Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267871
Mykhailo Dovbyshchenko
The article deals with the problems of everyday life of the parish clergy of Volyn during the Lithuanian-Polish era. It is noted that such a topic is important in the context of the study of the cultural and national movement on the Ukrainian lands at the border of the 16th and 17th centuries. The importance of criminal cases of district courts of the Volyn Voivodeship for the study of everyday problems of all strata of the Ukrainian population of this era, in particular the parish clergy, is emphasized. The author expressed the opinion that criminal cases reflected evidence about everyday life that could not be recorded in other sources available to modern scientists.The purpose of the article is to reveal a number of aspects of the daily life of the Volyn parish clergy using the example of the protest of a priest from the village of Biskupychi, Fr. Hryhoriy Zhukovych, as well as the testimony of the ministerial in this case. The analysis of Kostyantyn Gulevich’s crime – beating the victim, as well as rape and robbery of his wife (in the victim’s interpretation) made it possible to draw the following conclusions: first, the crime had not only a sexual motive and the desire to rob. The criminal also sought to humiliate the social dignity of the victim. This was manifested in her dressing in peasant clothes and a violent peasant-style haircut. Secondly, based on the protest and the ministerial’s testimony, it was possible to discover additional information about the history of Ukrainian clothing. According to the list of selected items, it was concluded that the bishop’s wife had quite expensive clothes and could afford to wear silver and gold jewellery. The forced dressing of the victim in peasant clothes gave additional insights into what the peasants wore at that time. Thirdly, the text of the protest made it possible to reveal the figure of the vernacular using the example of both individual words and idioms. In addition, an archaic term related to the metrology of those times and dating back to the princely era was discovered. Finally, a conclusion was made about the perspective of further research of the materials of criminal cases for the study of a wide range of problems related to Ukrainian everyday life during the Lithuanian-Polish era.
{"title":"Criminal Cases as a Source of Everyday History of the Parish Clergy in Volyn at the Early 17th Century","authors":"Mykhailo Dovbyshchenko","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267871","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problems of everyday life of the parish clergy of Volyn during the Lithuanian-Polish era. It is noted that such a topic is important in the context of the study of the cultural and national movement on the Ukrainian lands at the border of the 16th and 17th centuries. The importance of criminal cases of district courts of the Volyn Voivodeship for the study of everyday problems of all strata of the Ukrainian population of this era, in particular the parish clergy, is emphasized. The author expressed the opinion that criminal cases reflected evidence about everyday life that could not be recorded in other sources available to modern scientists.The purpose of the article is to reveal a number of aspects of the daily life of the Volyn parish clergy using the example of the protest of a priest from the village of Biskupychi, Fr. Hryhoriy Zhukovych, as well as the testimony of the ministerial in this case. The analysis of Kostyantyn Gulevich’s crime – beating the victim, as well as rape and robbery of his wife (in the victim’s interpretation) made it possible to draw the following conclusions: first, the crime had not only a sexual motive and the desire to rob. The criminal also sought to humiliate the social dignity of the victim. This was manifested in her dressing in peasant clothes and a violent peasant-style haircut. Secondly, based on the protest and the ministerial’s testimony, it was possible to discover additional information about the history of Ukrainian clothing. According to the list of selected items, it was concluded that the bishop’s wife had quite expensive clothes and could afford to wear silver and gold jewellery. The forced dressing of the victim in peasant clothes gave additional insights into what the peasants wore at that time. Thirdly, the text of the protest made it possible to reveal the figure of the vernacular using the example of both individual words and idioms. In addition, an archaic term related to the metrology of those times and dating back to the princely era was discovered. Finally, a conclusion was made about the perspective of further research of the materials of criminal cases for the study of a wide range of problems related to Ukrainian everyday life during the Lithuanian-Polish era.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42233164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.270124
K. Bekh
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the marriage of Ukrainians in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. In order to cover the topic, sources of different informational nature and interpretation methods were analyzed. In particular, we processed official and unofficial Internet resources: informative and popular mass media sites, official web pages of state institutions and event agencies, and also using the method of participant observation we analyzed the open pages of social network users, where a large amount of photo and video materials of present day wedding themes is represented. The publication describes wedding practices among military personnel and critical infrastructure workers in frontline and near-frontline zones; it was noted about the common formats of marriage among the civilian population in the rear regions during the martial law; a review of state legal regulations enabling various options for official marriage registration for military personnel and ordinary Ukrainians was carried out; features of the functioning of traditional and new attributes of wedding rituals are characterized. The role of folk traditions in the formation of the national worldview is clarified, in particular, it is about preserving family values in order to raise the fighting spirit of military personnel, and the emotional and motivating aspects of the life of the members of the Ukrainian ethnoculture during the struggle against the aggressor are also noted. The publication examines trends in the popularization of Ukrainian ethnic culture, in particular, its wedding component in the information space.
{"title":"Wedding in the Conditions of War as a Component of Modern Ethnoculture of Ukrainians","authors":"K. Bekh","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.270124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.270124","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the marriage of Ukrainians in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. In order to cover the topic, sources of different informational nature and interpretation methods were analyzed. In particular, we processed official and unofficial Internet resources: informative and popular mass media sites, official web pages of state institutions and event agencies, and also using the method of participant observation we analyzed the open pages of social network users, where a large amount of photo and video materials of present day wedding themes is represented. The publication describes wedding practices among military personnel and critical infrastructure workers in frontline and near-frontline zones; it was noted about the common formats of marriage among the civilian population in the rear regions during the martial law; a review of state legal regulations enabling various options for official marriage registration for military personnel and ordinary Ukrainians was carried out; features of the functioning of traditional and new attributes of wedding rituals are characterized. The role of folk traditions in the formation of the national worldview is clarified, in particular, it is about preserving family values in order to raise the fighting spirit of military personnel, and the emotional and motivating aspects of the life of the members of the Ukrainian ethnoculture during the struggle against the aggressor are also noted. The publication examines trends in the popularization of Ukrainian ethnic culture, in particular, its wedding component in the information space.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46260537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268322
O. Sobolieva
Since February 24, 2022, when the Russian Federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine and invaded Ukrainian territories from several directions, Ukraine has faced the biggest migration crisis since World War II. More than a third of Ukrainians were forced to leave their homes. For Western Europe, these events also caused the biggest migration crisis since the middle of the 20th century. According to the latest UN data, as of the end of October, there are currently at least 7,700,000 refugees in Europe, 4,300,000 refugees have received the status of temporary EU protection, or a similar status from non-EU countries. It is worth noting that it is difficult to establish the exact number of Ukrainian refugees. Ukrainians cross the border in both directions. Some people temporarily staying in the EU are not registered as persons in need of temporary protection, but stay there as tourists.Ukrainian migrants face a lot of problems in the host countries, namely lack of funds for living, lack of housing, labor difficulties, difficulties in learning local languages, problems with teaching children in local schools. Gradually, the processes of integration of Ukrainian refugees in different European countries are taking place. However, the issue of establishing intentions to return to their homeland is important. After all, reverse migration will affect the post-war development of Ukraine. An important factor is the fact that the vast majority of women with minor children were forced to leave their husbands in Ukraine. Most families will try to unite after the end of martial law and the ban on crossing the border for men. The main question will be which trend will prevail: women returning home with children or, on the contrary, men moving to their wives abroad.All these events require careful study in order to forecast the further development of the migration of the Ukrainian population.
{"title":"Peculiarities of Mass Migration of Ukrainians to Western European Countries after February 2022","authors":"O. Sobolieva","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268322","url":null,"abstract":"Since February 24, 2022, when the Russian Federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine and invaded Ukrainian territories from several directions, Ukraine has faced the biggest migration crisis since World War II. More than a third of Ukrainians were forced to leave their homes. For Western Europe, these events also caused the biggest migration crisis since the middle of the 20th century. According to the latest UN data, as of the end of October, there are currently at least 7,700,000 refugees in Europe, 4,300,000 refugees have received the status of temporary EU protection, or a similar status from non-EU countries. It is worth noting that it is difficult to establish the exact number of Ukrainian refugees. Ukrainians cross the border in both directions. Some people temporarily staying in the EU are not registered as persons in need of temporary protection, but stay there as tourists.Ukrainian migrants face a lot of problems in the host countries, namely lack of funds for living, lack of housing, labor difficulties, difficulties in learning local languages, problems with teaching children in local schools. Gradually, the processes of integration of Ukrainian refugees in different European countries are taking place. However, the issue of establishing intentions to return to their homeland is important. After all, reverse migration will affect the post-war development of Ukraine. An important factor is the fact that the vast majority of women with minor children were forced to leave their husbands in Ukraine. Most families will try to unite after the end of martial law and the ban on crossing the border for men. The main question will be which trend will prevail: women returning home with children or, on the contrary, men moving to their wives abroad.All these events require careful study in order to forecast the further development of the migration of the Ukrainian population.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45326784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267875
Yurii Fihurnyi, O. Zham, Oksana Vysoven
The article analyzes the participation of the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was revealed that during the researched period, citizens of the Habsburg monarchy played a prominent role in the flour industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine. It was found that they gave a powerful impetus to the development of the flour industry and the formation of the qualified workforce of mill workers, which in turn became an important factor in accelerating the economic development of the region. It is noted that this was facilitated by the close economic, social and political ties between the two empires and the relevant legislation in the field of trade and industrial entrepreneurship. It is shown that the active participation of Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs and other representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the flour milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine ensured their positive influence on the development of milling. It was revealed that the Austrian immigrants expanded advanced technologies, European entrepreneurial and management culture, invested capital in the flour industry. It was found that high professionalism and good reputation of the citizens of Austria-Hungary contributed to their recruitment to the positions of employees, mill workers, therefore, on the Right-Bank of Ukraine specialists from European countries were highly valued and recruited to the most important positions: managing directors, assistant managers, machinists, mechanics. It is shown that many Austro-Hungarian industrial and trading companies had their representative offices on the Right-Bank of Ukraine, through which they sold goods of Austrian and Hungarian production. Steam engines and mill mechanisms manufactured by the Royal Hungarian Engineering Works in Budapest proved very popular in the region’s steam mills. It is proven that with the beginning of the First World War, the entrepreneurship of Austrian subjects began to curtail as a result of a series of laws, according to which German and Austro-Hungarian subjects were obliged to forcibly sell real estate (land, enterprises, firms) that they owned.
{"title":"Participation of the Subjects of the Habsburg Empire in the Flour Industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine (19th — Early 20th Centuries)","authors":"Yurii Fihurnyi, O. Zham, Oksana Vysoven","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267875","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the participation of the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was revealed that during the researched period, citizens of the Habsburg monarchy played a prominent role in the flour industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine. It was found that they gave a powerful impetus to the development of the flour industry and the formation of the qualified workforce of mill workers, which in turn became an important factor in accelerating the economic development of the region. It is noted that this was facilitated by the close economic, social and political ties between the two empires and the relevant legislation in the field of trade and industrial entrepreneurship. It is shown that the active participation of Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs and other representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the flour milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine ensured their positive influence on the development of milling. It was revealed that the Austrian immigrants expanded advanced technologies, European entrepreneurial and management culture, invested capital in the flour industry. It was found that high professionalism and good reputation of the citizens of Austria-Hungary contributed to their recruitment to the positions of employees, mill workers, therefore, on the Right-Bank of Ukraine specialists from European countries were highly valued and recruited to the most important positions: managing directors, assistant managers, machinists, mechanics. It is shown that many Austro-Hungarian industrial and trading companies had their representative offices on the Right-Bank of Ukraine, through which they sold goods of Austrian and Hungarian production. Steam engines and mill mechanisms manufactured by the Royal Hungarian Engineering Works in Budapest proved very popular in the region’s steam mills. It is proven that with the beginning of the First World War, the entrepreneurship of Austrian subjects began to curtail as a result of a series of laws, according to which German and Austro-Hungarian subjects were obliged to forcibly sell real estate (land, enterprises, firms) that they owned.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46286915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267876
Andrii Ivanets
The Ukrainian national movement of the beginning of the 20th century in Crimea is poorly researched, although at that time Ukrainians constituted the third largest ethnic community among the Crimean population. The article reconstructs main milestones in the biography of one of the leading figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet in 1917–1920, public and political activist, writer and poet Viacheslav Lashchenko (1875–1953). He was born in Yelysavethrad (the modern name of the city is Kropyvnytskyi) in the family of Ukrainian intellectuals. Already during his studies at higher educational institutions, V. Lashchenko took an active part in the Ukrainian national movement, in particular, he organized and headed the Ukrainian Student Community in Warsaw. After receiving a historical and philological education, he taught at schools of the Dnieper Ukraine, where the authorities considered him untrustworthy due to his pro-Ukrainian views and transferred him to new jobs several times. In Sevastopol, during the revolution of 1905–1907, V. Lashchenko combined teaching at the gymnasium with participation in the illegal Ukrainian patriotic circle «Kobzar», which soon he headed. During the revolution of 1917, this organization initiated the creation of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in the city of Sevastopol, which united several thousand Sevastopol civilians, sailors, officers and soldiers. The community played an important role in the development of the movement for the Ukrainianization of the Black Sea Fleet, most of whose sailors were Ukrainians. V. Lashchenko was elected the first head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol. In the summer of 1917, he became a member of the Sevastopol City Council on the list of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, and in the autumn, he probably headed the Ukrainian Council of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies in Sevastopol. During the frequent changes of power in Crimea in 1918–1919, little is known about his activities, and in 1920, during the Wrangel’s regime, V. Lashchenko joined the leadership of the Ukrainian National Democratic Bloc, which proclaimed loyalty to P. Wrangel, the idea of statehood of Ukraine as part of federal Russia and the creation of the Ukrainian army. After Crimea was seizured by the Bolsheviks, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he engaged in public, creative and, probably, teaching activities. During the Second World War, he emigrated to the USA, but, according to the researcher, he returned to Czechoslovakia, where he died.
{"title":"«A Man Passionately Devoted to the Ukrainian Idea»: on the Question Regarding Biography of the Head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol, Viacheslav Laschenko (1875—1953)","authors":"Andrii Ivanets","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267876","url":null,"abstract":"The Ukrainian national movement of the beginning of the 20th century in Crimea is poorly researched, although at that time Ukrainians constituted the third largest ethnic community among the Crimean population. The article reconstructs main milestones in the biography of one of the leading figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet in 1917–1920, public and political activist, writer and poet Viacheslav Lashchenko (1875–1953). He was born in Yelysavethrad (the modern name of the city is Kropyvnytskyi) in the family of Ukrainian intellectuals. Already during his studies at higher educational institutions, V. Lashchenko took an active part in the Ukrainian national movement, in particular, he organized and headed the Ukrainian Student Community in Warsaw. After receiving a historical and philological education, he taught at schools of the Dnieper Ukraine, where the authorities considered him untrustworthy due to his pro-Ukrainian views and transferred him to new jobs several times. In Sevastopol, during the revolution of 1905–1907, V. Lashchenko combined teaching at the gymnasium with participation in the illegal Ukrainian patriotic circle «Kobzar», which soon he headed. During the revolution of 1917, this organization initiated the creation of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in the city of Sevastopol, which united several thousand Sevastopol civilians, sailors, officers and soldiers. The community played an important role in the development of the movement for the Ukrainianization of the Black Sea Fleet, most of whose sailors were Ukrainians. V. Lashchenko was elected the first head of the Black Sea Ukrainian Community in Sevastopol. In the summer of 1917, he became a member of the Sevastopol City Council on the list of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, and in the autumn, he probably headed the Ukrainian Council of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies in Sevastopol. During the frequent changes of power in Crimea in 1918–1919, little is known about his activities, and in 1920, during the Wrangel’s regime, V. Lashchenko joined the leadership of the Ukrainian National Democratic Bloc, which proclaimed loyalty to P. Wrangel, the idea of statehood of Ukraine as part of federal Russia and the creation of the Ukrainian army. After Crimea was seizured by the Bolsheviks, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia, where he engaged in public, creative and, probably, teaching activities. During the Second World War, he emigrated to the USA, but, according to the researcher, he returned to Czechoslovakia, where he died.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43646584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267321
V. Yatchenko
The article notes that for an in-depth analysis of the worldview and socio-political exhortations of the "Russian world" ideology carriers, it is insufficient to identify only the natural and historical prerequisites for the formation of these exhortations. It is necessary to reveal the deep metaphysical foundations of the Russian ethnic group spirituality. The fact these foundations have transformed into one of the essential elements of the "Russian world" aggressive spiritual substance, increase the relevance of this problem in modern conditions. The author of the article offers an overview of understanding of this problem by the representatives of Russian journalism and philosophy of the beginning of the 20th century, Maxim Gorkiy and Nikolai Berdyaev. The article notes that M. Gorky in his essay "On the Russian Peasantry" criticizes the illusory views of Russian writers of the middle and the second half of the 19th century on the nature of the Russian peasantry (and at the same time the Russian ethnic group in general, because Russian society was mostly peasant) as a wise seeker of truth and justice, a person with a broad and generous soul, a carrier of world humanistic values. The specificity of the development of Russian history, the geographical living conditions formed, in Gorky's opinion, the traits of cruelty, aggressiveness, and contempt for the human personality that define the behavior of the Russian peasant. These features, imprinted on the deep supra-individual level of the Russian peasant, are invariant with respect to the class and political affiliation of their bearers. They can be eradicated only through radical social transformations and long educational processes. The article pays special attention to N. Berdyaev's views on the metaphysical roots of historical and spiritual manifestations of the Russian soul. Under this review, he analyzes the existential ideas of Russians about the value of human life, about their attitude to God, to the ideas about good and evil, as well as their attitude to the state and other peoples. Berdyaev considered the main source of aggressiveness, irrationality and unpredictability of Russian deeds to be the underdevelopment of the personal principle in the spiritual and social life of Russian society. He considers the consequences of such underdevelopment in the history of the social structure of Russian society, in the religious practices of Russians. The conviction of Russians in the divine origin and universality of their values gives them confidence that Russia must become the liberator of the nations.The author of the article expresses the opinion that the value orientations of Russians rooted at the metaphysical level regarding the messianic character of their actions in relation to other peoples, confidence in their chosenness do not provide grounds to hope for changes in these orientations as a result of a change in political, spiritual leaders or political power.
{"title":"Metaphysical Aspects of Russian Social Consciousness in Russian Philosophy and Publicity of the beginning of the 20th Century","authors":"V. Yatchenko","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267321","url":null,"abstract":"The article notes that for an in-depth analysis of the worldview and socio-political exhortations of the \"Russian world\" ideology carriers, it is insufficient to identify only the natural and historical prerequisites for the formation of these exhortations. It is necessary to reveal the deep metaphysical foundations of the Russian ethnic group spirituality. The fact these foundations have transformed into one of the essential elements of the \"Russian world\" aggressive spiritual substance, increase the relevance of this problem in modern conditions. The author of the article offers an overview of understanding of this problem by the representatives of Russian journalism and philosophy of the beginning of the 20th century, Maxim Gorkiy and Nikolai Berdyaev. The article notes that M. Gorky in his essay \"On the Russian Peasantry\" criticizes the illusory views of Russian writers of the middle and the second half of the 19th century on the nature of the Russian peasantry (and at the same time the Russian ethnic group in general, because Russian society was mostly peasant) as a wise seeker of truth and justice, a person with a broad and generous soul, a carrier of world humanistic values. The specificity of the development of Russian history, the geographical living conditions formed, in Gorky's opinion, the traits of cruelty, aggressiveness, and contempt for the human personality that define the behavior of the Russian peasant. These features, imprinted on the deep supra-individual level of the Russian peasant, are invariant with respect to the class and political affiliation of their bearers. They can be eradicated only through radical social transformations and long educational processes. The article pays special attention to N. Berdyaev's views on the metaphysical roots of historical and spiritual manifestations of the Russian soul. Under this review, he analyzes the existential ideas of Russians about the value of human life, about their attitude to God, to the ideas about good and evil, as well as their attitude to the state and other peoples. Berdyaev considered the main source of aggressiveness, irrationality and unpredictability of Russian deeds to be the underdevelopment of the personal principle in the spiritual and social life of Russian society. He considers the consequences of such underdevelopment in the history of the social structure of Russian society, in the religious practices of Russians. The conviction of Russians in the divine origin and universality of their values gives them confidence that Russia must become the liberator of the nations.The author of the article expresses the opinion that the value orientations of Russians rooted at the metaphysical level regarding the messianic character of their actions in relation to other peoples, confidence in their chosenness do not provide grounds to hope for changes in these orientations as a result of a change in political, spiritual leaders or political power.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46625245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267401
Valentyn Krysachenko
The study is devoted to substantiating the status of the Crimean Tatars as an indigenous people of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to identify the phenomenon of historical continuity of the Crimean Tatars ethnogenesis on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The anthropological, population and genetic continuity of the autochthonous population existence on the territory of Crimea is argued. The direct genetic and cultural kinship of a series of basic ethnic groups of the peninsula (Tavrs, Scythians, Roksolans, Polovtsians, Crimean Tatars) is substantiated. The ability of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group to a high level of self-organization, including the formation of an independent state, has been proven. During the 13th-15th centuries, the process of political formation and self-determination of the Crimean Tatars took place. The landscape and climatic features of certain regions of the Crimean Peninsula contributed to the formation of several regional centers of ethnogenesis. It is with the flat part of its territory that the actual process of birth and formation of the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group is connected. The southern coast and the mountainous part of Crimea, in the conditions of a peculiar natural isolation, and as a result, attractiveness for colonization expansions, had a peculiar trajectory of ethnic changes and transformations. And only with the emergence of the Crimean Khanate as an independent state, local ethnic groups and national groups were involved, through assimilation, in the further development of the Crimean Tatar people. The same applies to the population from the neighboring countries forcibly brought into the Crimean society, which became a kind of source of diversification of the gene pool and cultural borrowings for the Crimean Tatar ethnic group. The influence of Lithuanian Rus on the ethno-political formation of the Crimean Khanate is traced.
{"title":"Crimean Tatars: Autochtonity of the Indigenous People of Ukraine. Historical Origins","authors":"Valentyn Krysachenko","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267401","url":null,"abstract":"The study is devoted to substantiating the status of the Crimean Tatars as an indigenous people of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to identify the phenomenon of historical continuity of the Crimean Tatars ethnogenesis on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The anthropological, population and genetic continuity of the autochthonous population existence on the territory of Crimea is argued. The direct genetic and cultural kinship of a series of basic ethnic groups of the peninsula (Tavrs, Scythians, Roksolans, Polovtsians, Crimean Tatars) is substantiated. The ability of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group to a high level of self-organization, including the formation of an independent state, has been proven. During the 13th-15th centuries, the process of political formation and self-determination of the Crimean Tatars took place. The landscape and climatic features of certain regions of the Crimean Peninsula contributed to the formation of several regional centers of ethnogenesis. It is with the flat part of its territory that the actual process of birth and formation of the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group is connected. The southern coast and the mountainous part of Crimea, in the conditions of a peculiar natural isolation, and as a result, attractiveness for colonization expansions, had a peculiar trajectory of ethnic changes and transformations. And only with the emergence of the Crimean Khanate as an independent state, local ethnic groups and national groups were involved, through assimilation, in the further development of the Crimean Tatar people. The same applies to the population from the neighboring countries forcibly brought into the Crimean society, which became a kind of source of diversification of the gene pool and cultural borrowings for the Crimean Tatar ethnic group. The influence of Lithuanian Rus on the ethno-political formation of the Crimean Khanate is traced.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49315431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268294
O. Klymenko, V. Yatchenko, Oksana Semenova, Yurii Fihurnyi, Olha Shakurova
The article analyzes the impact of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine on the modern ethno-cultural and national-patriotic development of Ukrainian students based on the materials of a sociological survey. It is proved that the results of the sociological research make it possible to characterize professionally the influence of the policy of Russian neo-imperial revanchism on ethno-cultural characteristics and others related to them among student youth. It is shown that studentship as a socio-cultural community is characterized by a certain commonality of views, social norms, value systems, guidelines and interests. It is noted that since February 24, 2022, as a result of Russia's aggression there has been a sharp change in the ideological views of Ukrainian students regarding any markers associated with the aggressor country. "Decommunization" and "derussification" of student opinion took place, everything "Soviet" is now perceived by them as Russian and hostile. It was revealed that the level of linguistic self-identification of student youth, according to the results of a sociological survey, is steadily increasing, and the war, as a challenge for the entire society, only accelerates this process, therefore, the Ukrainian language, as one of the cornerstones of statehood, is only getting stronger today, and the lines of opposition in this matter are disappearing. It was revealed that, according to the majority of surveyed students, the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the consolidation of Ukrainian society and increased patriotic feelings of citizens, therefore the vast majority of respondents joined the resistance to Russian aggression in Ukraine. It was found that the students are very interested in the events that have been taking place in Ukraine during the Russian military aggression that began in 2014, the vast majority of the respondents feel responsible for the fate of Ukraine and are convinced that it can affect its future. It was found that more than half of the respondents support receiving the Tomos on the Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.
{"title":"Impact of the Full-Scale Aggression of Russia Against Ukraine on the Modern Ethno-Cultural and National-Patroitic Development of Ukrainian Students: Sociological Dimension","authors":"O. Klymenko, V. Yatchenko, Oksana Semenova, Yurii Fihurnyi, Olha Shakurova","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.268294","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the impact of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine on the modern ethno-cultural and national-patriotic development of Ukrainian students based on the materials of a sociological survey. It is proved that the results of the sociological research make it possible to characterize professionally the influence of the policy of Russian neo-imperial revanchism on ethno-cultural characteristics and others related to them among student youth. It is shown that studentship as a socio-cultural community is characterized by a certain commonality of views, social norms, value systems, guidelines and interests. It is noted that since February 24, 2022, as a result of Russia's aggression there has been a sharp change in the ideological views of Ukrainian students regarding any markers associated with the aggressor country. \"Decommunization\" and \"derussification\" of student opinion took place, everything \"Soviet\" is now perceived by them as Russian and hostile. It was revealed that the level of linguistic self-identification of student youth, according to the results of a sociological survey, is steadily increasing, and the war, as a challenge for the entire society, only accelerates this process, therefore, the Ukrainian language, as one of the cornerstones of statehood, is only getting stronger today, and the lines of opposition in this matter are disappearing. It was revealed that, according to the majority of surveyed students, the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the consolidation of Ukrainian society and increased patriotic feelings of citizens, therefore the vast majority of respondents joined the resistance to Russian aggression in Ukraine. It was found that the students are very interested in the events that have been taking place in Ukraine during the Russian military aggression that began in 2014, the vast majority of the respondents feel responsible for the fate of Ukraine and are convinced that it can affect its future. It was found that more than half of the respondents support receiving the Tomos on the Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46399805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.269120
K. Rakhno
The article deals with the manifestations of the phenomena of substratum origin in Ukrainian culture, which appeared as a result of the interaction of the Slavic ancestors of the Ukrainians with the Iranian-speaking nomads of the steppe. Thanks to it, the Ukrainians have a lot in common in their spiritual and material culture with the Ossetians, who are the direct descendants of the Sarmatians and Alans, as well as with the Persians, Tajiks, Kurds, and Pamirs. In particular, closeness can be traced in the spring calendar rituals. Ukrainian customs of the Velykden holiday, identified with Easter under Christianity, have a lot in common with the celebration of Nowruz holiday, which is the key for the Iranian world. This is especially evident when the data on medieval Ukrainian rituals is included. The French engineer and cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan in his famous Description of Ukraine (1650) recorded the archaic moments of the Easter celebration. They relate to the obligatory exchange of colored and painted eggs for the holiday, as well as the ritual sprinkling of water on the Pouring Monday after Easter. The calendar rites and customs of the Ukrainians described by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan find exact correspondences in the New Year rituals of Iran recorded by the Europeans. The French jeweler Jean Chardin in 1686 and the Dutch artist and traveler Cornelis de Bruyn in 1704 recorded the Persian custom of giving painted or gilded eggs on Novruz, which was connected with ancient Iranian ideas about the egg as the root cause of all living things, and the Venetian Pietro della Valle, during his stay in Iran in 1617-1627, had the opportunity to observe the rite of pouring water on a special holiday after Nowruz. The Persians, Tajiks, Vakhans, Ishkashims, Shugnans, Kurds, and Ossetians followed these customs and rites, which have parallels with Ukrainian ones, in later times. The Ukrainian folklore image of the lord of evil chained in Hell, who is angered by the existence of Easter eggs, also finds correspondence in Persian Zoroastrianism and the pagan religion of the Ossetians.
本文论述了乌克兰文化中基质起源现象的表现形式，这种现象是乌克兰人的斯拉夫祖先与草原上讲伊朗语的游牧民族相互作用的结果。正因为如此，乌克兰人在精神和物质文化上与奥塞梯人有很多共同之处，奥塞梯人是萨尔马提亚人和阿兰人的直系后裔，也与波斯人、塔吉克人、库尔德人和帕米尔人有很多共同之处。特别是，亲密关系可以追溯到春天的历法仪式。乌克兰的Velykden节日习俗与基督教中的复活节一样，与诺鲁孜节的庆祝活动有很多共同之处，诺鲁孜节是伊朗世界的关键。这一点在中世纪乌克兰仪式的数据中尤为明显。法国工程师和制图师Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan在他著名的《乌克兰描述》(1650)中记录了古老的复活节庆祝活动。它们涉及到节日期间必须交换彩色和彩绘的鸡蛋，以及复活节后的星期一泼水的仪式。纪尧姆·勒瓦瑟·德·博普兰描述的乌克兰人的日历仪式和习俗与欧洲人记录的伊朗新年仪式完全对应。1686年的法国珠宝商Jean Chardin和1704年的荷兰艺术家和旅行家Cornelis de Bruyn记录了波斯在诺鲁孜节赠送彩绘或镀金鸡蛋的习俗，这与古伊朗人认为鸡蛋是万物之源的观念有关。威尼斯人Pietro della Valle在1617年至1627年期间在伊朗逗留期间，有机会在诺鲁孜节之后的一个特殊节日观察泼水的仪式。波斯人、塔吉克人、瓦汗人、伊什卡什姆人、舒格南人、库尔德人和奥塞梯人都遵循这些习俗和仪式，这些习俗和仪式在后来的时代与乌克兰的习俗和仪式有相似之处。乌克兰民间传说中被锁在地狱里的邪恶之主的形象，他被复活节彩蛋的存在所激怒，也在波斯的琐罗亚斯德教和奥塞梯的异教中找到了对应。
{"title":"Spring Calendar Rituals of the Medieval Ukrainians in Comparative Context","authors":"K. Rakhno","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.269120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.269120","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the manifestations of the phenomena of substratum origin in Ukrainian culture, which appeared as a result of the interaction of the Slavic ancestors of the Ukrainians with the Iranian-speaking nomads of the steppe. Thanks to it, the Ukrainians have a lot in common in their spiritual and material culture with the Ossetians, who are the direct descendants of the Sarmatians and Alans, as well as with the Persians, Tajiks, Kurds, and Pamirs. In particular, closeness can be traced in the spring calendar rituals. Ukrainian customs of the Velykden holiday, identified with Easter under Christianity, have a lot in common with the celebration of Nowruz holiday, which is the key for the Iranian world. This is especially evident when the data on medieval Ukrainian rituals is included. The French engineer and cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan in his famous Description of Ukraine (1650) recorded the archaic moments of the Easter celebration. They relate to the obligatory exchange of colored and painted eggs for the holiday, as well as the ritual sprinkling of water on the Pouring Monday after Easter. The calendar rites and customs of the Ukrainians described by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan find exact correspondences in the New Year rituals of Iran recorded by the Europeans. The French jeweler Jean Chardin in 1686 and the Dutch artist and traveler Cornelis de Bruyn in 1704 recorded the Persian custom of giving painted or gilded eggs on Novruz, which was connected with ancient Iranian ideas about the egg as the root cause of all living things, and the Venetian Pietro della Valle, during his stay in Iran in 1617-1627, had the opportunity to observe the rite of pouring water on a special holiday after Nowruz. The Persians, Tajiks, Vakhans, Ishkashims, Shugnans, Kurds, and Ossetians followed these customs and rites, which have parallels with Ukrainian ones, in later times. The Ukrainian folklore image of the lord of evil chained in Hell, who is angered by the existence of Easter eggs, also finds correspondence in Persian Zoroastrianism and the pagan religion of the Ossetians.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46701798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.30840/2413-7065.3(84).2022.264504
Serhii Hubskyi
The article highlights the issues of formation and activity of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in modern Ukrainian historiography. It is noted that in the writings of modern Ukrainian historians, the material and technical base in the Black Sea, which existed as of 1917, was characterized, the prerequisites for the construction of the Ukrainian military fleet were revealed, the processes of the struggle for its creation during the days of the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) and the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi were highlighted. In particular historical, geographical, ethnic, political, material and technical components for the creation of this military structure were investigated. The works of modern Ukrainian scientists were considered, in which they emphasize a complex of mistakes on the part of the leaders of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the government in the field of naval construction, their inconsistent defense of Ukrainian national interests regarding the Black Sea Fleet, which significantly affected the activity of Ukrainian forces in Crimea and Sevastopol and disorientated their further state-building activities. It was stated that during the existence of the Ukrainian State of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi, the government immediately took a course to join Crimea to Ukraine. Despite the indignation of the Germans, a complete economic blockade of the Crimean Peninsula was announced. The leadership of the Ukrainian State did everything to return the Black Sea Fleet under its jurisdiction, and it finally succeeded, but only after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the beginning of the anti-Hetman uprising on November 14, 1918, the abdication of power by P. Skoropadskyi a month later, and the eventual capture of Black Sea Fleet by the Entente countries.The author also focuses on the wishes of many Ukrainian researchers of this period to the power structures of modern Ukraine, especially in the current conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine, taking into account the positive and negative experience of the state and military construction of Ukrainian state entities in 1917–1921.
这篇文章强调了乌克兰现代史学中乌克兰海军在克里米亚(1917年3月- 1918年12月)的形成和活动问题。值得注意的是，在现代乌克兰历史学家的著作中，描述了1917年存在的黑海物质和技术基础，揭示了建造乌克兰军事舰队的先决条件，强调了在乌克兰中央拉达(UCR)和P. Skoropadskyi的Hetmanate时期为创建该舰队而进行的斗争过程。特别是对建立这一军事结构的历史、地理、种族、政治、物质和技术因素进行了调查。在现代乌克兰科学家的著作中，他们强调了乌克兰武装部队和政府领导人在海军建设领域的一系列错误，他们在黑海舰队方面不一致地捍卫乌克兰国家利益，这严重影响了乌克兰军队在克里米亚和塞瓦斯托波尔的活动，并使他们的进一步国家建设活动迷失方向。据称，在乌克兰Hetman P. Skoropadskyi国存在期间，政府立即采取了将克里米亚并入乌克兰的方针。尽管德国人义愤填膺，但宣布对克里米亚半岛实施全面经济封锁。乌克兰国家领导人尽一切努力将黑海舰队归还其管辖权，并最终取得了成功，但这是在德国在第一次世界大战中战败，1918年11月14日反赫尔曼起义开始，一个月后P. Skoropadskyi退位，以及最终被协约国占领黑海舰队之后。作者还关注了这一时期许多乌克兰研究者对现代乌克兰权力结构的愿望，特别是在俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰的当前条件下，考虑到1917-1921年乌克兰国家实体的国家和军事建设的积极和消极经验。
{"title":"The Issue of the Establishment and Activities of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in Contemporary Ukrainian Historiography","authors":"Serhii Hubskyi","doi":"10.30840/2413-7065.3(84).2022.264504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.3(84).2022.264504","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the issues of formation and activity of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in modern Ukrainian historiography. It is noted that in the writings of modern Ukrainian historians, the material and technical base in the Black Sea, which existed as of 1917, was characterized, the prerequisites for the construction of the Ukrainian military fleet were revealed, the processes of the struggle for its creation during the days of the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) and the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi were highlighted. In particular historical, geographical, ethnic, political, material and technical components for the creation of this military structure were investigated. The works of modern Ukrainian scientists were considered, in which they emphasize a complex of mistakes on the part of the leaders of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the government in the field of naval construction, their inconsistent defense of Ukrainian national interests regarding the Black Sea Fleet, which significantly affected the activity of Ukrainian forces in Crimea and Sevastopol and disorientated their further state-building activities. It was stated that during the existence of the Ukrainian State of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi, the government immediately took a course to join Crimea to Ukraine. Despite the indignation of the Germans, a complete economic blockade of the Crimean Peninsula was announced. The leadership of the Ukrainian State did everything to return the Black Sea Fleet under its jurisdiction, and it finally succeeded, but only after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the beginning of the anti-Hetman uprising on November 14, 1918, the abdication of power by P. Skoropadskyi a month later, and the eventual capture of Black Sea Fleet by the Entente countries.The author also focuses on the wishes of many Ukrainian researchers of this period to the power structures of modern Ukraine, especially in the current conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine, taking into account the positive and negative experience of the state and military construction of Ukrainian state entities in 1917–1921.","PeriodicalId":52730,"journal":{"name":"Ukrayinoznavstvo","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45466432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：