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Japanese National Railways' financing schemes and bankruptcy 日本国家铁路公司的融资计划和破产
Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0191117a
N. Takahashi
Japan’s prewar railroad business (Ministry of Transport) was transferred to a public corporation, Japanese National Railways (JNR), after World War II and eventually went bankrupt. This was due to a number of factors, including the decline in the position of railroads, ballooning personnel costs, and the existence of unprofitable local lines. However, the issue that directly caused the crash was the failure of the financing scheme that formed part of the company’s third long-term plan, which commenced in FY 1965. The company had not taken government subsidies or increased its borrowings from the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP), but instead went outside the FILP and issued large volumes of high-interest rate tokubetsu (special) bonds without a government guarantee, so that by FY 1967, interest and debt-related expenses totaled 101.2 billion yen, or about the same as the 104 billion yen raised by tokubetsu bonds. In other words, tokubetsu bonds were being issued to finance the payment of interest on railway bonds. As a result, the company went bankrupt in the first few years of its seven-year plan, which changed into a financial rehabilitation plan starting in FY 1969. a) Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, nobuta@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp A version of this paper was presented at the ABAS Conference 2019 Autumn (Takahashi, 2019). © 2019 Nobuo Takahashi. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Annals of Business Administrative Science 18 (2019) 263–276 http://doi.org/10.7880/abas.0191117a Received: November 17, 2019; accepted: December 2, 2019 Published in advance on J-STAGE: December 13, 2019
第二次世界大战后,日本战前的铁路业务(交通运输部)被转移到一家公共公司——日本国家铁路公司(JNR),最终破产。这是由于许多因素造成的,包括铁路地位的下降,人员成本的膨胀,以及无利可图的地方线路的存在。然而,直接导致崩溃的问题是融资计划的失败,该计划构成了公司第三个长期计划的一部分,该计划始于1965财年。该公司没有接受政府补贴,也没有从财政投资贷款计划(FILP)中增加借款,而是在FILP之外发行了大量高利率的德别(特别)债券,没有政府担保,因此到1967财年,利息和债务相关费用总计为1012亿日元,与德别债券筹集的1040亿日元大致相同。换句话说,发行德别债券是为了支付铁路债券的利息。结果,该公司在其七年计划的头几年就破产了,该计划从1969财年开始转变为财务复苏计划。a)东京大学经济研究生院,7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, nobuta@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp本文的一个版本已在ABAS 2019秋季会议(Takahashi, 2019)上发表。©2019 Nobuo Takahashi这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可协议发布的开放获取文章,该协议允许在任何媒体上不受限制地重复使用、分发和复制,前提是正确引用原始作品。工商管理科学年鉴18 (2019)263-276 http://doi.org/10.7880/abas.0191117a收稿日期:2019年11月17日;提前发表日期:2019年12月13日
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引用次数: 0
Managing tolerance stack-up through process integration team in steel industry 通过工艺集成团队管理钢铁行业公差叠加
Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0191002a
Sungwoo Byun
Tolerance is defined as “the difference between the maximum and minimum dimensions that can be allowed in terms of product functionality.” Company A, a steel manufacturer, follows the textbooks in presetting and managing tolerances so that its processes can flow seamlessly without any adjustments, as long as conditions remain within the range of tolerance. However, tolerance stack-up risk has been observed in the production of high-grade products such as automotive steel sheets because the quality measurements have approached the tolerance limits in several consecutive processes even though the said measurements have stayed within the tolerance range (which means that the products are not classified as defective). On the other hand, Company B (also a steel manufacturer) has been successful in managing tolerance through a method that is entirely different from the textbook model by having its Integrated Quality Control Group adjust the tolerances between processes and a) Faculty of Business Administration, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka-shi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan 577-0818, byun@bus.kindai.ac.jp A version of this paper was presented at the ABAS Conference 2019 Summer (Byun, 2019). © 2019 Sungwoo Byun. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Annals of Business Administrative Science 18 (2019) 223–236 http://doi.org/10.7880/abas.0191002a Received: October 2, 2019; accepted: November 6, 2019 Published in advance on J-STAGE: November 20, 2019
公差被定义为“在产品功能方面允许的最大和最小尺寸之间的差异”。A公司是一家钢铁制造商,在预设和管理公差方面遵循教科书,只要条件保持在公差范围内,其流程就可以无缝地进行,无需任何调整。然而,在汽车钢板等高档产品的生产中,已经观察到公差叠加风险,因为在几个连续的过程中,尽管所述测量值保持在公差范围内(这意味着产品未被归类为缺陷),但质量测量已接近公差极限。另一方面,B公司(也是一家钢铁制造商)通过一种与教科书模式完全不同的方法成功地管理了公差,通过其综合质量控制小组调整过程之间的公差。a)近代大学工商管理学院,3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka-shi,大阪县,日本577-0818,byun@bus.kindai.ac.jp本文的一个版本在ABAS会议2019夏季(byyun, 2019)上发表。©2019 Sungwoo Byun。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可协议发布的开放获取文章,该协议允许在任何媒体上不受限制地重复使用、分发和复制,前提是正确引用原始作品。工商管理科学年鉴18 (2019)223-236 http://doi.org/10.7880/abas.0191002aJ-STAGE提前发表:2019年11月20日
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引用次数: 4
Why can Toyota's keiretsu recover from earthquakes quickly? 为什么丰田的经连能从地震中迅速恢复?
Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0191022a
Shumpei Iwao, Yumi Kato
The keiretsu, or long-term stable business network that exists between Toyota and its suppliers, seems to demonstrate exceptional resilience in the face of natural disasters. Toyota shares production knowledge among the firms in its keiretsu through long-term kaizen-based inter-company learning activities (jishuken). In this regard, we have confirmed that (A) in times of normal operations, jishuken adopt a flat structure of interpersonal connections among firms that facilitates mutual trust. From case studies, we also found that (B) in times of disaster response, the structure “switches” to a hierarchical one with a clearly delineated leadership to bring knowledge and human resources into play.
丰田与其供应商之间的“经连”(keiretsu),即长期稳定的业务网络,似乎在面对自然灾害时表现出了非凡的弹性。丰田通过长期的以改善为基础的公司间学习活动(jishuken),在其经济连社的公司之间共享生产知识。在这方面,我们已经证实(A)在正常运营时期,jishuken采用了一种扁平化的公司间人际关系结构,有利于相互信任。从案例研究中,我们还发现(B)在灾难响应时期,结构“切换”到一个层次结构,有一个明确界定的领导,以发挥知识和人力资源的作用。
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引用次数: 2
Resource-based venturing 基于资源的冒险
Pub Date : 2019-10-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0190817a
Y. Suh, Yuki Mitomi, Hidenori Sato
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引用次数: 1
The scope of motivation studies for (e)word-of-mouth 动机研究的范围(e)口碑
Pub Date : 2019-10-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0190913a
Y. Kuwashima
There are fundamental differences between research into WOM (word-of-mouth), in which communication occurs face-to-face, and one into eWOM (electric word-of-mouth), which occurs over the Internet between strangers. In specifically looking at motivational factors, this study reveals significant differences in that while traditional WOM studies mainly discuss recipient motives, eWOM studies (a) mainly discuss sender motives and (b) permit the inclusion of economic motives.
对面对面交流的口碑(WOM)的研究与通过互联网在陌生人之间进行的电子口碑(eom)的研究存在根本差异。在具体观察动机因素时,本研究发现传统口碑研究主要讨论接受者动机,而口碑研究(a)主要讨论发送者动机,(b)允许包含经济动机。
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引用次数: 0
The core rigidity of Japanese home video game companies 日本家庭视频游戏公司的核心僵化
Pub Date : 2019-10-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0190921a
Takeaki Wada
Retail prices must be kept low in order to increase the diffusion of home video game hardware. In the 1980s and 1990s, when high-performance semiconductor prices were high, the performance of the hardware was limited. Owing to hardware restrictions, Japanese video game hardware developers had to improve their ability to increase the entertainment offered by their hardware. By the 2000s, home video game hardware that was the same spec as cutting-edge PC hardware came onto the market. As a result, consumers in the European and North American markets began to demand home video game software that could take advantage of high-performance hardware. This is when European and North American home video game developers began to flourish, as their experience with video game development on the PC meant that they had the ability to develop games that took advantage of high-level hardware functionality. At the same time, Japanese home video game developers were struggling in the global market, including North America, because the development organization and capabilities that they had built before 2000 acted as core rigidity.
为了增加家用电子游戏硬件的普及,零售价格必须保持在较低水平。在高性能半导体价格高的20世纪80年代和90年代,硬件的性能受到限制。由于硬件限制,日本电子游戏硬件开发商不得不提高自己的能力,以增加硬件提供的娱乐。到了2000年代,与尖端PC硬件规格相同的家庭视频游戏硬件进入市场。因此,欧洲和北美市场的消费者开始要求能够利用高性能硬件的家庭视频游戏软件。此时,欧洲和北美的家庭电子游戏开发商开始蓬勃发展,因为他们在PC上开发电子游戏的经验意味着他们有能力开发利用高级硬件功能的游戏。与此同时,日本家庭电子游戏开发商在全球市场(包括北美)举步维艰,因为他们在2000年之前建立的开发组织和能力成为了核心僵化。
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引用次数: 7
Factory strategy 工厂的战略
Pub Date : 2019-10-15 DOI: 10.7880/abas.0190731a
Mitsuhiro Fukuzawa
Papers on operations management in major journals have studied (1) relationships between the level of alignment in business and manufacturing strategies, practice realization, and performance; (2) the role of plants in global production networks; and (3) the reconciling of business and manufacturing strategies by operational executives. However, while these studies have positioned the role of plants as a strategic weapon in firms, their perspective is that the role of plants is imparted by headquarters or business units. Actually, the phenomenon which Japanese domestic plants have continued to work on various issues in an advanced manner from a global view went beyond this scope. There is a need for exploratory research from the perspective of plants as to the relationship between the role of plants and the strategic behavior of factory managers in continuing to grow while trying to survive in challenging environments and organizational capabilities built in plants.
主要期刊上关于运营管理的论文研究了(1)业务与制造战略的一致性水平、实践实现和绩效之间的关系;(2)植物在全球生产网络中的作用;(3)运营高管对业务和制造战略的协调。然而,虽然这些研究将工厂的作用定位为企业的战略武器,但他们的观点是,工厂的作用是由总部或业务单位赋予的。实际上,日本国内工厂从全球的角度出发,继续以先进的方式解决各种问题的现象超出了这一范围。有必要从植物的角度探索性研究植物的作用和工厂管理者的战略行为之间的关系,同时试图在具有挑战性的环境中生存和工厂建立的组织能力。
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引用次数: 3
Management of exhaustion in continuous product development 持续产品开发的耗竭管理
Pub Date : 2019-08-15 DOI: 10.7880/ABAS.0190621A
Wei Huang
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引用次数: 2
Product identity leads to organizational activation in crisis 产品认同导致危机中的组织激活
Pub Date : 2019-08-09 DOI: 10.7880/ABAS.0190725A
Ayako Aizawa
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引用次数: 0
Owning a company 拥有一家公司
Pub Date : 2019-06-15 DOI: 10.7880/ABAS.0190422A
N. Takahashi
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Annals of Business Administrative Science
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