Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100342
Chao Wang , Gang Song , Mengjuan Zhang , Kaixuan Yang , Zhenglin Wang , Xin Jia , Qingya Liu , Liguo Zhou , Zhennan Han , Shurong Wang , Jianguo Bian , Guangwen Xu
In the complete green synthesis technology chain, bio-syngas production remains the “first hurdle”. Especially, the “tar” problem in biomass gasification urgently needs to be solved. Recently, our team, in collaboration with Jinan Huangtai Gas Stove Co., Ltd., completed a 10,000-ton industrial test and technical verification of fluidized bed two-stage O2/steam gasification for production of syngas from biomass. The test results showed that the fluidized bed two-stage gasification was operated continuously and stably for over 110 h with various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, the lowest tar content in the produced gas reached 0.58 g/Nm3. The fly ash collected from the continuous test contained carbon of about 30 wt%. Thus, the technology was well proved for large-scale biomass gasification and production of syngas in terms of technical feasibility and operational stability.
{"title":"Fluidized bed two-stage O2/steam gasification of agricultural biomass for low-tar syngas: An industrial-scale verification test","authors":"Chao Wang , Gang Song , Mengjuan Zhang , Kaixuan Yang , Zhenglin Wang , Xin Jia , Qingya Liu , Liguo Zhou , Zhennan Han , Shurong Wang , Jianguo Bian , Guangwen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the complete green synthesis technology chain, bio-syngas production remains the “first hurdle”. Especially, the “tar” problem in biomass gasification urgently needs to be solved. Recently, our team, in collaboration with Jinan Huangtai Gas Stove Co., Ltd., completed a 10,000-ton industrial test and technical verification of fluidized bed two-stage O<sub>2</sub>/steam gasification for production of syngas from biomass. The test results showed that the fluidized bed two-stage gasification was operated continuously and stably for over 110 h with various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, the lowest tar content in the produced gas reached 0.58 g/Nm<sup>3</sup>. The fly ash collected from the continuous test contained carbon of about 30 wt%. Thus, the technology was well proved for large-scale biomass gasification and production of syngas in terms of technical feasibility and operational stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aimed to develop a prototype process for hydrogen production from Napier grass (NG) and oil palm frond (OPF). First, biohydrogen production was investigated in batch experiments using either the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process or the pre-hydrolysis and fermentation (pre-HF) process under different NG to OPF ratios. The proportions of NG:OPF of 2.5:7.5, 5.0:5.0, and 7.5:2.5 g-VS/L were tested in both SSF and pre-HF. The results showed that the proportion of NG:OPF of 5.0:5.0 g-VS/L (ratio of 1:1) had the highest hydrogen production in both the SSF and pre-HF processes, with hydrogen production of 370 ± 21 mL-H2/L and 993 ± 64 mL-H2/L, respectively. Among these, pre-HF showed higher performance. Next, a semi-continuous experiment in a 100 L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a pre-HF process and NG:OPF of 5.0:5.0 g-VS/L at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4 and 3 days, with and without trace metal supplementation, was conducted. The highest hydrogen yield, 50.1 ± 3.4 mL-H2/g-VS, was found at an HRT of 3 days with trace metal supplementation. Key microbes, including Lactococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Dysgonomonas sp., and Enterobacter sp., showed increased abundance, improving hydrogen production from NG and OPF. The addition of trace elements significantly altered essential enzymes like 6-phosphofructokinase, which is crucial for forming pyruvate in hydrogen production. The medium-based economic analysis revealed that the pre-HF process with trace elements resulted in an overall hydrogen production of 9.32 m3, an improvement of 16.6 % compared to the 7.99 m3 obtained under pre-HF without adding trace elements. Consequently, the Economic Yield (EY) of pre-HF without trace element addition was 0.030 USD-H2/USD-medium, which was enhanced to 0.035 USD-H2/USD-medium by adding trace elements.
{"title":"Pilot-scale biohydrogen production from Napier grass and oil palm frond: Comparison of SSF and pre-HF processes and the influence of trace metal supplementation on taxonomic and enzymatic profiles","authors":"Khaliyah Sani , Nantharat Wongfaed , Wei-Cheng Wang , Shuheng Zhao , Peer Mohamed Abdul , Alissara Reungsang , Sureewan Sittijunda","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aimed to develop a prototype process for hydrogen production from Napier grass (NG) and oil palm frond (OPF). First, biohydrogen production was investigated in batch experiments using either the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process or the pre-hydrolysis and fermentation (pre-HF) process under different NG to OPF ratios. The proportions of NG:OPF of 2.5:7.5, 5.0:5.0, and 7.5:2.5 g-VS/L were tested in both SSF and pre-HF. The results showed that the proportion of NG:OPF of 5.0:5.0 g-VS/L (ratio of 1:1) had the highest hydrogen production in both the SSF and pre-HF processes, with hydrogen production of 370 ± 21 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/L and 993 ± 64 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/L, respectively. Among these, pre-HF showed higher performance. Next, a semi-continuous experiment in a 100 L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a pre-HF process and NG:OPF of 5.0:5.0 g-VS/L at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4 and 3 days, with and without trace metal supplementation, was conducted. The highest hydrogen yield, 50.1 ± 3.4 mL-H<sub>2</sub>/g-VS, was found at an HRT of 3 days with trace metal supplementation. Key microbes, including <em>Lactococcus</em> sp., <em>Bacteroides</em> sp., <em>Dysgonomonas</em> sp., and <em>Enterobacter</em> sp., showed increased abundance, improving hydrogen production from NG and OPF. The addition of trace elements significantly altered essential enzymes like 6-phosphofructokinase, which is crucial for forming pyruvate in hydrogen production. The medium-based economic analysis revealed that the pre-HF process with trace elements resulted in an overall hydrogen production of 9.32 m<sup>3</sup>, an improvement of 16.6 % compared to the 7.99 m<sup>3</sup> obtained under pre-HF without adding trace elements. Consequently, the Economic Yield (EY) of pre-HF without trace element addition was 0.030 USD-H<sub>2</sub>/USD-medium, which was enhanced to 0.035 USD-H<sub>2</sub>/USD-medium by adding trace elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-19DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100336
Na Xu , Yizheng Li , Jie Du , Zhanguo Zhang , Guangwen Xu
A 10 %Ni/γ⁃Al2O3 catalyst was prepared for dry reforming of methane. Spherical γ⁃Al2O3 particles having an average particle size of 60 µm were used as the support and an iso-volume impregnation method was employed for the preparation. All activity-evaluation tests were conducted in a fluidized-bed quartz reactor at 0.1 MPa and variable temperatures and space velocities for 600 min. The results of the tests revealed that at 750 °C the catalyst activity showed an obviously accelerated decrease trend with the increase of space velocity. Thermogravimetric analysis of the spent catalysts revealed, however, that little carbon deposit formed in those spent samples that had experienced faster decreases in activity at higher space velocities. While these two facts together deny the possibility of carbon deposition leading to the accelerated activity decline at 750 °C and high space velocities, increasing the CO2/CH4 ratio of the feed was demonstrated to further accelerate the activity decrease. Meanwhile, XRD and XPS analyses of the spent catalyst samples revealed that oxidative transformation of metallic Ni in catalyst to NixO (x ≤ 1) species did occur in the reforming in the feed of CO2/CH4 = 1.5. All these results together have strongly revealed, for the first time, a conclusion as follows: it was the gradual oxidative transformation of active Ni sites in 10 %Ni/γ⁃Al2O3 catalyst to inactive Ni oxide species to cause a continuous decline of its dry reforming activity in fluidized-bed operation mode and at 750 °C and high space velocity condition.
{"title":"Study on the deactivation pathway of supported Ni catalyst in fluidized-bed dry reforming of methane at high space velocity","authors":"Na Xu , Yizheng Li , Jie Du , Zhanguo Zhang , Guangwen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10 %Ni/γ⁃Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst was prepared for dry reforming of methane. Spherical γ⁃Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles having an average particle size of 60 µm were used as the support and an <em>iso</em>-volume impregnation method was employed for the preparation. All activity-evaluation tests were conducted in a fluidized-bed quartz reactor at 0.1 MPa and variable temperatures and space velocities for 600 min. The results of the tests revealed that at 750 °C the catalyst activity showed an obviously accelerated decrease trend with the increase of space velocity. Thermogravimetric analysis of the spent catalysts revealed, however, that little carbon deposit formed in those spent samples that had experienced faster decreases in activity at higher space velocities. While these two facts together deny the possibility of carbon deposition leading to the accelerated activity decline at 750 °C and high space velocities, increasing the CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> ratio of the feed was demonstrated to further accelerate the activity decrease. Meanwhile, XRD and XPS analyses of the spent catalyst samples revealed that oxidative transformation of metallic Ni in catalyst to Ni<sub>x</sub>O (x ≤ 1) species did occur in the reforming in the feed of CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> = 1.5. All these results together have strongly revealed, for the first time, a conclusion as follows: it was the gradual oxidative transformation of active Ni sites in 10 %Ni/γ⁃Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst to inactive Ni oxide species to cause a continuous decline of its dry reforming activity in fluidized-bed operation mode and at 750 °C and high space velocity condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100334
Clara M.C. Silva , Cristiana Maganinho , Adélio Mendes , João Rocha , Inês Portugal , Carlos M. Silva
The rapid growth of the automobile industry has substantially increased end-of-life tires (ELT) production with over 2 300 million units manufactured in 2022. Despite known processes to recover materials and energy from ELT, a significant number of tires still end up in landfills, posing environmental problems. Pyrolysis offers a promising alternative to produce energy and marketable products like recovered carbon black (rCB). Incorporating rCB into rubber matrices shows potential for partially replacing commercial carbon black, but more research is required to understand its reinforcing effects and recyclability through repeated pyrolysis cycles. Furthermore, tire composition variability affects rCB quality, challenging consistent production for market applications. Post-treatments like activation and demineralization enhance rCB properties but pose challenges, with higher activation degrees improving pore structure but reducing carbon content while demineralization removes impurities but raises concerns about chemical use and equipment wear. Further research is needed to develop scalable and economically viable post-treatments along with their life cycle assessment. Here, a comprehensive literature review on rCB activation and demineralization is presented and, since the ultimate goal is to reuse rCB in the production of new tires, the rCB incorporation into rubber matrices is also reviewed.
{"title":"Recovered carbon black: A comprehensive review of activation, demineralization, and incorporation in rubber matrices","authors":"Clara M.C. Silva , Cristiana Maganinho , Adélio Mendes , João Rocha , Inês Portugal , Carlos M. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of the automobile industry has substantially increased end-of-life tires (ELT) production with over 2 300 million units manufactured in 2022. Despite known processes to recover materials and energy from ELT, a significant number of tires still end up in landfills, posing environmental problems. Pyrolysis offers a promising alternative to produce energy and marketable products like recovered carbon black (rCB). Incorporating rCB into rubber matrices shows potential for partially replacing commercial carbon black, but more research is required to understand its reinforcing effects and recyclability through repeated pyrolysis cycles. Furthermore, tire composition variability affects rCB quality, challenging consistent production for market applications. Post-treatments like activation and demineralization enhance rCB properties but pose challenges, with higher activation degrees improving pore structure but reducing carbon content while demineralization removes impurities but raises concerns about chemical use and equipment wear. Further research is needed to develop scalable and economically viable post-treatments along with their life cycle assessment. Here, a comprehensive literature review on rCB activation and demineralization is presented and, since the ultimate goal is to reuse rCB in the production of new tires, the rCB incorporation into rubber matrices is also reviewed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-02DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100335
Zhenzhong Hu , Dawei Hu , Xianzhe Liu , Xian Li , Xiaoyong Zhang , Linlin Yi , Guangqian Luo , Hongyun Hu , Hong Yao
The steel industry’s massive iron production in China necessitates urgent development of low-CO2-emission coking technologies. While carbon–neutral biomass represents a promising substitute for metallurgical coals, its detrimental impacts on coke quality raise significant concerns. This study experimentally validates a novel biomass-based metallurgical feedstock preparation method – Thermal-dissolution based carbon enrichment (TDCE) − through pilot-scale trials. By replacing 10–20% of caking/fat coal with biomass Extract, the coke strength after reaction of cokes increased from 41.72% to 44.80%, while the coke reactivity index decreased from 35.24% to 30.56%. These results confirm the technical viability and competitive advantages of biomass Extract over conventional bonded coals in terms of both cost-effectiveness and renewability. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the TDCE process induces deep aromatization and structural alignment in biomass, endowing the Extract with thermoplastic properties comparable to viscous components in bonded coals. This modified Extract significantly enhances metaplast formation during the plastic stage by extending the plastic temperature range. Moreover, the low ash content and renewability properties of Extract further contributes to the clean and low-CO2-emission preparation of metallurgical cokes. Therefore, this study provides a novel, green and effective biomass-based coking strategy with great potential for industrial application.
{"title":"Thermal-dissolution based carbon enrichment of biomass: Coking application of the Extract","authors":"Zhenzhong Hu , Dawei Hu , Xianzhe Liu , Xian Li , Xiaoyong Zhang , Linlin Yi , Guangqian Luo , Hongyun Hu , Hong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The steel industry’s massive iron production in China necessitates urgent development of low-CO<sub>2</sub>-emission coking technologies. While carbon–neutral biomass represents a promising substitute for metallurgical coals, its detrimental impacts on coke quality raise significant concerns. This study experimentally validates a novel biomass-based metallurgical feedstock preparation method – Thermal-dissolution based carbon enrichment (TDCE) − through pilot-scale trials. By replacing 10–20% of caking/fat coal with biomass Extract, the coke strength after reaction of cokes increased from 41.72% to 44.80%, while the coke reactivity index decreased from 35.24% to 30.56%. These results confirm the technical viability and competitive advantages of biomass Extract over conventional bonded coals in terms of both cost-effectiveness and renewability. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the TDCE process induces deep aromatization and structural alignment in biomass, endowing the Extract with thermoplastic properties comparable to viscous components in bonded coals. This modified Extract significantly enhances metaplast formation during the plastic stage by extending the plastic temperature range. Moreover, the low ash content and renewability properties of Extract further contributes to the clean and low-CO<sub>2</sub>-emission preparation of metallurgical cokes. Therefore, this study provides a novel, green and effective biomass-based coking strategy with great potential for industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Suzuki coupling reaction is a widely employed technique for the synthesis of biaryl compounds in various disciplines. This study introduces the development of a highly efficient and recyclable palladium-doped Silicalite-1 (S-1) catalyst featuring a hierarchical structure, which enhances the efficacy of Suzuki coupling reactions. By utilizing tetra-n-butylphosphonium hydroxide as a structure-directing agent and adjusting the molar ratios of ethanol and water in the synthetic precursor, we successfully produced a range of porous S-1 catalysts. These catalysts displayed a unique architecture characterized by interconnected thin pillars or lamellae. The catalyst’s remarkable specific activity facilitated rapid Suzuki coupling reactions, completing within just three hours under environmentally benign conditions. The Suzuki reaction mechanism was discussed, which involves an oxidative addition of bromobenzene to heterogeneous Pd, followed by metal exchange with phenyl boronic acid and completed by a reductive elimination. Comprehensive substrate screening, selectivity assessments, and recycling studies were also undertaken.
{"title":"Self-pillared hierarchical Silicalite-1 zeolites for enhanced Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions","authors":"Xicheng Jia , Jianxin Liu , Yuming Zhang , Dahong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Suzuki coupling reaction is a widely employed technique for the synthesis of biaryl compounds in various disciplines. This study introduces the development of a highly efficient and recyclable palladium-doped Silicalite-1 (S-1) catalyst featuring a hierarchical structure, which enhances the efficacy of Suzuki coupling reactions. By utilizing tetra-n-butylphosphonium hydroxide as a structure-directing agent and adjusting the molar ratios of ethanol and water in the synthetic precursor, we successfully produced a range of porous S-1 catalysts. These catalysts displayed a unique architecture characterized by interconnected thin pillars or lamellae. The catalyst’s remarkable specific activity facilitated rapid Suzuki coupling reactions, completing within just three hours under environmentally benign conditions. The Suzuki reaction mechanism was discussed, which involves an oxidative addition of bromobenzene to heterogeneous Pd, followed by metal exchange with phenyl boronic acid and completed by a reductive elimination. Comprehensive substrate screening, selectivity assessments, and recycling studies were also undertaken.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100333
Chao Wang , Hanyang Li , Mengjuan Zhang , Zhenglin Wang , Zhennan Han , Xin Jia , Gang Song , Kaixuan Yang , Guoqing Guan , Guangwen Xu
Biomass, blended with a small amount of coal, was fed into a fluidized bed two-stage gasifier to produce low-tar H2-rich gas through O2-rich gasification. The blended coal improved the energy density of biomass fuel and also worked as the bed material. For the fluidized bed two-stage gasification, large char particles of biomass and coal tend to accumulate at the bottom of the gasifier (a riser) to form a carbon-rich reaction zone there. Then, the O2 coming from the bottom of the gasifier mainly reacts with such char, consequently suppressing its interaction with the gases including H2 from pyrolyzer. Using O2-rich air with an ER of 0.35 and at gasification temperatures of about 890 °C, gasifying biomass blending 10 wt% coal produced gas containing 13.3 vol% CO, 20.1 vol% CO2, 4.3 vol% CH4, and 9.8 vol% H2, giving an LHV of 4.9 MJ/Nm3d. Tar content in the produced gas gradually decreased with time, and over the last 6 h the measured content was 0.012 g/Nm3d. Steady operation was well achieved, showing the performance without ash agglomeration for the O2-rich gasification of biomass.
{"title":"Enhanced performance of gasification by blending coal into biomass in a fluidized bed two-stage system","authors":"Chao Wang , Hanyang Li , Mengjuan Zhang , Zhenglin Wang , Zhennan Han , Xin Jia , Gang Song , Kaixuan Yang , Guoqing Guan , Guangwen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass, blended with a small amount of coal, was fed into a fluidized bed two-stage gasifier to produce low-tar H<sub>2</sub>-rich gas through O<sub>2</sub>-rich gasification. The blended coal improved the energy density of biomass fuel and also worked as the bed material. For the fluidized bed two-stage gasification, large char particles of biomass and coal tend to accumulate at the bottom of the gasifier (a riser) to form a carbon-rich reaction zone there. Then, the O<sub>2</sub> coming from the bottom of the gasifier mainly reacts with such char, consequently suppressing its interaction with the gases including H<sub>2</sub> from pyrolyzer. Using O<sub>2</sub>-rich air with an ER of 0.35 and at gasification temperatures of about 890 °C, gasifying biomass blending 10 wt% coal produced gas containing 13.3 vol% CO, 20.1 vol% CO<sub>2</sub>, 4.3 vol% CH<sub>4</sub>, and 9.8 vol% H<sub>2</sub>, giving an LHV of 4.9 MJ/Nm<sup>3</sup><sub>d</sub>. Tar content in the produced gas gradually decreased with time, and over the last 6 h the measured content was 0.012 g/Nm<sup>3</sup><sub>d</sub>. Steady operation was well achieved, showing the performance without ash agglomeration for the O<sub>2</sub>-rich gasification of biomass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100332
Jin-Wei Zhang , Nguyen Duy Hai , Muhammad Al Kholif , Huan-Ping Chao
This study presents the development of carbonaceous adsorbents derived from teak wood waste for the removal of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb2+), copper (Cu2+), and cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents − hydrochar (TH), biochar (TB), and activated carbon (TAC) − were synthesized through thermal and chemical activation processes and further enhanced by graft copolymerization using acrylic acid. Comprehensive characterizations, including SEM, EDS, XPS, BET, and FTIR, revealed that grafting significantly increased surface functional groups (COOH and OH), thereby improving adsorption capacities. Adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism dominated by ion exchange and complexation. Post-grafting, maximum adsorption capacities for Pb2+ increased from 116 mg/g (TH) to 294 mg/g (THG), Cu2+ from 84 mg/g (TH) to 164 mg/g (THG), and Cd2+ from 106 mg/g (TH) to 170 mg/g (THG). The study concludes that grafted teak-based materials hold high potential as cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for water purification applications, contributing to sustainable waste management and environmental protection.
{"title":"Adsorption of heavy metals from water using teak-based carbon material through graft copolymerization","authors":"Jin-Wei Zhang , Nguyen Duy Hai , Muhammad Al Kholif , Huan-Ping Chao","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development of carbonaceous adsorbents derived from teak wood waste for the removal of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>), copper (Cu<sup>2+</sup>), and cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents − hydrochar (TH), biochar (TB), and activated carbon (TAC) − were synthesized through thermal and chemical activation processes and further enhanced by graft copolymerization using acrylic acid. Comprehensive characterizations, including SEM, EDS, XPS, BET, and FTIR, revealed that grafting significantly increased surface functional groups (COOH and OH), thereby improving adsorption capacities. Adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism dominated by ion exchange and complexation. Post-grafting, maximum adsorption capacities for Pb<sup>2+</sup> increased from 116 mg/g (TH) to 294 mg/g (THG), Cu<sup>2+</sup> from 84 mg/g (TH) to 164 mg/g (THG), and Cd<sup>2+</sup> from 106 mg/g (TH) to 170 mg/g (THG). The study concludes that grafted teak-based materials hold high potential as cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for water purification applications, contributing to sustainable waste management and environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100329
Nida Khan , K. Sudhakar , R. Mamat
The paper industry’s reliance on deforestation for wood pulp has raised environmental concerns and led to fluctuating prices. This study explores the potential of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and coconut waste, abundant in Malaysia, as sustainable alternatives for biopaper production. These materials offer a promising solution to mitigate deforestation, address waste issues, and promote sustainable manufacturing. Three biopaper samples were fabricated using 100 % seaweed, 100 % coconut fiber, and a 50/50 blend of seaweed and coconut fiber. The blending of seaweed and coconut fiber allows for customising biopaper properties, such as density and flexibility, making it suitable for a broader range of applications. To characterise these biopapers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed. Additionally, the grammage (GSM) of each biopaper was determined to compare it with traditional wood pulp-based paper to explore its potential applications. FTIR analysis revealed a wide peak between 3343.47 cm−1 and 3355.75 cm−1 in all samples, confirming the existence of O–H bonds often observed in alcohols. TGA examination at 900 °C demonstrated considerable char production, with the seaweed-based bio paper yielding the most char (26.6 %), followed by the coconut-based paper (15.17 %) and the seaweed-coconut mix (13.49 %). The XRD examination indicates that the structure is largely amorphous, with broad peaks in the 2θ range of 11° to 23°. Water absorption test showed that all biopaper samples were hydrophilic; absorption rates for seaweed-based biopaper were 128 g/m2, coconut-based biopaper was 580 g/m2, and the mix of seaweed and coconut was 446 g/m2. High biodegradability was demonstrated by soil burial tests, which indicated weight reductions of 23 %, 57 %, and 64 % for the blended biopaper, seaweed, and coconut after 14 days, respectively. These results highlight Sargassum wightii’s potential as a sustainable biopaper material. When mixed with coconut fiber waste, it can increase density and broaden its possible applications, providing a viable alternative to wood-based papers while also encouraging environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Bio-based papers from seaweed and coconut fiber: sustainable materials for a greener future","authors":"Nida Khan , K. Sudhakar , R. Mamat","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper industry’s reliance on deforestation for wood pulp has raised environmental concerns and led to fluctuating prices. This study explores the potential of seaweed (<em>Sargassum wightii</em>) and coconut waste, abundant in Malaysia, as sustainable alternatives for biopaper production. These materials offer a promising solution to mitigate deforestation, address waste issues, and promote sustainable manufacturing. Three biopaper samples were fabricated using 100 % seaweed, 100 % coconut fiber, and a 50/50 blend of seaweed and coconut fiber. The blending of seaweed and coconut fiber allows for customising biopaper properties, such as density and flexibility, making it suitable for a broader range of applications. To characterise these biopapers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed. Additionally, the grammage (GSM) of each biopaper was determined to compare it with traditional wood pulp-based paper to explore its potential applications. FTIR analysis revealed a wide peak between 3343.47 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 3355.75 cm<sup>−1</sup> in all samples, confirming the existence of O–H bonds often observed in alcohols. TGA examination at 900 °C demonstrated considerable char production, with the seaweed-based bio paper yielding the most char (26.6 %), followed by the coconut-based paper (15.17 %) and the seaweed-coconut mix (13.49 %). The XRD examination indicates that the structure is largely amorphous, with broad peaks in the 2θ range of 11° to 23°. Water absorption test showed that all biopaper samples were hydrophilic; absorption rates for seaweed-based biopaper were 128 g/m<sup>2</sup>, coconut-based biopaper was 580 g/m<sup>2</sup>, and the mix of seaweed and coconut was 446 g/m<sup>2</sup>. High biodegradability was demonstrated by soil burial tests, which indicated weight reductions of 23 %, 57 %, and 64 % for the blended biopaper, seaweed, and coconut after 14 days, respectively. These results highlight <em>Sargassum wightii</em>’s potential as a sustainable biopaper material. When mixed with coconut fiber waste, it can increase density and broaden its possible applications, providing a viable alternative to wood-based papers while also encouraging environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100330
Alston Bernard D’Souza , Atiqur Rahaman , Khandaker Asif Ahmed , Elena Adaschewski , Dieter Hanelt , Abdelfatah Abomohra
This study investigated the possible adaptation of a microalgae consortium to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations reaching up to 50 % v/v in a lab-scale photobioreactor (PBR). Results showed a significant reduction in the growth rate of the consortium with increasing CO2 supplementation, from 1.327 d-1 in the initial culture without CO2 supplementation to 0.369 d-1 at 50 % CO2. At the lowest applied CO2 supplementation of 10%, the growth rate was 0.735 d-1. Interestingly, supplementation of 40% CO2 in the final run showed insignificant difference in the growth rate of the consortium compared to that at 10% CO2. Microbial community analysis revealed a shift towards bacterial genera that enhance the microalgal growth, while some algal genera (mainly Tetradesmus and Chlorella) became more dominant under CO2 enrichment. Compared to the initial consortium, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased from 36.2% to 58.1% under 40% CO2, mainly due to the increase in the proportion of essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Under 40% CO2 supplementation, an increase in cell size was observed, despite a reduction in cell number. This study highlights the potential of microalgae consortia to adapt to high CO2 levels, leading to a dominance of certain algal genera. This adaptation improves the production of EFAs, thereby contributing to both environmental sustainability and industrial applications.
{"title":"Progressive adaptation of microalgae consortium to elevated carbon dioxide coupled with enhanced production of essential fatty acids","authors":"Alston Bernard D’Souza , Atiqur Rahaman , Khandaker Asif Ahmed , Elena Adaschewski , Dieter Hanelt , Abdelfatah Abomohra","doi":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crcon.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the possible adaptation of a microalgae consortium to elevated carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations reaching up to 50 % <em>v/v</em> in a lab-scale photobioreactor (PBR). Results showed a significant reduction in the growth rate of the consortium with increasing CO<sub>2</sub> supplementation, from 1.327 d<sup>-1</sup> in the initial culture without CO<sub>2</sub> supplementation to 0.369 d<sup>-1</sup> at 50 % CO<sub>2</sub>. At the lowest applied CO<sub>2</sub> supplementation of 10%, the growth rate was 0.735 d<sup>-1</sup>. Interestingly, supplementation of 40% CO<sub>2</sub> in the final run showed insignificant difference in the growth rate of the consortium compared to that at 10% CO<sub>2</sub>. Microbial community analysis revealed a shift towards bacterial genera that enhance the microalgal growth, while some algal genera (mainly <em>Tetradesmus</em> and <em>Chlorella</em>) became more dominant under CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment. Compared to the initial consortium, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased from 36.2% to 58.1% under 40% CO<sub>2</sub>, mainly due to the increase in the proportion of essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Under 40% CO<sub>2</sub> supplementation, an increase in cell size was observed, despite a reduction in cell number. This study highlights the potential of microalgae consortia to adapt to high CO<sub>2</sub> levels, leading to a dominance of certain algal genera. This adaptation improves the production of EFAs, thereby contributing to both environmental sustainability and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52958,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Resources Conversion","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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