This study investigated the impact of varying temperatures and pressures during torrefaction under mechanical compression on the mass yield and chemical properties of torrefied empty fruit bunch (MTEFB). It also examined how these factors influenced the biochar derived from MTEFB. Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 240 °C to 300 °C and mechanical pressures of 25, 50, and 75 MPa. The results indicated that at all temperatures above 280 °C, mass yields were significantly reduced, and higher mechanical pressures further accelerated thermal degradation. FTIR analysis revealed structural modifications, including dehydration, decarboxylation, and demethylation, particularly at elevated pressures. Elemental analysis showed an increase in carbon content to 55.68 % when MTEFB was prepared at 300 °C and 75 MPa. The HHV reached 23.11 MJ/kg, indicating improved energy yield. The proximate analysis demonstrated an increase in fixed carbon to 26.32 %, highlighting the influence of temperature and pressure on biochar characteristics. Further carbonization at 600 °C of MTEFB, which was prepared under mechanical-press torrefaction conditions at 300 °C with 75 MPa, produced biochar with enhanced yield and a more graphitic structure. The combination of mechanical-press torrefaction and subsequent carbonization presented a promising pathway for producing high-quality biochar and other solid carbon materials.
{"title":"Parametric study on mechanical-press torrefaction of palm oil empty fruit bunch for production of biochar","authors":"Napat Kaewtrakulchai , Awat Wisetsai , Monrudee Phongaksorn , Chakkrit Thipydet , Bunjerd Jongsomjit , Navadol Laosiripojana , Nakorn Worasuwannarak , Jindarat Pimsamarn , Supachai Jadsadajerm","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the impact of varying temperatures and pressures during torrefaction under mechanical compression on the mass yield and chemical properties of torrefied empty fruit bunch (MTEFB). It also examined how these factors influenced the biochar derived from MTEFB. Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 240 °C to 300 °C and mechanical pressures of 25, 50, and 75 MPa. The results indicated that at all temperatures above 280 °C, mass yields were significantly reduced, and higher mechanical pressures further accelerated thermal degradation. FTIR analysis revealed structural modifications, including dehydration, decarboxylation, and demethylation, particularly at elevated pressures. Elemental analysis showed an increase in carbon content to 55.68 % when MTEFB was prepared at 300 °C and 75 MPa. The HHV reached 23.11 MJ/kg, indicating improved energy yield. The proximate analysis demonstrated an increase in fixed carbon to 26.32 %, highlighting the influence of temperature and pressure on biochar characteristics. Further carbonization at 600 °C of MTEFB, which was prepared under mechanical-press torrefaction conditions at 300 °C with 75 MPa, produced biochar with enhanced yield and a more graphitic structure. The combination of mechanical-press torrefaction and subsequent carbonization presented a promising pathway for producing high-quality biochar and other solid carbon materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100305
Sumrit Mopoung, Suthasinee Pantho
Papyrus culm derived activated biochars were prepared through carbonization and air oxidation at 400–600 °C. The activated biochars were analyzed by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, Raman, BET, and XRD techniques. The best product was collected for use as filter material in aquaponics. It was found that the activated biochars have diverse properties with high disorder of graphitic, oxygenated functional groups (OH, C=O, C-O, and Si-O), oxide compounds (CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, SiO2), and relatively high specific surface area and micropore volume. These parameters increased with increasing carbonization temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C. For materials produced at 600 °C the pore size of the derived activated biochar falls in the range of micropores (<2 nm), with a small mesopore and macropore content. This product has BET specific surface area of 270.27 m2/g. Utilizing the derived activated biochar prepared with carbonization at 600 °C for aquaponics culture has shown that the values of total NH3, NO2–, NO3–, PO43-, and turbidity decreased, while the DO content increased in the water of the aquaponics culture with efficiency percentage values of 33.33–35.90 %, 4.93–13.43 %, 9.15–12.90 %, 34.97–43.04 %, 10.23–23.90 %, and 16.86–23.90 %, respectively, throughout the four weeks of the experiment. This was achieved via electrostatic attraction, exchangeable cation and anion attraction, and filtration. Furthermore, the activated biochar could also maintain the water pH in a relatively alkaline range for the duration of the experiment, which is suitable for cultivating tilapia and growing red oak lettuce. However, the activated biochar filter began to reach sorption saturation during the third week of the experiment. Therefore, the activated biochar filter should be replaced with a new one after four weeks of use. This research has shown that activated biochar from papyrus culm can be a candidate for an adsorbent material with a simple, cost-effective, and timesaving production.
{"title":"One step preparation of papyrus culm derived activated biochar using partial air oxidation and its use as a filter for water treatment in aquaponics culture","authors":"Sumrit Mopoung, Suthasinee Pantho","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Papyrus culm derived activated biochars were prepared through carbonization and air oxidation at 400–600 °C. The activated biochars were analyzed by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, Raman, BET, and XRD techniques. The best product was collected for use as filter material in aquaponics. It was found that the activated biochars have diverse properties with high disorder of graphitic, oxygenated functional groups (OH, C=O, C-O, and Si-O), oxide compounds (CaO, MgO, Na<sub>2</sub>O, K<sub>2</sub>O, SiO<sub>2</sub>), and relatively high specific surface area and micropore volume. These parameters increased with increasing carbonization temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C. For materials produced at 600 °C the pore size of the derived activated biochar falls in the range of micropores (<2 nm), with a small mesopore and macropore content. This product has BET specific surface area of 270.27 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Utilizing the derived activated biochar prepared with carbonization at 600 °C for aquaponics culture has shown that the values of total NH<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>, and turbidity decreased, while the DO content increased in the water of the aquaponics culture with efficiency percentage values of 33.33–35.90 %, 4.93–13.43 %, 9.15–12.90 %, 34.97–43.04 %, 10.23–23.90 %, and 16.86–23.90 %, respectively, throughout the four weeks of the experiment. This was achieved via electrostatic attraction, exchangeable cation and anion attraction, and filtration. Furthermore, the activated biochar could also maintain the water pH in a relatively alkaline range for the duration of the experiment, which is suitable for cultivating tilapia and growing red oak lettuce. However, the activated biochar filter began to reach sorption saturation during the third week of the experiment. Therefore, the activated biochar filter should be replaced with a new one after four weeks of use. This research has shown that activated biochar from papyrus culm can be a candidate for an adsorbent material with a simple, cost-effective, and timesaving production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312
Ahmad Nawaz , Shaikh Abdur Razzak
The current methods of disposing of plastic waste, such as dumping or burning, create significant ecological problems and cause irreparable damage to valuable resources. This is especially true for plastics with complex structures, like polyethylene foams (PEF). This study focuses on how the plastic composition affects the interactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, yield of pyrolysis products, and their characterization during the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste (DPW) and PEF. Co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min) and with varying biomass ratios to plastic. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using different isoconversional techniques such as Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS), Vyazovkin (VZK), Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), and Friedman (FM). The average value of activation energy based on the Vyazovkin model is 96.31, 216.33, 232.85, 382.69, and 206.47 kJ/mol for DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. The thermodynamic results showed that the average difference between activation energy and enthalpy is 4.89, 6.02, 5.81, 5.36, and 5.61 kJ/mol for the DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. It is lowest for the DPW and highest for the PEF, whereas it is significantly lower for the mixes, indicating that the mixes consume less energy. Criado’s master plot suggested that the co-pyrolysis of DPW and PEF followed D1 (one-dimensional) and D3 (three-dimensional) reaction mechanisms. Further, co-pyrolysis results from the fixed bed reactor confirmed maximum bio-oil yield (38.85 wt%) was achieved at 50PEF50DPW ratio. The results of this study suggest that combining waste date palms with PEF could be a promising option for improving the co-pyrolysis process.
{"title":"Synergism, pyrolysis performance, product distribution and characteristics in the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste and polyethylene foam: Harnessing the potential of plastics and biomass valorization","authors":"Ahmad Nawaz , Shaikh Abdur Razzak","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current methods of disposing of plastic waste, such as dumping or burning, create significant ecological problems and cause irreparable damage to valuable resources. This is especially true for plastics with complex structures, like polyethylene foams (PEF). This study focuses on how the plastic composition affects the interactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, yield of pyrolysis products, and their characterization during the co-pyrolysis of date palm waste (DPW) and PEF. Co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min) and with varying biomass ratios to plastic. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using different isoconversional techniques such as Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS), Vyazovkin (VZK), Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), and Friedman (FM). The average value of activation energy based on the Vyazovkin model is 96.31, 216.33, 232.85, 382.69, and 206.47 kJ/mol for DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. The thermodynamic results showed that the average difference between activation energy and enthalpy is 4.89, 6.02, 5.81, 5.36, and 5.61 kJ/mol for the DPW, PEF, 75PEF25DPW, 25PEF75DPW, and 50PEF50DPW, respectively. It is lowest for the DPW and highest for the PEF, whereas it is significantly lower for the mixes, indicating that the mixes consume less energy. Criado’s master plot suggested that the co-pyrolysis of DPW and PEF followed D1 (one-dimensional) and D3 (three-dimensional) reaction mechanisms. Further, co-pyrolysis results from the fixed bed reactor confirmed maximum bio-oil yield (38.85 wt%) was achieved at 50PEF50DPW ratio. The results of this study suggest that combining waste date palms with PEF could be a promising option for improving the co-pyrolysis process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100307
Bo Tong , Liu Yan , Jingzhong Xu , Kun Wang , Ting-an Zhang
Copper slag still contains a large amount of iron resources after flotation, and direct storage is a serious waste of resources. Direct Reduced Iron(DRI) are prepared by reduction of copper slag which requires a large amount of fossil energy and emits carbon largely. In this work, straw and straw charcoal were used as reducing agents to reduce flotation copper slag to prepare DRI. The pore model of the DRI was constructed via micro/nano stimulation, and the direct reduction kinetic characteristics of the biomass copper slag composite pellets were analyzed. The results show that the addition of straw is beneficial for the direct reduction of copper slag. The straw is pyrolyzed to produce a reducing pyrolysis gas to prereduce the pellets while leaving pores to improve the kinetic conditions for the subsequent direct reduction of copper slag. Compared with traditional fossil fuels such as anthracite, the metallization rate of DRI prepared with straw and straw charcoal as reducing agents to reduce copper slag increased from 85 % to 96.54 %. This process can reduce carbon emissions by 0.26 ∼ 0.52 t per ton of molten iron. This study proposes a feasible, low-carbon and efficient flotation copper slag treatment method that can fully recover the iron resources in flotation copper slag and solve the industry problem that flotation copper slag can be stored and disposed of only. It is helpful to promote the organic combination of nonblast furnace ironmaking, the comprehensive utilization of copper slag and the comprehensive utilization of biomass resources.
{"title":"Mechanism of pore formation in copper slag reduction: A clarification combining experiments and simulation","authors":"Bo Tong , Liu Yan , Jingzhong Xu , Kun Wang , Ting-an Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper slag still contains a large amount of iron resources after flotation, and direct storage is a serious waste of resources. Direct Reduced Iron(DRI) are prepared by reduction of copper slag which requires a large amount of fossil energy and emits carbon largely. In this work, straw and straw charcoal were used as reducing agents to reduce flotation copper slag to prepare DRI. The pore model of the DRI was constructed via micro/nano stimulation, and the direct reduction kinetic characteristics of the biomass copper slag composite pellets were analyzed. The results show that the addition of straw is beneficial for the direct reduction of copper slag. The straw is pyrolyzed to produce a reducing pyrolysis gas to prereduce the pellets while leaving pores to improve the kinetic conditions for the subsequent direct reduction of copper slag. Compared with traditional fossil fuels such as anthracite, the metallization rate of DRI prepared with straw and straw charcoal as reducing agents to reduce copper slag increased from 85 % to 96.54 %. This process can reduce carbon emissions by 0.26 ∼ 0.52 t per ton of molten iron. This study proposes a feasible, low-carbon and efficient flotation copper slag treatment method that can fully recover the iron resources in flotation copper slag and solve the industry problem that flotation copper slag can be stored and disposed of only. It is helpful to promote the organic combination of nonblast furnace ironmaking, the comprehensive utilization of copper slag and the comprehensive utilization of biomass resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310
David Gurtner , Jan O. Back , Dominik Bosch , Angela Hofmann , Christoph Pfeifer
Wood gasification produces gasification char (GC), a carbonaceous by-product with limited sustainable valorisation strategies. The physical activation of wood-based GC as a precursor has received insufficient attention, likely due to the inherent challenges associated with the precursor, namely its soft skeleton, high degree of graphitisation, ash content, and reduced porosity. This study investigates methods to enhance the porosity and adsorption properties of renewable activated carbon (AC) derived from GC while maximising yield using a Design of Experiments approach. Yield-oriented porosity optimisation revealed that mild H2O activation (750 °C, 20 min) was the most effective, followed by CO2 activation at 817 °C and 16.2 min. The AC with the highest overall porosity was produced by sequential activation, leveraging the high surface area obtained from H2O activation (812 m2/g) and the high micropore fraction from CO2 activation (49.3 vol%). In micropollutant adsorption assays, this AC (maximum adsorption capacity for metoprolol: ) partially outperformed commercial AC (). We found that the utilisation of GC for AC production represents a fundamentally distinct starting point when compared to previously employed precursors, as evidenced by significantly reduced activation times and temperatures. This study provides valuable insights for the efficient conversion of GC into high-value AC, a pathway of significant interest for industrial applications.
{"title":"Renewable activated carbon from wood-based gasification char: A comprehensive study on physical activation","authors":"David Gurtner , Jan O. Back , Dominik Bosch , Angela Hofmann , Christoph Pfeifer","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood gasification produces gasification char (GC), a carbonaceous by-product with limited sustainable valorisation strategies. The physical activation of wood-based GC as a precursor has received insufficient attention, likely due to the inherent challenges associated with the precursor, namely its soft skeleton, high degree of graphitisation, ash content, and reduced porosity. This study investigates methods to enhance the porosity and adsorption properties of renewable activated carbon (AC) derived from GC while maximising yield using a Design of Experiments approach. Yield-oriented porosity optimisation revealed that mild H<sub>2</sub>O activation (<span><math><mrow><mo>⩽</mo></mrow></math></span>750 °C, <span><math><mrow><mo>⩾</mo></mrow></math></span>20 min) was the most effective, followed by CO<sub>2</sub> activation at 817 °C and 16.2 min. The AC with the highest overall porosity was produced by sequential activation, leveraging the high surface area obtained from H<sub>2</sub>O activation (812 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and the high micropore fraction from CO<sub>2</sub> activation (49.3 vol%). In micropollutant adsorption assays, this AC (maximum adsorption capacity <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> for metoprolol: <span><math><mrow><mn>89.9</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) partially outperformed commercial AC (<span><math><mrow><mn>89.1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mg</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>). We found that the utilisation of GC for AC production represents a fundamentally distinct starting point when compared to previously employed precursors, as evidenced by significantly reduced activation times and temperatures. This study provides valuable insights for the efficient conversion of GC into high-value AC, a pathway of significant interest for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glycerol waste (GW), with its high carbon content, was co-digested with nitrogen-rich distillery wastewater (DW) in this experiment to evaluate hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system. Bio-hydrogen potential (BHP) and methane potential (BMP) were conducted under thermophilic conditions (55°C) for the co-digestion of GW and acetone-butanol-ethanol distillery wastewater (ABE-DW) at various mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 (%VS) to determine the optimal mixing ratio. The highest BHP of 147 mL-H2/g-VS and BMP of 650 mL-CH4/g-VS were achieved at a GW to ABE-DW mixing ratio 50:50. Then. the process proceded with the continuous two-stage anaerobic process which was later implemented with the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for hydrogen production and the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane production in order to assess system performance. A mixture of GW and DW from commercial ethanol production (ethanol-DW) at a 50:50 mixing ratio was fed into the CSTR at a 4-day HRT, and the CSTR effluent was subsequently fed into the UASB at 21-day and 18-day HRTs. The CSTR achieved a hydrogen yield of 83.6 mL-H2/g-VS, while methane yields in the UASB were 367 mL-CH4/g-VS at a 21-day HRT and 440 mL-CH4/g-VS at an 18-day HRT. Additionally, the original ADM-1 was modified to describe the two-stage anaerobic co-digestion of GW and DW. This enhanced model effectively predicts the performance of the two-stage anaerobic process for co-digesting GW and DW.
{"title":"Anaerobic co-digestion of glycerol waste and distillery wastewater for bio-hythane production: Performance and ADM-1 based kinetics","authors":"Khaliyah Sani , Sompong O-Thong , Rattana Jariyaboon , Alissara Reungsang , Hidenari Yasui , Prawit Kongjan","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycerol waste (GW), with its high carbon content, was co-digested with nitrogen-rich distillery wastewater (DW) in this experiment to evaluate hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) system. Bio-hydrogen potential (BHP) and methane potential (BMP) were conducted under thermophilic conditions (55°C) for the co-digestion of GW and acetone-butanol-ethanol distillery wastewater (ABE-DW) at various mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 (%VS) to determine the optimal mixing ratio. The highest BHP of 147 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/g-VS and BMP of 650 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS were achieved at a GW to ABE-DW mixing ratio 50:50. Then. the process proceded with the continuous two-stage anaerobic process which was later implemented with the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for hydrogen production and the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane production in order to assess system performance. A mixture of GW and DW from commercial ethanol production (ethanol-DW) at a 50:50 mixing ratio was fed into the CSTR at a 4-day HRT, and the CSTR effluent was subsequently fed into the UASB at 21-day and 18-day HRTs. The CSTR achieved a hydrogen yield of 83.6 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/g-VS, while methane yields in the UASB were 367 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS at a 21-day HRT and 440 mL-CH<sub>4</sub>/g-VS at an 18-day HRT. Additionally, the original ADM-1 was modified to describe the two-stage anaerobic co-digestion of GW and DW. This enhanced model effectively predicts the performance of the two-stage anaerobic process for co-digesting GW and DW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100311"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel thermophilic two-ring bioreactor was employed to produce biohythane from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 and thermophilic methanogenic mixed cultures. The reactor system demonstrated impressive performance, achieving hydrogen and methane yields of 113.3 ± 15.0 mL/g-VS and 473.0 ± 60.0 mL/g-VS, respectively, with a total biohythane composition of 4.3 % H2, 37.1 % CO2, and 58.6 % CH4. The process exhibited high treatment efficiency, with COD and VS removal efficiencies reaching 93.7 % and 84.3 %, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed the crucial roles of various microorganisms in the biohythane production process. Thermoclostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacterium sp., and Anaerobranca sp. were identified as key players in hydrogen production, while Bacteroides sp. and Methanobacterium sp. were found to be essential for methane production. The optimization of operating conditions, including pH (5.0–8.0), temperature (55 °C), and hydraulic retention time (2 d for H2 and 10 d for CH4), significantly enhanced biohythane production efficiency. The techno-economic analysis demonstrated the economic viability of the thermophilic two-ring bioreactor system, with a net present value of 4,186,000 USD, an internal rate of return of 82 %, and a payback period of 1.4 years. These findings highlight the potential of this innovative technology as a sustainable and economically attractive solution for treating POME and simultaneously producing renewable energy in the form of biohythane, contributing to the sustainable development of the palm oil industry and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
{"title":"Enhancement of biohythane production from palm oil mill effluent by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 and methanogenic mixed cultures using a thermophilic two-ring bioreactor","authors":"Supattra In-chan , Chonticha Mamimin , Nantharat Phruksaphithak , Sompong O-Thong","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel thermophilic two-ring bioreactor was employed to produce biohythane from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using <em>Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum</em> PSU-2 and thermophilic methanogenic mixed cultures. The reactor system demonstrated impressive performance, achieving hydrogen and methane yields of 113.3 ± 15.0 mL/g-VS and 473.0 ± 60.0 mL/g-VS, respectively, with a total biohythane composition of 4.3 % H<sub>2</sub>, 37.1 % CO<sub>2,</sub> and 58.6 % CH<sub>4</sub>. The process exhibited high treatment efficiency, with COD and VS removal efficiencies reaching 93.7 % and 84.3 %, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed the crucial roles of various microorganisms in the biohythane production process. <em>Thermoclostridium</em> sp., <em>Thermoanaerobacterium</em> sp., and <em>Anaerobranca</em> sp. were identified as key players in hydrogen production, while <em>Bacteroides</em> sp. and <em>Methanobacterium</em> sp. were found to be essential for methane production. The optimization of operating conditions, including pH (5.0–8.0), temperature (55 °C), and hydraulic retention time (2 d for H<sub>2</sub> and 10 d for CH<sub>4</sub>), significantly enhanced biohythane production efficiency. The techno-economic analysis demonstrated the economic viability of the thermophilic two-ring bioreactor system, with a net present value of 4,186,000 USD, an internal rate of return of 82 %, and a payback period of 1.4 years. These findings highlight the potential of this innovative technology as a sustainable and economically attractive solution for treating POME and simultaneously producing renewable energy in the form of biohythane, contributing to the sustainable development of the palm oil industry and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the effects of radio wave frequencies (470 MHz, 670 MHz, and 870 MHz) on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during water electrolysis using activated charcoal as an electrophotocatalyst. The results reveal that a frequency of 870 MHz produced the highest hydrogen concentration (7775 ppm), followed by 670 MHz (7016 ppm), and 470 MHz (4219 ppm). In contrast, electrolysis without radio frequency application resulted in 8271 ppm of hydrogen suggests the interaction between radio and light interaction inhibits hydrogen production. FTIR analysis identified multiple functional groups on the activated charcoal surface, including OH, C=O, and C-Cl, which influence the material’s interaction with electromagnetic fields. SEM and EDS characterizations revealed a hierarchical porous microstructure with elemental inclusions such as Si, Al, and Cl that contribute to surface polarization. This study proposes that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is induced by metal impurities on the activated chcarcoal surface, enhancing the local electric field and improving HER. The complex interaction of functional groups, elemental composition, and radio waves offers insights into optimizing activated charcoal for improved HER efficiency.
{"title":"The impact of radio–green light interaction on hydrogen evolution reaction inhibition of carbon based electrophotocatalyst","authors":"Purnami Purnami , Willy Satrio Nugroho , I.N.G. Wardana , Avita Ayu Permanasari , Sukarni Sukarni , Indra Mamad Gandidi , Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah , Anwar Johari","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of radio wave frequencies (470 MHz, 670 MHz, and 870 MHz) on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during water electrolysis using activated charcoal as an electrophotocatalyst. The results reveal that a frequency of 870 MHz produced the highest hydrogen concentration (7775 ppm), followed by 670 MHz (7016 ppm), and 470 MHz (4219 ppm). In contrast, electrolysis without radio frequency application resulted in 8271 ppm of hydrogen suggests the interaction between radio and light interaction inhibits hydrogen production. FTIR analysis identified multiple functional groups on the activated charcoal surface, including OH, C=O, and C-Cl, which influence the material’s interaction with electromagnetic fields. SEM and EDS characterizations revealed a hierarchical porous microstructure with elemental inclusions such as Si, Al, and Cl that contribute to surface polarization. This study proposes that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is induced by metal impurities on the activated chcarcoal surface, enhancing the local electric field and improving HER. The complex interaction of functional groups, elemental composition, and radio waves offers insights into optimizing activated charcoal for improved HER efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100308"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100304
He Gao , Hirokazu Ishitobi , Nobuyoshi Nakagawa
A prepared carbon nanofibers with mesopores (P-CNFs) by electrospinning utilizing polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the pore-forming agent and carbon matrix, respectively, to obtain a thinner catalyst layer which has an enhanced reaction activity for use in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A PS to PAN mass ratio of 1.00 yielded the highest mesopore volume with an average pore radius of 4.7 nm. PtRu and TiO2 nanoparticles were coated on the P-CNFs, producing PtRu/P-TCCNFs, and used in a DMFC. The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the PtRu/P-TCCNFs significantly surpassed that of the nonporous carbon nanofibers (PtRu/TCCNFs) and was nearly twice that of the commercially available catalyst, PtRu/C. The improvement of the ECSA value is mainly due to the increased surface area in the mesopore region that facilitates the catalyst nanoparticle dispersion thus preventing agglomeration. Consequently, the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) mass activity of PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs reached 438 mA/mg-PtRu, exceeding that of PtRu(32)/TCCNFs and PtRu/C by 1.27 and 4.56 times, respectively. Furthermore, PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs demonstrated a superior DMFC performance attributed to the thinner catalyst layer with the increased reaction site density and the reduced ohmic resistance, thus yielding a higher maximum power density.
以聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚丙烯腈（PAN）分别为成孔剂和碳基体，采用静电纺丝法制备了具有介孔的碳纳米纤维（P-CNFs），得到了更薄、反应活性更高的催化剂层，可用于直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）。PS与PAN的质量比为1.00时，介孔体积最大，平均孔径半径为4.7 nm。将PtRu和TiO2纳米颗粒包被在P-CNFs上，生成PtRu/ p - tccfs，并用于DMFC。PtRu/P-TCCNFs的电化学活性表面积（ECSA）大大超过了无孔碳纳米纤维（PtRu/TCCNFs），几乎是市售催化剂PtRu/C的两倍。ECSA值的提高主要是由于中孔区表面积的增加，有利于催化剂纳米颗粒的分散，从而防止团聚。因此，PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs的甲醇氧化反应（MOR）质量活性达到438 mA/mg-PtRu，分别是PtRu(32)/TCCNFs和PtRu/C的1.27和4.56倍。此外，PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs表现出优越的DMFC性能，这是由于催化剂层更薄，反应位点密度增加，欧姆电阻降低，从而产生更高的最大功率密度。
{"title":"Improved performance of a direct methanol fuel cell by the highly-developed mesopores of the carbon nanofibers catalyst support","authors":"He Gao , Hirokazu Ishitobi , Nobuyoshi Nakagawa","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A prepared carbon nanofibers with mesopores (P-CNFs) by electrospinning utilizing polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the pore-forming agent and carbon matrix, respectively, to obtain a thinner catalyst layer which has an enhanced reaction activity for use in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A PS to PAN mass ratio of 1.00 yielded the highest mesopore volume with an average pore radius of 4.7 nm. PtRu and TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were coated on the P-CNFs, producing PtRu/P-TCCNFs, and used in a DMFC. The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the PtRu/P-TCCNFs significantly surpassed that of the nonporous carbon nanofibers (PtRu/TCCNFs) and was nearly twice that of the commercially available catalyst, PtRu/C. The improvement of the ECSA value is mainly due to the increased surface area in the mesopore region that facilitates the catalyst nanoparticle dispersion thus preventing agglomeration. Consequently, the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) mass activity of PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs reached 438 mA/mg<sub>-PtRu,</sub> exceeding that of PtRu(32)/TCCNFs and PtRu/C by 1.27 and 4.56 times, respectively. Furthermore, PtRu(32)/P-TCCNFs demonstrated a superior DMFC performance attributed to the thinner catalyst layer with the increased reaction site density and the reduced ohmic resistance, thus yielding a higher maximum power density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100304"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100264
Dan Wang , Zhentao Zhao , Yuxin Wang , Zhanguo Zhang , Jinggang Zhao , Peng Zheng , Guangwen Xu , Lei Shi
A series of novel ionic liquids (ILs) with near-neutrality, moderate nucleophilicity, and zwitterionic structure were synthesized using a one-step method. Notably, these ILs could be successfully synthesized by activating 1-methylimidazole with carbonate, carboxylic, and oxalate esters. The structures and properties of the synthesized ILs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H/13C, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry, and Hammett indicator. A mechanism was proposed for activating 1-methylimidazole, and the negative charge densities of the ILs were calculated. Considering MI-EC as an example, the best conditions for the synthesis of ILs were optimized reaction at 85 °C for 18 h, and the synthesis pathway was determined through density functional theory calculations. Herein, MI-EC exhibited excellent catalytic activity for transesterification reactions, and the corresponding ethylene carbonate (EC) conversion, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) yield, and turnover frequency (TOF) reached 50.4 %, 30.5 %, and 127.8 h−1, respectively, with a catalytic reaction of only 30 min. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the transesterification reaction catalyzed by MI-EC was investigated. The catalytic activity and structure of MI-EC remained unchanged after six reuses, demonstrating its better stability. In addition, MI-EC displayed a wide range of substrate universality, such as carbonates, oxalates, and acetic esters. Thus, this study not only provides a theoretical and practical support foundation for designing and synthesizing ILs, but also provides a new perspective for preparing alkaline catalysts.
{"title":"Design and synthesis of novel ionic liquids with unique structures and excellent catalytic activity for transesterification","authors":"Dan Wang , Zhentao Zhao , Yuxin Wang , Zhanguo Zhang , Jinggang Zhao , Peng Zheng , Guangwen Xu , Lei Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2024.100264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of novel ionic liquids (ILs) with near-neutrality, moderate nucleophilicity, and zwitterionic structure were synthesized using a one-step method. Notably, these ILs could be successfully synthesized by activating 1-methylimidazole with carbonate, carboxylic, and oxalate esters. The structures and properties of the synthesized ILs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry, and Hammett indicator. A mechanism was proposed for activating 1-methylimidazole, and the negative charge densities of the ILs were calculated. Considering MI-EC as an example, the best conditions for the synthesis of ILs were optimized reaction at 85 °C for 18 h, and the synthesis pathway was determined through density functional theory calculations. Herein, MI-EC exhibited excellent catalytic activity for transesterification reactions, and the corresponding ethylene carbonate (EC) conversion, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) yield, and turnover frequency (TOF) reached 50.4 %, 30.5 %, and 127.8 h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, with a catalytic reaction of only 30 min. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the transesterification reaction catalyzed by MI-EC was investigated. The catalytic activity and structure of MI-EC remained unchanged after six reuses, demonstrating its better stability. In addition, MI-EC displayed a wide range of substrate universality, such as carbonates, oxalates, and acetic esters. Thus, this study not only provides a theoretical and practical support foundation for designing and synthesizing ILs, but also provides a new perspective for preparing alkaline catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100264"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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