{"title":"Genuine Pretending: On the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi by Hans-Georg Moeller and Paul J. D’Ambrosio (review)","authors":"Stephen C. Walker","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43437822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Korean Buddhist Empire: A Transnational History, 1910–1945 by Hwansoo Ilmee Kim (review)","authors":"Erik J. Hammerstrom","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44061128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Old Society, New Belief: Religious Transformation of China and Rome, ca. 1st–6th Centuries ed. by Mu-chou Poo, H. A. Drake and Lisa Raphals (review)","authors":"Yuan-lin Tsai","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46829358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay considers the ways in which rebellion influenced religious identity through the exploration of a historical case study: the White Lotus Uprising in Qing China. Depositions taken from captured sectarians highlight the dynamic and contingent nature of religious identification in the context of state repression: Religious rebels articulated their commitment to their sect in response to state policy—which changed during the course of the rebellion—and in the light of their own experience. An examination of individual identification with religious sects in the context of the eighteenth-century revolt reveals that religious identity could function both as asset and as liability for adherents and further highlights the fluidity of religious identity under changing historical circumstances.摘要:這篇文章以清代白蓮教起義為案例探索暴動過程和起義者宗教身份認同之間的關係。教徒的口供顯示他们的宗教身份認同由於政府鎮壓情況的變換也有善變的特性。教門叛徒闡釋他們對教派的承諾一方面是應對起義過程中國家政策的改變，一方面也是基於他們個人的經歷。查究十八世紀起義過程中起義者的個人宗教身份認同揭示：宗教身份認同對個人追隨一個宗教團體既有利也有弊，從而進一步指出宗教身份認同在不斷變化的歷史形勢中的流動性。
Abstract:This essay considers the ways in which rebellion influenced religious identity through the exploration of a historical case study: the White Lotus Uprising in Qing China.Depositions taken from captured sectarians highlight the dynamic and contingent nature of religious identification in the context of state repression: Religious rebels articulated their commitment to their sect in response to state policy—which changed during the course of the rebellion—and in the light of their own experience.An examination of individual identification with religious sects in the context of the eighteenth-century revolt reveals that religious identity could function both as asset and as liability for adherents and further highlights the fluidity of religious identity under changing historical circumstances.摘要：这篇文章以清代白莲教起义为案例探索暴动过程和起义者宗教身份认同之间的关系。教徒的口供显示他们的宗教身份认同由于政府镇压情况的变换也有善变的特性。教门叛徒阐释他们对教派的承诺一方面是应对起义过程中国家政策的改变，一方面也是基于他们个人的经历。查究十八世纪起义过程中起义者的个人宗教身份认同揭示：宗教身份认同对个人追随一个宗教团体既有利也有弊，从而进一步指出宗教身份认同在不断变化的历史形势中的流动性。
{"title":"Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (1796–1804)","authors":"Cecily McCaffrey","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay considers the ways in which rebellion influenced religious identity through the exploration of a historical case study: the White Lotus Uprising in Qing China. Depositions taken from captured sectarians highlight the dynamic and contingent nature of religious identification in the context of state repression: Religious rebels articulated their commitment to their sect in response to state policy—which changed during the course of the rebellion—and in the light of their own experience. An examination of individual identification with religious sects in the context of the eighteenth-century revolt reveals that religious identity could function both as asset and as liability for adherents and further highlights the fluidity of religious identity under changing historical circumstances.摘要:這篇文章以清代白蓮教起義為案例探索暴動過程和起義者宗教身份認同之間的關係。教徒的口供顯示他们的宗教身份認同由於政府鎮壓情況的變換也有善變的特性。教門叛徒闡釋他們對教派的承諾一方面是應對起義過程中國家政策的改變，一方面也是基於他們個人的經歷。查究十八世紀起義過程中起義者的個人宗教身份認同揭示：宗教身份認同對個人追隨一個宗教團體既有利也有弊，從而進一步指出宗教身份認同在不斷變化的歷史形勢中的流動性。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44775045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion in China by Adam Yuet Chau (review)","authors":"B. McGuire","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46416530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Religion in twentieth-century China was reorganized according to new, modern, and scientific paradigms; in this novel definition, which excluded many communal experiences deemed superstitious, religion came to be identified more with personal practice and individual beliefs, understood as self-strengthening and self-improvement, and was to be one of the responses against Western Imperialism and Japanese occupation. Women had always been seen as closely involved with religious practices, but at this time they were identified as intrinsically and powerfully superstitious, and their religiosity was used as a necessary site of symbolic transformation for the nation. Numerous examples of the deleterious effect of superstition on women, their children, the family, and society were described, and modern and scientific education was seen as the antidote to this seemingly intractable problem.摘要:宗教在二十世紀中國被賦予新的定位，在新的標準之下，許多集體性的經驗被目為「迷信」，並遭到排斥，相較於此，所謂「宗教」的面貌更傾向個體的實踐與信仰，作為自我提升之道，有人甚至會以此回應西方帝國主義和日本的侵略. 婦女從來跟宗教信仰有密切關係, 到了民國時期，她們被視特別‘迷信者’；女性的宗教性（religiosity）也被視為轉化的象徵性。資料裡面有很多例子，介紹「迷信」怎麼害婦女，兒童，家庭，與社會文明。婦女能收到科學性的新教育再能夠對抗這些陋習。
{"title":"Men Built Religion, and Women Made It Superstitious: Gender and Superstition in Republican China","authors":"Elena Valussi","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Religion in twentieth-century China was reorganized according to new, modern, and scientific paradigms; in this novel definition, which excluded many communal experiences deemed superstitious, religion came to be identified more with personal practice and individual beliefs, understood as self-strengthening and self-improvement, and was to be one of the responses against Western Imperialism and Japanese occupation. Women had always been seen as closely involved with religious practices, but at this time they were identified as intrinsically and powerfully superstitious, and their religiosity was used as a necessary site of symbolic transformation for the nation. Numerous examples of the deleterious effect of superstition on women, their children, the family, and society were described, and modern and scientific education was seen as the antidote to this seemingly intractable problem.摘要:宗教在二十世紀中國被賦予新的定位，在新的標準之下，許多集體性的經驗被目為「迷信」，並遭到排斥，相較於此，所謂「宗教」的面貌更傾向個體的實踐與信仰，作為自我提升之道，有人甚至會以此回應西方帝國主義和日本的侵略. 婦女從來跟宗教信仰有密切關係, 到了民國時期，她們被視特別‘迷信者’；女性的宗教性（religiosity）也被視為轉化的象徵性。資料裡面有很多例子，介紹「迷信」怎麼害婦女，兒童，家庭，與社會文明。婦女能收到科學性的新教育再能夠對抗這些陋習。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41962399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay searches for the theoretical underpinnings of oath-making between deities and human masters found in Daoist practice in today’s Hunan province. It shows that the practice of deities concluding oaths with masters was grounded in the cosmological and theological vision of Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao 神霄) theorists Wang Wenqing 王文卿 (1093–1153) and Bai Yuchan 白玉蟾 (fl. 1194–1229?). They developed an elegant view of the Divine Empyrean cosmos as founded on oaths made by high celestial gods to one another, which included humiliating maledictions for failure to comply with their sworn commitments. Based on this paradigm, human masters and thunder deities concluded oaths in which they entered into collaborative relationships that accounted for the ritual efficacy of thunder rites. The harsh curses masters and thunder deities voiced to one another in their mutual oaths became conspicuous in rites designed to summon and direct thunder deities to protect or heal. Wang and Bai theorized these curses in inner alchemical terms, developing a theory of ritual collaboration based on deep resonance between the ferocious (nu 怒) nature of thunder deities and the ferocious nature of the master’s primordial spirit cultivated via visualization. Running through these Divine Empyrean theories and practices was the idea that oaths and curses bound different kinds of subjects into collaborative partnerships within the Divine Empyrean cosmic hierarchy.摘要:本文研究湖南省當代道教儀式中人神之間立誓的理論基礎。該研究顯示神靈與道教法師立誓結盟此一行為是基於神霄理論家王文卿和白玉蟾的宇宙觀及神學理念。王與白為神霄宇宙體系發展出一個精巧的理論。即是，該宇宙體系是建立在神霄高階天神之間的誓言交換之上。在誓言中，天神對自身立下詛咒，承諾如若違反誓言，他們自身將承受嚴懲。遵循高階天神的範例，道教法師和雷神也相互立誓結盟。通過交換誓言，雙方建立合作關係。這種關係為他們所行之雷法奠定儀式的靈效。在召喚雷神及指揮雷神驅邪治病的儀式中，人神誓言所包含的嚴苛叱咒格外引人注目。王文卿和白玉蟾將這類叱咒在內丹意義上理論化。他們的理論闡發即是，雷神具有“怒”之特性，而道教法師通過存想鍊就的元神也具有同等的“怒”之特性；人神之間的儀式合作是基於雙方的相同性質之間的深層感應。王與白的理論闡釋了一個重要的神霄理念：通過立誓結盟和叱咒，不同的儀式主體結合而建構神霄宇宙等級體系中的合作夥伴關係。
Abstract:This essay searches for the theoretical underpinnings of oath-making between deities and human masters found in Daoist practice in today’s Hunan province.It shows that the practice of deities concluding oaths with masters was grounded in the cosmological and theological vision of Divine Empyrean（Shenxiao神霄）theorists Wang Wenqing王文卿（1093–1153）and Bai Yuchan白玉蟾（fl. 1194–1229？）.They developed an elegant view of the Divine Empyrean cosmos as founded on oaths made by high celestial gods to one another，which included humiliating maledictions for failure to comply with their sworn commitments.Based on this paradigm，human masters and thunder deities concluded oaths in which they entered into collaborative relationships that accounted for the ritual efficacy of thunder rites.The harsh curses masters and thunder deities voiced to one another in their mutual oaths became conspicuous in rites designed to summon and direct thunder deities to protect or heal.Wang and Bai theorized these curses in inner alchemical terms，developing a theory of ritual collaboration based on deep resonance between the ferocious（nu怒）nature of thunder deities and the ferocious nature of the master’s primordial spirit cultivated via visualization.Running through these Divine Empyrean theories and practices was the idea that oaths and curses bound different kinds of subjects into collaborative partnerships within the Divine Empyrean cosmic hierarchy.摘要：本文研究湖南省当代道教仪式中人神之间立誓的理论基础。该研究显示神灵与道教法师立誓结盟此一行为是基于神霄理论家王文卿和白玉蟾的宇宙观及神学理念。王与白为神霄宇宙体系发展出一个精巧的理论。即是，该宇宙体系是建立在神霄高阶天神之间的誓言交换之上。在誓言中，天神对自身立下诅咒，承诺如若违反誓言，他们自身将承受严惩。遵循高阶天神的示例，道教法师和雷神也相互立誓结盟。通过交换誓言，双方建立合作关系。这种关系为他们所行之雷法奠定仪式的灵效。在召唤雷神及指挥雷神驱邪治病的仪式中，人神誓言所包含的严苛叱咒格外引人注目。王文卿和白玉蟾将这类叱咒在内丹意义上理论化。他们的理论阐发即是，雷神具有“怒”之特性，而道教法师通过存想炼就的元神也具有同等的“怒”之特性；人神之间的仪式合作是基于双方的相同性质之间的深层感应。王与白的理论阐释了一个重要的神霄理念：通过立誓结盟和叱咒，不同的仪式主体结合而建构神霄宇宙等级体系中的合作伙伴关系。
{"title":"Oaths and Curses in Divine Empyrean Practice","authors":"David Mozina","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay searches for the theoretical underpinnings of oath-making between deities and human masters found in Daoist practice in today’s Hunan province. It shows that the practice of deities concluding oaths with masters was grounded in the cosmological and theological vision of Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao 神霄) theorists Wang Wenqing 王文卿 (1093–1153) and Bai Yuchan 白玉蟾 (fl. 1194–1229?). They developed an elegant view of the Divine Empyrean cosmos as founded on oaths made by high celestial gods to one another, which included humiliating maledictions for failure to comply with their sworn commitments. Based on this paradigm, human masters and thunder deities concluded oaths in which they entered into collaborative relationships that accounted for the ritual efficacy of thunder rites. The harsh curses masters and thunder deities voiced to one another in their mutual oaths became conspicuous in rites designed to summon and direct thunder deities to protect or heal. Wang and Bai theorized these curses in inner alchemical terms, developing a theory of ritual collaboration based on deep resonance between the ferocious (nu 怒) nature of thunder deities and the ferocious nature of the master’s primordial spirit cultivated via visualization. Running through these Divine Empyrean theories and practices was the idea that oaths and curses bound different kinds of subjects into collaborative partnerships within the Divine Empyrean cosmic hierarchy.摘要:本文研究湖南省當代道教儀式中人神之間立誓的理論基礎。該研究顯示神靈與道教法師立誓結盟此一行為是基於神霄理論家王文卿和白玉蟾的宇宙觀及神學理念。王與白為神霄宇宙體系發展出一個精巧的理論。即是，該宇宙體系是建立在神霄高階天神之間的誓言交換之上。在誓言中，天神對自身立下詛咒，承諾如若違反誓言，他們自身將承受嚴懲。遵循高階天神的範例，道教法師和雷神也相互立誓結盟。通過交換誓言，雙方建立合作關係。這種關係為他們所行之雷法奠定儀式的靈效。在召喚雷神及指揮雷神驅邪治病的儀式中，人神誓言所包含的嚴苛叱咒格外引人注目。王文卿和白玉蟾將這類叱咒在內丹意義上理論化。他們的理論闡發即是，雷神具有“怒”之特性，而道教法師通過存想鍊就的元神也具有同等的“怒”之特性；人神之間的儀式合作是基於雙方的相同性質之間的深層感應。王與白的理論闡釋了一個重要的神霄理念：通過立誓結盟和叱咒，不同的儀式主體結合而建構神霄宇宙等級體系中的合作夥伴關係。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42983220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article explores major changes in the dominant models of meditation that came to characterize the practice of Chinese Buddhism during the first millennium of its growth and transformation. The main line of argument centers on key transformations of the classical model of Buddhist meditation, which postulates two main approaches to contemplative practice: calmness and insight. The main paradigm shifts examined in the article include the pairing of the two approaches in the writings of Zhiyi (538–597) and his Tiantai School, and the conceptual and soteriological reconfigurations that unfolded within the flourishing Chan movement during the Tang era. That is followed by an analysis of the development of a completely new model of Chan meditation during the Song period, which marked the virtual disappearance of calmness and insight from the everyday vocabulary of Chinese Buddhism.摘要:本文研究禪修模式的主要變化，這些變化展現了中國佛教在實踐上千年中的變更及成長。本文主要的論點提出止(定)和觀(慧)這兩種主要的禪觀方法，在佛教禪修中有關鍵性的轉變。文中所探討的主要轉變包括：智顗（538–597）與天台宗對止和觀的論述，以及唐代發展的禪宗在思想上和解脫道上的重構。本文也對宋代新的禪觀模式作全面的分析，指出了止和觀在日常中國佛教詞彙中消失。
{"title":"Disappearing Act: Calmness and Insight in Chinese Buddhism","authors":"Mario Poceski","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article explores major changes in the dominant models of meditation that came to characterize the practice of Chinese Buddhism during the first millennium of its growth and transformation. The main line of argument centers on key transformations of the classical model of Buddhist meditation, which postulates two main approaches to contemplative practice: calmness and insight. The main paradigm shifts examined in the article include the pairing of the two approaches in the writings of Zhiyi (538–597) and his Tiantai School, and the conceptual and soteriological reconfigurations that unfolded within the flourishing Chan movement during the Tang era. That is followed by an analysis of the development of a completely new model of Chan meditation during the Song period, which marked the virtual disappearance of calmness and insight from the everyday vocabulary of Chinese Buddhism.摘要:本文研究禪修模式的主要變化，這些變化展現了中國佛教在實踐上千年中的變更及成長。本文主要的論點提出止(定)和觀(慧)這兩種主要的禪觀方法，在佛教禪修中有關鍵性的轉變。文中所探討的主要轉變包括：智顗（538–597）與天台宗對止和觀的論述，以及唐代發展的禪宗在思想上和解脫道上的重構。本文也對宋代新的禪觀模式作全面的分析，指出了止和觀在日常中國佛教詞彙中消失。","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43456150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese Ways of Being Muslim: Negotiating Ethnicity and Religiosity in Indonesia by Hew Wai Weng (review)","authors":"Muhamad Ali","doi":"10.1353/jcr.2019.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcr.2019.0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Religions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49515535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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