Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity最新文献

{"title":"Medical students’ mobile phones: hotspots for antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","authors":"Ahmed E. Taha ,&nbsp;Heba M. Saad Eldien ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abouelkheir ,&nbsp;Abdulbaqi S. Alduraywish ,&nbsp;Ali A. Alanazi ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz H. Alruwaili ,&nbsp;Mmdoh M. Alrais ,&nbsp;Abdulkareem A. Alyousef ,&nbsp;Abdullah A. Alrais ,&nbsp;Meshal A. Alanazi ,&nbsp;Sultan N. Alhudaib ,&nbsp;Bandar M. Alazmi ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz L. Alruwaili ,&nbsp;Gamal Abdelrahman Bakhaat","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The mobile phones (MPs) of medical personnel can be easily and rapidly contaminated by bacteria from patients or medical devices and by medical school or hospital environments. This is the first study set in Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia, to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination of medical students’ MPs, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates and their independent risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Swabs of 250 MPs of medical students were processed using standard microbiological procedures. Data were collected to identify independent contamination risk factors. The automated MicroScan WalkAway Microbiology System was used for bacterial isolate identification and antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance testing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of MPs’ bacterial contamination was 56.00 % (<em>n</em> = 140/250). Multivariate logistic regression and stratified analyses revealed significant associations between MP bacterial contamination and a 10-minute duration since the last hand wash (odds ratio [OR] = 1.788; <em>p</em> = 0.037*) and the presence of breaks in the screen or screen protector of MPs (OR = 1.840; <em>p</em> = 0.038*). The most common bacterial contaminants were <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> and <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, at frequencies of 31.79 %, 28.57 % and 19.29 %, respectively. The high frequency of Gram-negative bacterial contaminants in our geographical area was striking. Although <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> isolates were completely sensitive, Gram-negative isolates were found to have varying degrees of reduced susceptibility to some antimicrobials.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings support previous reports about the potential role of medical students’ MPs in the transmission of bacteria between community, medical education and healthcare (HC) settings. There is an urgent need to implement policies and regulations for MP use and decontamination, especially in medical education and HC settings. To minimise bacterial contamination risk, medical students should frequently wash their hands when in HC, medical education and community settings and ensure that their MP screens and screen protectors remain intact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting tuberculosis prevalence in Afghanistan until 2032: a mathematical modelling analysis","authors":"Abdul Raqib Muslimyar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Farooq Hakimi ,&nbsp;Dost Mohammad Faizi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai ,&nbsp;Naqibullah Wardak","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Accurate disease forecasting can inform public health policies. Nonetheless, many countries, including Afghanistan, have yet to learn from this exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to forecast tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Afghanistan until 2032 and to estimate the reproduction number <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math></span> using a mathematical model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We utilised the susceptible–infected (SI) nonlinear epidemic model to forecast the prevalence of TB in Afghanistan. The model parameters were estimated from the data collected by the Afghan Ministry of Public Health between 2013 and 2022. The goodness-of-fit of the SI model was also assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The SI model predicted that the prevalence of TB in Afghanistan would increase to 0.214058 by 2032. In addition, we parameterised the model using the TB notification data collected between 2013 and 2022 and estimated the basic reproduction number at approximately 3.39.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study indicates that the SI model predicts a nonlinear increase in TB prevalence in Afghanistan in the years ahead. Therefore, this model can help inform health policymakers in optimising resource allocation and guiding future public health strategies for TB care in the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the biosecurity and slaughter practises in selected European abattoirs with a focus on the control of Salmonella and hepatitis E virus contamination","authors":"Tarmo Niine ,&nbsp;Arvo Viltrop ,&nbsp;Imbi Nurmoja ,&nbsp;Richard Piers Smith ,&nbsp;Enrico Pavoni ,&nbsp;Giovanni Loris Alborali ,&nbsp;Giovanni Ianiro ,&nbsp;Ilaria Di Bartolo ,&nbsp;Tijs Tobias ,&nbsp;Elena Lucia Sassu ,&nbsp;Elke Burow","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zoonotic pathogens <em>Salmonella</em> and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are frequently found in domestic pigs. The consumption of contaminated pig meat products is one of the most common routes of such infections in humans. Accordingly, it is important for abattoirs to implement adequate biosecurity and slaughter practises (BSPs) to control these microorganisms during production. However, checklists that abattoir staff or officials can use to assess whether BSPs are being implemented are not freely available. In the current study, which was conducted under the Biosecurity Practises for Pig Farming across Europe (BIOPIGEE) project as part of the European Joint Programme under Horizon 2020, we developed a questionnaire based on research published in recent decades and conducted an online survey of European abattoirs to determine which BSPs were being implemented to avoid pig carcass contamination with <em>Salmonella</em> and HEV. We received and analysed a total of 32 responses from Austria (3), Czechia (10), Estonia (2), Germany (6), Italy (5), the Netherlands (2), and the UK (4). The results revealed that most of the abattoirs adhered to well-established practises, such as hygienic evisceration, scalding, and controlled singeing. Nevertheless, notable gaps were identified. The small abattoirs reported the less consistent use of effective scalding procedures and relied more frequently on the manual removal of visible carcass contamination, whereas in the large abattoirs, standardised trimming or hot water washing was applied more often. These differences highlight the areas where targeted interventions, particularly improved cleaning methods for visibly contaminated carcasses, could substantially reduce the risk of <em>Salmonella</em> contamination. The results of this study could help abattoirs benchmark their current BSPs against those of their peers. Additionally, the questionnaire developed for this study may provide a useful checklist of practises and ideas to enhance BSP implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 168-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHO revises global framework for monitoring nonpharmaceutical interventions in health emergencies","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 4","pages":"Page 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an attitude of responsibility for safety in life science education","authors":"Hetty Huijs ,&nbsp;Enrique Asin-Garcia ,&nbsp;Zoë Robaey ,&nbsp;Vitor A.P. Martins dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid pace of innovation in the life sciences raises new questions about the safety and security of emerging technologies and processes. Therefore, it is important to investigate what is taught about safety and how it is taught during the early stages of scientific training in higher education. In this study, we conducted a gap analysis based on an inventory of learning content covering different dimensions and elements of safety, including understanding and reasoning related to the Safe-by-Design concept. Each topic was evaluated using two three-level scales: one describing how frequently it appeared in the curriculum and another reflecting the depth of learning, from cognitive knowledge to skill and attitude development. Using Wageningen University as a case study, we conducted a series of qualitative interviews with programme directors and lecturers from various life science divisions. Our results show that the technical aspects of safety received the most attention, particularly when teaching about the development phase of innovations. At the same time, skills related to anticipating and managing risks and other responsibility-related elements needed to be strengthened in the curricula. Notably, the frequency with which a safety element is taught was always higher than the extent to which the corresponding skills were developed. This highlights the need to equip students with the skills needed to improve their own judgment of safety in their future careers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to biosafety standard operating procedures – Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical laboratory science students at an autonomous university in Davao City, Philippines","authors":"Maria Bea C. Lao ,&nbsp;Yana S. Usop ,&nbsp;Claire Nicole L. Melendez ,&nbsp;Marianne Felicity Bojo ,&nbsp;Fare Valerie Delgado ,&nbsp;Girly Larceña ,&nbsp;Luchie Mae B. Pacabis ,&nbsp;Clyde S. Baltazar ,&nbsp;Rvin John T. Servillon ,&nbsp;Cynthia V. Dayoan ,&nbsp;April Joy D. Parilla ,&nbsp;Alfredo A. Hinay Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory biosafety in the Philippines was given critical attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, which revealed gaps in the established safety practices and the need for strict protocol adherence. Considering this, the present study was conducted to evaluate the biosafety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of medical laboratory science students (N = 262) at an autonomous university in Davao City, Philippines, using a validated questionnaire. The results revealed the students’ high attitudes towards biosafety, with strong compliance in using personal protective equipment (PPE) (mean = 4.89 ± 0.55) and aseptic techniques (mean = 4.84 ± 0.57) and following hand hygiene and laboratory protocols (compliance mean = 4.53 ± 0.20; routine disinfection mean = 4.85 ± 0.60). Attitude scores ranged from 3.61 ± 0.10 to 4.90 ± 1.39, indicating a significant emphasis on biosafety (4.90 ± 0.53). Statistically significant differences (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) in knowledge and practices were observed across demographic variables, with female students and those in higher year levels demonstrating greater adherence and understanding. In sum, the study findings highlight the effectiveness of current biosafety education and the need for ongoing training to maintain a strong safety culture that can serve as a model for other institutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 151-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of commercial disinfectants Virkon®S and Microchem Plus against poliovirus","authors":"Leesa Bruggink,&nbsp;David Bagnara,&nbsp;Yi Nong,&nbsp;Matthew Kaye,&nbsp;Linda Hobday,&nbsp;Jade McKenzie,&nbsp;Ann Cornish,&nbsp;Bruce Thorley,&nbsp;Chuan Kok Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The WHO Global Action Plan for Poliovirus Containment, 4th edition (GAPIV) describes the necessary conditions for the containment of poliovirus material in poliovirus-essential facilities (PEFs). PEF status is achieved by successfully undergoing the process of certification by the Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis in compliance with GAPIV requirements. The GAPIV guidelines cover many topics, including waste management, decontamination, disinfection and sterilization. This element of GAPIV requires PEFs to demonstrate in-house validation of decontamination methods with supporting data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The method used for validation of chemical products for poliovirus decontamination in this study was based on processes outlined in European Standard EN14476, as recommended by the WHO GAPIV guidelines. In this study, the disinfectants 5 % Microchem Plus and 1 % Virkon®S were evaluated for efficacy against high titre poliovirus in solutions with and without high organic load using an endpoint dilution assay. A poliovirus Sabin 1 strain was used as the reference virus with the titre 8.33 log₁₀ CCID₅₀ (50 % cell culture infectious dose) in 0.1 ml.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The poliovirus titre after Microchem Plus treatment was calculated as 5.5 (representing a 2.8 CCID₅₀ titre reduction), indicating only partial inactivation. In contrast, poliovirus in solutions with and without high organic load achieved &gt;4 log₁₀ CCID₅₀ titre reduction (≥6.8 and ≥5.8 reduction respectively), after Virkon®S treatment. The Virkon®S treatment results were at the limit of detection of the endpoint dilution assay, indicating complete inactivation, or as near complete that can be demonstrated with the assay. The virus culture results were confirmed by a molecular assay for the detection of enterovirus RNA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Microchem Plus only partially inactivated poliovirus and cannot be relied upon as the sole decontaminant. In contrast, Virkon®S performed well for both high titre poliovirus in solutions with and without high organic load, achieving &gt;4 log₁₀ titre reduction for both, making Virkon®S a suitable disinfectant for poliovirus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 114-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and simulation of periodic lockdowns on COVID-19 dynamics using an adaptive SIRV model with daily-varying rates","authors":"Benny Yong ,&nbsp;Arief Anbiya","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce a model for analyzing periodic short-term COVID-19 lockdowns featuring short, alternating periods of <em>W</em> working days and <em>L</em> lockdown days with a weekly cycle: <span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></math></span>. A modified adaptive SIR epidemic model with vaccination (A-SIRV) with a smooth damping function is used to account for periodic suppression of the transmission rate. We use real-world COVID-19 data from Indonesia, United States, Singapore, and Israel to estimate the non-constant transmission and recovery rates using the Method of Variational Imbedding (MVI). The calculated rates reveal that the results of the simulation using A-SIRV models without a damping function approximate the real-world data accurately enough, with low RMSE and MAE values and high values for the coefficient of determination. We also validate the transmission rates with phases of Delta and Omicron variants and obtain agreeable results. We then simulate various scenarios of periodic short-term lockdown using the damped A-SIRV model, finding that implementing five working days and two lockdown days throughout the entire simulation period is sufficient for consistently flattening the number of active cases in the models for Indonesia and United States. However, for the Singapore and Israel models, the use of five working days and two lockdown days only flattens the number of active cases for several years before a blow-up, an extremely high peak of active cases, appears despite the periodic lockdown remaining in place. We then perform additional numerical simulations for Singapore and Israel models and find that the sudden extreme peak can be suppressed by three scenarios: increasing the share of vaccination to the susceptibles, reducing the number of working days per week to three, or using a dynamic policy of five working days per week followed by a policy shift to only two working days per week when sudden extreme peaks start to form. Our study finds that preventive vaccination should be emphasized while allowing partial economic activity during periodic lockdowns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 120-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgraded hands-on BSL-3 training model significantly improves quality of biosafety personnel training","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 148-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental pathways and drivers of antimicrobial resistance in waterborne Escherichia coli in Pakistan: a one health perspective","authors":"Adnan Khan ,&nbsp;Shahbaz Ahmad Zakki ,&nbsp;Ijaz ul Haq ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahzad ,&nbsp;Nauman Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis requiring a One Health approach to integrate surveillance across sectors, particularly in water sources, to control its spread. Considering socioeconomic and environmental factors, this study explored <em>Escherichia coli</em> and AMR patterns in water using a One Health approach.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This cross-sectional study assessed <em>E. coli</em> and AMR in drinking and sewerage water across three districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Multi-stage random sampling yielded 840 water samples from 420 households, along with socio-demographic and AMR awareness data. Microbiological analyses identified <em>E. coli</em>, CRE, and ESBL. The resistance profiles were determined using the disk diffusion method, and the association between socio-demographics and awareness was analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of <em>E. coli</em> in drinking water was 44 %, with 40 % ESBL, 21 % CRE, and 15 % co-occurrence of ESBL and CRE. Swat had the highest <em>E. coli</em> prevalence in sewerage (78 %) and drinking water (58 %), while Bannu had the highest ESBL levels. Tetracycline resistance was widespread (78 % sewerage and 69 % drinking water). The MAR index showed that 20.5 % of the isolates were resistant to six antibiotics, varying by district. Location influenced the contamination level (<em>p</em> = 0.002). Access to health (OR = 0.497), veterinary services (OR = 0.881), and frequent medical advice (OR = 1.557) lowered <em>E. coli</em> contamination. Education (<em>p</em> = 0.002) and locality (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) affected AMR knowledge. Animal area cleaning was significantly correlated with AMR awareness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>High <em>E. coli</em> and AMR levels in water pose public health risks because they are driven by poor sanitation, limited water access, and low awareness. Better water management, awareness, and antimicrobial control are essential to mitigate AMR spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}