This study aims to optimize the hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the methane production from hydrogenic effluent derived from the co-digestion of vinasse and spent brewer's yeast cells. The experiments were conducted in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at various HRTs ranging from 60 to 5 days. The results showed that optimal performance was achieved at HRT 10 days. Under this HRT, yielding a maximum methane production rate of 853.6 mL/L·d and a methane yield of 304.9 mL/g-VS, with a COD removal efficiency of 53.86 %. The microbial community analysis revealed distinct patterns across different HRTs, with shorter HRTs (5–15 days) dominated by Bathyarchaeia-related taxa and Thermoplasmatota, while longer HRTs (30–60 days) showed the predominance of traditional methanogenic archaea within the Euryarchaeota phylum. The methane production process involved both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways, with enhanced efficiency observed under shorter HRTs where both pathways coexisted. The greenhouse gas reduction potential analysis revealed that implementing this process could potentially reduce emissions by 1,026,206 tCO2eq/year through the substitution of fossil fuel-based electricity with methane-derived power.
{"title":"Optimizing hydraulic retention time for methane production from the hydrogenic effluent left over from the co-digestion of vinasse and spent brewer's yeast cell","authors":"Chatchawin Nualsri , Chakkrit Sreela-or , Punnada Tharangsri , Worapong Wongarmat , Alissara Reungsang , Sureewan Sittijunda","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize the hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the methane production from hydrogenic effluent derived from the co-digestion of vinasse and spent brewer's yeast cells. The experiments were conducted in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at various HRTs ranging from 60 to 5 days. The results showed that optimal performance was achieved at HRT 10 days. Under this HRT, yielding a maximum methane production rate of 853.6 mL/L·d and a<!--> <!-->methane yield of 304.9 mL/g-VS, with a COD removal efficiency of 53.86 %. The microbial community analysis revealed distinct patterns across different HRTs, with shorter HRTs (5–15 days) dominated by Bathyarchaeia-related taxa and Thermoplasmatota, while longer HRTs (30–60 days) showed the<!--> <!-->predominance of traditional methanogenic archaea within the Euryarchaeota phylum. The methane production process involved both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways, with enhanced efficiency observed under shorter HRTs where both pathways coexisted. The greenhouse gas reduction potential analysis revealed that implementing this process could potentially reduce emissions by 1,026,206 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq/year through the substitution of fossil fuel-based electricity with methane-derived power.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to use boiler-biomass ash to produce low-cost and efficient adsorbent for removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biogas from small scale biogas plant. To reduce pressure drop across adsorbent bed during the practical adsorption, clay was selected as a binder to perform the extruded adsorbent. 15 different adsorbents using different proportion of ash to clay (70–90 %) together with the an amount of NH4HCO3 as pore-forming reagent (0–6 %), and baking temperature (100–500 °C) were prepared. From the breakthrough cure studies using fixed-bed column fed by 0.1 L/min synthetic H2S containing gas, it was found that quadratic equation with R2 0.75 can be used to optimize adsorption preparation and predict H2S adsorption capacity. The optimized adsorbent prepared using 79 % ash, and 2.5 % NH4HCO3 at 293 °C was validated and had achieved H2S adsorption capacity of 3.67–3.88 mg/g. The characterization results, including BET surface area analysis and SEM imaging, show significant pore formation due to the presence of NH4HCO3. CHNS/O SEM-EDX, and XRF analyses confirmed that there wasan increase in sulfur content of the post-adsorbent. The decrease in surface area and change of functional groups in FTIR spectrum of the spent adsorbent, and presence of metal elements supporting the chemisorption mechanism were also discovered. The best fitted breakthrough curve operated at 200–10,000 ppm H2S containing gas to Thomas model which could be implemented for further scaling up are also proposed. This is a successful attempt to use an abundance industrial waste, eco-friendly local material and novel pore forming agent in order to create an eco-efficient adsorbent for H2S removal.
{"title":"Low-cost biomass ash-based adsorbent for removal of hydrogen sulfide gas","authors":"Kanathip Promnuan , Rusmanee Ma , Marisa Raketh , Prawit Kongjan , Saowapa Chotisuwan , Rattana Jariyaboon","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims to use boiler-biomass ash to produce low-cost and efficient adsorbent for removing hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) in biogas from small scale biogas plant. To reduce pressure drop across adsorbent bed during the practical adsorption, clay was selected as a binder to perform the extruded adsorbent. 15 different adsorbents using different proportion of ash to clay (70–90 %) together with the an amount of NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> as pore-forming reagent (0–6 %), and baking temperature (100–500 °C) were prepared. From the breakthrough cure studies using fixed-bed column fed by 0.1 L/min synthetic H<sub>2</sub>S containing gas, it was found that quadratic equation with R<sup>2</sup> 0.75 can be used to optimize adsorption preparation and predict H<sub>2</sub>S adsorption capacity. The optimized adsorbent prepared using 79 % ash, and 2.5 % NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> at 293 °C was validated and had achieved H<sub>2</sub>S adsorption capacity of 3.67–3.88 mg/g. The characterization results, including BET surface area analysis and SEM imaging<strong><del>,</del></strong> show significant pore formation due to the presence of NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub>. CHNS/O SEM-EDX, and XRF analyses confirmed that there wasan increase in sulfur content of the post-adsorbent. The decrease in surface area and change of functional groups in FTIR spectrum of the spent adsorbent, and presence of metal elements supporting the chemisorption mechanism were also discovered. The best fitted breakthrough curve operated at 200–10,000 ppm H<sub>2</sub>S containing gas to Thomas model which could be implemented for further scaling up are also proposed. This is a successful attempt to use an abundance industrial waste, eco-friendly local material and novel pore forming agent in order to create an eco-efficient adsorbent for H<sub>2</sub>S removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100326
Xiaoyang Kong , Jinlin Mei , Zhentao Liu , Yutong Zou , Enhua Wang , Wei Wang , Chunya Wang , Chunming Xu , Xilong Wang
The preparation of high efficiency hydrocracking (HCK) catalyst is the key to the production of BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this work, the recrystallized Y zeolite (RCY) was obtained by structural reorganization of the microporous parent Y zeolite (PY), and a series of Ni/RCY catalysts with different metal–acid active sites were prepared by ethylenediamine coordination impregnation, which were used for the BTX production by hydrocracking of naphthalene. The suitable acidity and hierarchical pore structure of Ni/RCY could promote the dispersion of Ni metal, thus forming small-sized nanoparticles, which is in favor of the accessibility and diffusion of naphthalene. Besides, the electron-deficient Ni species between adjacent acid sites and metals could be generated on Ni/RCY, which could improve the metal-support interaction (MSI) and catalytic activity. Ni/RCY-4 catalyst showed the superior hydrocracking conversion (99.7 %), BTX yield (39.1 %), the reaction rate constant (k, 3.1 h−1) and turnover frequency (TOF, 16.6 h−1) of selective hydrocracking. The activation energy was lowest (64.1kJ·mol−1) among the reported catalysts in the literature. Moreover, the possible reaction mechanism of selective hydrocracking of naphthalene to BTX was further proposed.
{"title":"Regulating metal–acid active sites in hierarchical porous Ni/Y for selective hydrocracking of naphthalene","authors":"Xiaoyang Kong , Jinlin Mei , Zhentao Liu , Yutong Zou , Enhua Wang , Wei Wang , Chunya Wang , Chunming Xu , Xilong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of high efficiency hydrocracking (HCK) catalyst is the key to the production of BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this work, the recrystallized Y zeolite (RCY) was obtained by structural reorganization of the microporous parent Y zeolite (PY), and a series of Ni/RCY catalysts with different metal–acid active sites were prepared by ethylenediamine coordination impregnation, which were used for the BTX production by hydrocracking of naphthalene. The suitable acidity and hierarchical pore structure of Ni/RCY could promote the dispersion of Ni metal, thus forming small-sized nanoparticles, which is in favor of the accessibility and diffusion of naphthalene. Besides, the electron-deficient Ni species between adjacent acid sites and metals could be generated on Ni/RCY, which could improve the metal-support interaction (MSI) and catalytic activity. Ni/RCY-4 catalyst showed the superior hydrocracking conversion (99.7 %), BTX yield (39.1 %), the reaction rate constant (k, 3.1 h<sup>−1</sup>) and turnover frequency (TOF, 16.6 h<sup>−1</sup>) of selective hydrocracking. The activation energy was lowest (64.1kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) among the reported catalysts in the literature. Moreover, the possible reaction mechanism of selective hydrocracking of naphthalene to BTX was further proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100315
Kui Zhang, Zhihai Hu, Liang Ren, Hong Nie, Guangle Zhao, Yuanbing Xi, Chunlu Wang
To systematically study the conversion process of paraffin, cycloalkane, and aromatic on ZSM-5 molecular sieve in naphtha hydrocracking, a series of related experiments were carried out based on the prepared hydrocracking catalyst, Catalyst-HC. Ni and ZSM-5 molecular sieve were selected as the hydrogenation active component and the cracking component of Catalyst-HC, respectively. The results obtained through this work indicate that on ZSM-5 molecular sieve, the paraffin and cycloalkane in naphtha are mainly convertible hydrocarbons. The higher the content of convertible hydrocarbons in naphtha, the easier it is for the conversion reaction to occur. As C5+ conversion rate rises, the yields of paraffin and cycloalkane decline, and the yields of aromatic and aromatic-carbon in product-naphtha remain almost unchanged. The aromatic-average carbon-number (CN) in product-naphtha changes very little, decreasing from 8.3 to 8.2. This means that almost no aromatic undergoes the saturation reaction or conversion reaction on Catalyst-HC. Due to the small pore size of ZSM-5, C5+i-paraffin has a lower conversion rate and a higher average CN compared to C5+n-paraffin. Meanwhile, as C5+ conversion rate gradually rises from 0 to 23 %, the average CN drop-values of C5+n-paraffin and C5+i-paraffin are 1.3 and 0.14, respectively. C5-ring cycloalkane-ring-carbon (C5-ring CRC) is more likely undergoing ring-opening (RO) reaction than that of C6-ring cycloalkane-ring-carbon (C6-ring CRC). The conversion rate of C5-C7 cycloalkane is higher than that of C8+ cycloalkane, and the former bears a higher jump-value compared to the latter with the increase of C5+ conversion rate. Unlike paraffin and aromatic, the average CN of cycloalkane gradually rises with the increase of C5+ conversion rate.
{"title":"Research on the process of naphtha hydrocracking to chemical materials","authors":"Kui Zhang, Zhihai Hu, Liang Ren, Hong Nie, Guangle Zhao, Yuanbing Xi, Chunlu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To systematically study the conversion process of paraffin, cycloalkane, and aromatic on ZSM-5 molecular sieve in naphtha hydrocracking, a series of related experiments were carried out based on the prepared hydrocracking catalyst, Catalyst-HC. Ni and ZSM-5 molecular sieve were selected as the hydrogenation active component and the cracking component of Catalyst-HC, respectively. The results obtained through this work indicate that on ZSM-5 molecular sieve, the paraffin and cycloalkane in naphtha are mainly convertible hydrocarbons. The higher the content of convertible hydrocarbons in naphtha, the easier it is for the conversion reaction to occur. As C<sub>5+</sub> conversion rate rises, the yields of paraffin and cycloalkane decline, and the yields of aromatic and aromatic-carbon in product-naphtha remain almost unchanged. The aromatic-average carbon-number (CN) in product-naphtha changes very little, decreasing from 8.3 to 8.2. This means that almost no aromatic undergoes the saturation reaction or conversion reaction on Catalyst-HC. Due to the small pore size of ZSM-5, C<sub>5+</sub> <em>i</em>-paraffin has a lower conversion rate and a higher average CN compared to C<sub>5+</sub> <em>n</em>-paraffin. Meanwhile, as C<sub>5+</sub> conversion rate gradually rises from 0 to 23 %, the average CN drop-values of C<sub>5+</sub> <em>n</em>-paraffin and C<sub>5+</sub> <em>i</em>-paraffin are 1.3 and 0.14, respectively. C<sub>5</sub>-ring cycloalkane-ring-carbon (C<sub>5</sub>-ring CRC) is more likely undergoing ring-opening (RO) reaction than that of C<sub>6</sub>-ring cycloalkane-ring-carbon (C<sub>6</sub>-ring CRC). The conversion rate of C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>7</sub> cycloalkane is higher than that of C<sub>8+</sub> cycloalkane, and the former bears a higher jump-value compared to the latter with the increase of C<sub>5+</sub> conversion rate. Unlike paraffin and aromatic, the average CN of cycloalkane gradually rises with the increase of C<sub>5+</sub> conversion rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100313
Markus Diantoro , Nuviya Illa Muthi Aturroifah , Ishmah Luthfiyah , Joko Utomo , Ida Hamidah , Brian Yuliarto , Andrivo Rusydi , Santi Maensiri , Worawat Meevasana
Activated carbon derived from biomass is an environmentally friendly and low-cost supercapacitor electrode material. The diverse morphology and pore shape of activated carbon have a significant impact on enhancing the storage capacity of supercapacitors. However, the disparate distribution of pore sizes in activated carbon has a negative effect on energy density. In the present study, the synthesis and modification of the carbon pore structure of Manihot esculenta tuber and Bambusa blumeana stem was carried out using a sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal method with various chemicals (0.06 M KOH, 0.06 M PVP, 0.06 M ZnCl2). The 3D pore structure of the sample modified with 0.06 M ZnCl2 exhibited a well-defined microporous architecture and a substantial specific surface area of 516.29 m2g−1, leading to excellent electrochemical performance in coin cell supercapacitors. A high power density of 1086.12 Wkg−1 at a voltage window of 2 V has been attained, with a corresponding current density of 0.3 Ag−1. Remarkably, after 5000 charge and discharge cycles, the capacitance retention was maintained at 90.8 %. The high power density produced from biomass activated carbon based on Manihot esculenta tuber and Bambusa blumeana stem modified using 0.06 M ZnCl2 provides a practical approach for environmentally friendly electrical energy storage devices and realizes rapid mass transportation.
生物质活性炭是一种环保、低成本的超级电容器电极材料。活性炭的不同形态和孔隙形状对提高超级电容器的存储容量有显著影响。然而，活性炭中不同孔径的分布对能量密度有负面影响。本研究采用声化学辅助水热法，以0.06 M KOH, 0.06 M PVP， 0.06 M ZnCl2为原料，合成并改性了马尼洪和青竹茎的碳孔结构。0.06 M ZnCl2修饰后的样品三维孔结构具有良好的微孔结构，比表面积达到516.29 m2−1，具有优异的纽扣电池超级电容器电化学性能。在2v的电压窗下，获得了1086.12 Wkg−1的高功率密度，对应的电流密度为0.3 Ag−1。值得注意的是，经过5000次充放电循环后，电容保持率保持在90.8%。以0.06 M ZnCl2改性的马尼特块茎和竹茎为原料制备高功率密度生物质活性炭，为环保储能装置和实现快速大规模运输提供了切实可行的途径。
{"title":"3D-porous activated carbon morphological modification of Manihot esculenta tuber and Bambusa blumeana stem for high-power density supercapacitor: Biomass waste to sustainable energy","authors":"Markus Diantoro , Nuviya Illa Muthi Aturroifah , Ishmah Luthfiyah , Joko Utomo , Ida Hamidah , Brian Yuliarto , Andrivo Rusydi , Santi Maensiri , Worawat Meevasana","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Activated carbon derived from biomass is an environmentally friendly and low-cost supercapacitor electrode material. The diverse morphology and pore shape of activated carbon have a significant impact on enhancing the storage capacity of supercapacitors. However, the disparate distribution of pore sizes in activated carbon has a negative effect on energy density. In the present study, the synthesis and modification of the carbon pore structure of <em>Manihot esculenta</em> tuber and <em>Bambusa blumeana</em> stem was carried out using a sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal method with various chemicals (0.06 M KOH, 0.06 M PVP, 0.06 M ZnCl<sub>2</sub>). The 3D pore structure of the sample modified with 0.06 M ZnCl<sub>2</sub> exhibited a well-defined microporous architecture and a substantial specific surface area of 516.29 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>−1</sup>, leading to excellent electrochemical performance in coin cell supercapacitors. A high power density of 1086.12 Wkg<sup>−1</sup> at a voltage window of 2 V has been attained, with a corresponding current density of 0.3 Ag<sup>−1</sup>. Remarkably, after 5000 charge and discharge cycles, the capacitance retention was maintained at 90.8 %. The high power density produced from biomass activated carbon based on <em>Manihot esculenta</em> tuber and <em>Bambusa blumeana</em> stem modified using 0.06 M ZnCl<sub>2</sub> provides a practical approach for environmentally friendly electrical energy storage devices and realizes rapid mass transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100313"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312
Ahmad Nawaz , Shaikh Abdur Razzak
The current methods of disposing of plastic waste, such as dumping or burning, create significant ecological problems and cause irreparable damage to valuable resources. This is especially true for plastics with complex structures, like polyethylene foams (PEF). This study focuses on how the plastic composition affects the interactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, yield of pyrolysis products, and their characterization during the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste (DPW) and PEF. Co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min) and with varying biomass ratios to plastic. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using different isoconversional techniques such as Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS), Vyazovkin (VZK), Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), and Friedman (FM). The average value of activation energy based on the Vyazovkin model is 96.31, 216.33, 232.85, 382.69, and 206.47 kJ/mol for DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. The thermodynamic results showed that the average difference between activation energy and enthalpy is 4.89, 6.02, 5.81, 5.36, and 5.61 kJ/mol for the DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. It is lowest for the DPW and highest for the PEF, whereas it is significantly lower for the mixes, indicating that the mixes consume less energy. Criado’s master plot suggested that the co-pyrolysis of DPW and PEF followed D1 (one-dimensional) and D3 (three-dimensional) reaction mechanisms. Further, co-pyrolysis results from the fixed bed reactor confirmed maximum bio-oil yield (38.85 wt%) was achieved at 50PEF50DPW ratio. The results of this study suggest that combining waste date palms with PEF could be a promising option for improving the co-pyrolysis process.
{"title":"Synergism, pyrolysis performance, product distribution and characteristics in the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste and polyethylene foam: Harnessing the potential of plastics and biomass valorization","authors":"Ahmad Nawaz , Shaikh Abdur Razzak","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current methods of disposing of plastic waste, such as dumping or burning, create significant ecological problems and cause irreparable damage to valuable resources. This is especially true for plastics with complex structures, like polyethylene foams (PEF). This study focuses on how the plastic composition affects the interactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, yield of pyrolysis products, and their characterization during the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste (DPW) and PEF. Co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min) and with varying biomass ratios to plastic. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using different isoconversional techniques such as Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS), Vyazovkin (VZK), Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), and Friedman (FM). The average value of activation energy based on the Vyazovkin model is 96.31, 216.33, 232.85, 382.69, and 206.47 kJ/mol for DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. The thermodynamic results showed that the average difference between activation energy and enthalpy is 4.89, 6.02, 5.81, 5.36, and 5.61 kJ/mol for the DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. It is lowest for the DPW and highest for the PEF, whereas it is significantly lower for the mixes, indicating that the mixes consume less energy. Criado’s master plot suggested that the co-pyrolysis of DPW and PEF followed D1 (one-dimensional) and D3 (three-dimensional) reaction mechanisms. Further, co-pyrolysis results from the fixed bed reactor confirmed maximum bio-oil yield (38.85 wt%) was achieved at 50PEF50DPW ratio. The results of this study suggest that combining waste date palms with PEF could be a promising option for improving the co-pyrolysis process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glycerol waste (GW), with its high carbon content, was co-digested with nitrogen-rich distillery wastewater (DW) in this experiment to evaluate hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system. Bio-hydrogen potential (BHP) and methane potential (BMP) were conducted under thermophilic conditions (55°C) for the co-digestion of GW and acetone-butanol-ethanol distillery wastewater (ABE-DW) at various mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 (%VS) to determine the optimal mixing ratio. The highest BHP of 147 mL-H2/g-VS and BMP of 650 mL-CH4/g-VS were achieved at a GW to ABE-DW mixing ratio 50:50. Then. the process proceded with the continuous two-stage anaerobic process which was later implemented with the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for hydrogen production and the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane production in order to assess system performance. A mixture of GW and DW from commercial ethanol production (ethanol-DW) at a 50:50 mixing ratio was fed into the CSTR at a 4-day HRT, and the CSTR effluent was subsequently fed into the UASB at 21-day and 18-day HRTs. The CSTR achieved a hydrogen yield of 83.6 mL-H2/g-VS, while methane yields in the UASB were 367 mL-CH4/g-VS at a 21-day HRT and 440 mL-CH4/g-VS at an 18-day HRT. Additionally, the original ADM-1 was modified to describe the two-stage anaerobic co-digestion of GW and DW. This enhanced model effectively predicts the performance of the two-stage anaerobic process for co-digesting GW and DW.
{"title":"Anaerobic co-digestion of glycerol waste and distillery wastewater for bio-hythane production: Performance and ADM-1 based kinetics","authors":"Khaliyah Sani , Sompong O-Thong , Rattana Jariyaboon , Alissara Reungsang , Hidenari Yasui , Prawit Kongjan","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycerol waste (GW), with its high carbon content, was co-digested with nitrogen-rich distillery wastewater (DW) in this experiment to evaluate hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system. Bio-hydrogen potential (BHP) and methane potential (BMP) were conducted under thermophilic conditions (55°C) for the co-digestion of GW and acetone-butanol-ethanol distillery wastewater (ABE-DW) at various mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 (%VS) to determine the optimal mixing ratio. The highest BHP of 147 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/g-VS and BMP of 650 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS were achieved at a GW to ABE-DW mixing ratio 50:50. Then. the process proceded with the continuous two-stage anaerobic process which was later implemented with the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for hydrogen production and the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane production in order to assess system performance. A mixture of GW and DW from commercial ethanol production (ethanol-DW) at a 50:50 mixing ratio was fed into the CSTR at a 4-day HRT, and the CSTR effluent was subsequently fed into the UASB at 21-day and 18-day HRTs. The CSTR achieved a hydrogen yield of 83.6 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/g-VS, while methane yields in the UASB were 367 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS at a 21-day HRT and 440 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS at an 18-day HRT. Additionally, the original ADM-1 was modified to describe the two-stage anaerobic co-digestion of GW and DW. This enhanced model effectively predicts the performance of the two-stage anaerobic process for co-digesting GW and DW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100311"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310
David Gurtner , Jan O. Back , Dominik Bosch , Angela Hofmann , Christoph Pfeifer
Wood gasification produces gasification char (GC), a carbonaceous by-product with limited sustainable valorisation strategies. The physical activation of wood-based GC as a precursor has received insufficient attention, likely due to the inherent challenges associated with the precursor, namely its soft skeleton, high degree of graphitisation, ash content, and reduced porosity. This study investigates methods to enhance the porosity and adsorption properties of renewable activated carbon (AC) derived from GC while maximising yield using a Design of Experiments approach. Yield-oriented porosity optimisation revealed that mild H2O activation (750 °C, 20 min) was the most effective, followed by CO2 activation at 817 °C and 16.2 min. The AC with the highest overall porosity was produced by sequential activation, leveraging the high surface area obtained from H2O activation (812 m2/g) and the high micropore fraction from CO2 activation (49.3 vol%). In micropollutant adsorption assays, this AC (maximum adsorption capacity for metoprolol: ) partially outperformed commercial AC (). We found that the utilisation of GC for AC production represents a fundamentally distinct starting point when compared to previously employed precursors, as evidenced by significantly reduced activation times and temperatures. This study provides valuable insights for the efficient conversion of GC into high-value AC, a pathway of significant interest for industrial applications.
{"title":"Renewable activated carbon from wood-based gasification char: A comprehensive study on physical activation","authors":"David Gurtner , Jan O. Back , Dominik Bosch , Angela Hofmann , Christoph Pfeifer","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood gasification produces gasification char (GC), a carbonaceous by-product with limited sustainable valorisation strategies. The physical activation of wood-based GC as a precursor has received insufficient attention, likely due to the inherent challenges associated with the precursor, namely its soft skeleton, high degree of graphitisation, ash content, and reduced porosity. This study investigates methods to enhance the porosity and adsorption properties of renewable activated carbon (AC) derived from GC while maximising yield using a Design of Experiments approach. Yield-oriented porosity optimisation revealed that mild H<sub>2</sub>O activation (<span><math><mrow><mo>⩽</mo></mrow></math></span>750 °C, <span><math><mrow><mo>⩾</mo></mrow></math></span>20 min) was the most effective, followed by CO<sub>2</sub> activation at 817 °C and 16.2 min. The AC with the highest overall porosity was produced by sequential activation, leveraging the high surface area obtained from H<sub>2</sub>O activation (812 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and the high micropore fraction from CO<sub>2</sub> activation (49.3 vol%). In micropollutant adsorption assays, this AC (maximum adsorption capacity <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> for metoprolol: <span><math><mrow><mn>89.9</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) partially outperformed commercial AC (<span><math><mrow><mn>89.1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>). We found that the utilisation of GC for AC production represents a fundamentally distinct starting point when compared to previously employed precursors, as evidenced by significantly reduced activation times and temperatures. This study provides valuable insights for the efficient conversion of GC into high-value AC, a pathway of significant interest for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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