoral competitiveness, political polarization, and legislative turnover on state cyclicality. The combination of polarization and turnover is associated with procyclical policy, while the effect of competition on cyclicality is conditional on year from election. Both effects vary during economic upturns compared to downturns. State institutional design implications are considered.
本研究探讨了影响美国各州财政政策周期性的政治因素。尽管联邦政府实行反周期政策,但美国各州大多奉行顺周期财政政策。平衡预算规则等制度因素已被视为州周期性的影响因素,但此前很少有人关注政治因素。本文研究了选举竞争力、政治极化和立法机构更替对州周期性的影响。两极分化和更替的结合与顺周期政策相关,而竞争对周期性的影响取决于选举后的年份。与经济衰退相比,这两种影响在经济上升期有所不同。研究还考虑了国家制度设计的影响。
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引用次数: 0
She Said Yes! An Exploration of Confidence Among Women Who Run for Political Office 她说可以!竞选政治职位的女性的自信探索
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241248405
Mary R. Anderson, Lakshmi Jayaram, Kathryn VanderMolen
This is a qualitative exploratory research study of confidence and the emergence of women as candidates for state and local elected office. Our study consists of over 30 hours of interviews with 20 women candidates running for state and local office where we explore the sources of confidence that motivate women to run for office. Our interviews with women candidates suggest confidence is tied to egalitarian families and robust network support, strong educational credentials and background, as well as a multitude of professional and community leadership experiences.
这是一项定性探索性研究,研究对象是自信心以及女性成为州和地方民选公职候选人的情况。我们的研究包括对 20 名竞选州和地方公职的女性候选人进行 30 多个小时的访谈,探讨激励女性竞选公职的信心来源。我们对女性候选人的访谈表明,自信与平等的家庭和强大的网络支持、良好的教育资历和背景以及丰富的专业和社区领导经验息息相关。
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引用次数: 0
Do Local Fiscal Decisions Impact Economic Growth: The Case of Wisconsin 地方财政决策是否影响经济增长?威斯康星州案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241242387
Steven Deller, Craig S. Maher
This study revisits how local fiscal policies, specifically taxing and expenditures, affect economic growth. Using a panel (1990–2020) of Wisconsin general-purpose governments, we estimate a fixed effects variable parameter model and find that taxes have a dampening effect on the growth rate in income prior to the Great Recession but a positive effect over recent years. We also find that the impact of taxes on growth varies across community income levels. For lower income places taxes have a dampening effect on growth, but a positive effect in higher income areas. The results suggest that the impact of fiscal policies on economic growth vary over time and income levels. As such, blanket statements that high taxes harm the business climate and hence economic growth are generally not supported by the research.
本研究重新审视了地方财政政策(特别是税收和支出)如何影响经济增长。利用威斯康星州通用政府的面板数据(1990-2020 年),我们对固定效应变量参数模型进行了估计,发现税收在大衰退之前对收入增长率有抑制作用,但在最近几年则产生了积极影响。我们还发现,税收对经济增长的影响因社区收入水平而异。低收入地区的税收对经济增长有抑制作用,但在高收入地区则有积极作用。结果表明,财政政策对经济增长的影响因时间和收入水平而异。因此,一概而论地认为高税收会损害商业环境,进而损害经济增长的说法,通常得不到研究的支持。
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引用次数: 0
A Regional Analysis of the Impacts of Changes in Housing Values on Property Tax Assessment During and After the 2008 Financial Crisis 2008 年金融危机期间和之后住房价值变化对财产税评估影响的地区分析
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241252584
Yunni Deng, Mark Skidmore
This study examines the relationship between changing house prices and assessed value in the Detroit Michigan region. Using parcel-level data from 2008 through 2016, we construct a Hedonic Housing Price Index and an Assessed Value Index for 120 Michigan assessing jurisdictions in the five-county region surrounding Detroit (Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne). Our findings are consistent with the literature, indicating at least a three-year lag between changes in house prices and changes in property assessments. Communities considered to be distressed tended to over-assess properties before the crisis, but these communities recalibrated assessments to better align with market conditions after the financial crisis. Our evaluation also shows that while assessed values decreased more slowly than housing prices fell during the crisis, assessed values tended to fall to even deeper levels than housing prices over a longer time horizon. JEL Codes: H71, H83, G01
本研究探讨了底特律密歇根地区不断变化的房价与评估价值之间的关系。利用 2008 年至 2016 年的地块级数据,我们构建了底特律周边五县(Macomb、Monroe、Oakland、Washtenaw 和 Wayne)120 个密歇根州评估辖区的河东房价指数和评估价值指数。我们的研究结果与文献一致,表明房价变化与财产评估变化之间至少存在三年的滞后期。在危机爆发前,被认为陷入困境的社区往往对房产评估过高,但在金融危机爆发后,这些社区对评估进行了重新调整,以更好地适应市场条件。我们的评估还表明,在危机期间,虽然评估价值的下降速度比房价的下降速度慢,但在更长的时间跨度内,评估价值的下降幅度往往比房价的下降幅度更大。JEL Codes:H71, H83, G01
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引用次数: 0
What Makes a Community Age Friendly? Policymakers Emphasize Physical Over Social Factors 怎样的社区对老年人友好?决策者强调物质因素而非社会因素
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241251782
Jacqueline Chattopadhyay
Public policy serves older Americans well but also skirts major challenges—one being many communities’ “age (un)friendliness.” This paper investigates whether local government policymakers in the United States emphasize some “domains” of age friendliness over others, of those defined by the World Health Organization, when describing local-level services for older adults. It finds they do but that they give all eight domains some attention and give infrastructure domains more attention than social and informational domains. These results suggest that policymakers are supportive of age friendliness overall.
公共政策为美国老年人提供了良好的服务,但也回避了一些重大挑战,其中之一就是许多社区的 "年龄(不)友好性"。本文调查了美国地方政府决策者在描述地方一级为老年人提供的服务时,是否在世界卫生组织定义的老年友好度 "领域 "中,强调某些领域而非其他领域。研究发现,他们确实这样做了,但他们对所有八个领域都给予了一定程度的重视,而且对基础设施领域的重视程度超过了对社会和信息领域的重视程度。这些结果表明,决策者总体上支持老年友好。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived Values of Public Participation Practices in Budgeting: Insights From Incorporated Local Governments in Oregon 预算编制中公众参与实践的认知价值:俄勒冈州地方政府法人的见解
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241245433
Frankline Muthomi
This field notes provide insights into how local officials value different participatory procedures used to inform and invite the public to participation activities, and participatory mechanisms used to solicit public input during budget decision-making processes. The analysis is based on a framework that helps categorize and assess traditional, non-digital participatory practices versus modern, digital ones. Using survey responses from local officials in Oregon, the findings reveal greater value for modern methods like government websites and social media to inform and invite residents to public participation activities, but more traditional methods like public hearings and citizen committees to solicit their input. The author offers practical suggestions for fostering meaningful public engagement, and the need for practitioners is to be adaptable to innovative strategies that guarantees their participatory procedures and mechanisms are inclusive, accessible, and responsive to the changing needs of communities.
这篇实地记录深入分析了地方官员如何重视用于通知和邀请公众参与活动的不同参与程序,以及用于在预算决策过程中征求公众意见的参与机制。分析以一个框架为基础,该框架有助于对传统的、非数字化的参与实践与现代的、数字化的参与实践进行分类和评估。通过对俄勒冈州地方官员的调查反馈,研究结果显示,政府网站和社交媒体等现代方法在通知和邀请居民参与公众参与活动方面更有价值,而听证会和公民委员会等传统方法在征求居民意见方面则更有价值。作者为促进有意义的公众参与提供了实用建议,从业者需要适应创新战略,以保证其参与程序和机制具有包容性、可及性,并能满足社区不断变化的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Intergovernmental Transfers and Local Revenues Again—A Relook at the Ghanaian Local Government Case 政府间转移支付与地方收入--再看加纳地方政府案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241232969
Kwami Adanu
This paper revisits options for strengthening local governance by increasing own revenues in local government jurisdictions. Using stochastic frontier and recursive structural equation methods, the paper estimates the effects of central government transfers and tax effort on own revenues in the Ghanaian local government system. Results show that contrary to some recent findings that transfers reduce own revenues for local jurisdictions in Ghana, increasing transfers to local jurisdictions increases (rather than reduces) own revenues in Ghana. Further, local government performance in public service provision was found to be critical for increasing own revenues. Making the Ghanaian local government system more sustainable thus requires increasing central government transfers and providing technical support to strengthen the relationship between available public services and own revenues.
本文重新探讨了通过增加地方政府辖区内的自有收入来加强地方治理的方案。本文采用随机前沿和递归结构方程方法,估算了中央政府转移支付和税收努力对加纳地方政府系统自身收入的影响。结果表明,与近期一些关于转移支付减少加纳地方辖区自身收入的研究结果相反,增加对地方辖区的转移支付会增加(而不是减少)加纳的自身收入。此外,研究还发现,地方政府在提供公共服务方面的表现对增加自身收入至关重要。因此,要使加纳地方政府系统更具可持续性,就必须增加中央政府的转移支付,并提供技术支持,以加强现有公共服务与自身收入之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The Adoption of Council-Manager Model of Governance in Croatia: An Exploratory Study 克罗地亚采用理事会-经理治理模式:一项探索性研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/0160323x241232166
M. Pezer, Branko Stanić, Thom Reilly
The purpose of this study was to explore the receptiveness of Croatian local governmental officials in adopting a council-manager reform model of governance, given the low administrative and fiscal capacities of many Croatian cities. We surveyed all 128 cities in Croatia with a response rate of 48% ( n = 61). Sixty-two percent of top administrators were skeptical that this reform model was feasible. Our data suggest a desire of city administrators for shielding administrative functions from political ones as half of all respondents felt political pressure in budgeting and personnel issues. This was amplified through the qualitative data where respondents cited political parties’ control in city administration and interference in administrative functions. Chief obstacles to implementing reform components focused on concerns about the political influence of politicians.
鉴于克罗地亚许多城市的行政和财政能力较低,本研究旨在探讨克罗地亚地方政府官员对采用议会-管理者改革治理模式的接受程度。我们调查了克罗地亚所有 128 个城市,回复率为 48% (n = 61)。62%的高层管理者对这种改革模式的可行性持怀疑态度。我们的数据表明,城市管理者希望行政职能不受政治职能的影响,因为半数受访者在预算和人事问题上感受到了政治压力。定性数据进一步证实了这一点,受访者提到了政党对城市管理的控制和对行政职能的干预。实施改革的主要障碍集中在对政治家政治影响力的担忧上。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
State and Local Government Review
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