Alexander Emde, Lisa Märkle, Benedikt Kratzer, Felix Schnell, Lukas Baur, Alexander Sauer
The liberalization of the German energy market has created opportunities for end-consumers, including industrial companies, to actively participate in the electricity market. By making their energy loads more flexible, consumers can generate additional income and thus save money. Energy storage systems can be utilized to achieve the required flexibility by temporarily storing excess electrical energy in the form of heat, cold, or electricity for later use. This publication focuses on how the dimensionality of energy storage is influenced by load forecasting. The results show that inaccuracies in load forecasting lead to a direct over-dimensioning and thus, a deterioration of the economics of energy storage technologies. Using two scenario cases, it shows on the one hand how important good forecasts are and on the other hand that buffers must be included in the conceptual design in order to be able to compensate for forecast errors.
{"title":"Effects of Load Forecast Deviation on the Specification of Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Alexander Emde, Lisa Märkle, Benedikt Kratzer, Felix Schnell, Lukas Baur, Alexander Sauer","doi":"10.3390/designs7050107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050107","url":null,"abstract":"The liberalization of the German energy market has created opportunities for end-consumers, including industrial companies, to actively participate in the electricity market. By making their energy loads more flexible, consumers can generate additional income and thus save money. Energy storage systems can be utilized to achieve the required flexibility by temporarily storing excess electrical energy in the form of heat, cold, or electricity for later use. This publication focuses on how the dimensionality of energy storage is influenced by load forecasting. The results show that inaccuracies in load forecasting lead to a direct over-dimensioning and thus, a deterioration of the economics of energy storage technologies. Using two scenario cases, it shows on the one hand how important good forecasts are and on the other hand that buffers must be included in the conceptual design in order to be able to compensate for forecast errors.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136023280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenyu Tian, Hao Xue, Kaijin Fang, Kai Zhang, Guiyun Tian
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is an emerging technology with promising applications, with the nozzle playing a crucial role in extrusion, heating, and material ejection. However, most current extrusion-based 3D printers handle only single-material printing, making the integration of multiple materials through a single nozzle challenging due to compromised quality and clogging risks. This paper introduces a method to design multi-material 3D printing nozzles using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and knowledge graph (KG). By optimizing design and leveraging TRIZ’s contradiction resolution principle, this study addressed bottlenecks and complexities in multi-material nozzle design, providing insightful recommendations. A patent knowledge graph focused on spray nozzles was created, storing material properties, design elements, and constraints for enhanced knowledge sharing. Building on identified challenges and recommendations, the study utilized keyword searches and associative paths in the knowledge graph to guide designers in generating innovative solutions. Validation was achieved through two distinct nozzle design models resulting from guided innovations. The TRIZ-KG methodology presented in this paper provides designers with a systematic cognitive framework to empower designers in overcoming technical obstacles and proposing precise solutions.
{"title":"Multi-Material 3D-Printing Nozzle Design Based on the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and Knowledge Graph","authors":"Chenyu Tian, Hao Xue, Kaijin Fang, Kai Zhang, Guiyun Tian","doi":"10.3390/designs7050103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050103","url":null,"abstract":"Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is an emerging technology with promising applications, with the nozzle playing a crucial role in extrusion, heating, and material ejection. However, most current extrusion-based 3D printers handle only single-material printing, making the integration of multiple materials through a single nozzle challenging due to compromised quality and clogging risks. This paper introduces a method to design multi-material 3D printing nozzles using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and knowledge graph (KG). By optimizing design and leveraging TRIZ’s contradiction resolution principle, this study addressed bottlenecks and complexities in multi-material nozzle design, providing insightful recommendations. A patent knowledge graph focused on spray nozzles was created, storing material properties, design elements, and constraints for enhanced knowledge sharing. Building on identified challenges and recommendations, the study utilized keyword searches and associative paths in the knowledge graph to guide designers in generating innovative solutions. Validation was achieved through two distinct nozzle design models resulting from guided innovations. The TRIZ-KG methodology presented in this paper provides designers with a systematic cognitive framework to empower designers in overcoming technical obstacles and proposing precise solutions.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45359540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virtual reality (VR) technology has recently been adopted by educators for use in the classroom. Currently, this educational model includes not only lectures with teachers in the online classroom but also practical sessions using online platforms. Few studies have explored the potential of pedagogical approaches to implementing VR in the classroom for the purpose of design education. The focus of this paper was to study the learning experiences of the 3D visualisation of products among industrial design students through the strategic implementation of virtual reality technology. A within-subjects comparative study was conducted to measure cognitive workload and engagement and enjoyment, while a 3D modelling task was given using two different set-ups (conventional 3D software versus VR-based software). The statistical results show that the NASA-TLX score was lower in the case of the VR-based 3D modelling exercise compared to the conventional 3D software-based exercise. On the other hand, the mean values were higher for the engagement and enjoyment and usability scores, which means that the VR-based experience for 3D modelling was better than the traditional modelling experience using conventional software. Hence, there are possibilities to implement VR-based 3D modelling tools for online industrial design education for 3D visualisation in the near future.
{"title":"User Experience Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Tool Used for 3D Modelling in Industrial Design Education: A Study in the Indian Context","authors":"Shakti Banerjee, A. Chowdhury, Nilakshi Yein","doi":"10.3390/designs7050105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050105","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality (VR) technology has recently been adopted by educators for use in the classroom. Currently, this educational model includes not only lectures with teachers in the online classroom but also practical sessions using online platforms. Few studies have explored the potential of pedagogical approaches to implementing VR in the classroom for the purpose of design education. The focus of this paper was to study the learning experiences of the 3D visualisation of products among industrial design students through the strategic implementation of virtual reality technology. A within-subjects comparative study was conducted to measure cognitive workload and engagement and enjoyment, while a 3D modelling task was given using two different set-ups (conventional 3D software versus VR-based software). The statistical results show that the NASA-TLX score was lower in the case of the VR-based 3D modelling exercise compared to the conventional 3D software-based exercise. On the other hand, the mean values were higher for the engagement and enjoyment and usability scores, which means that the VR-based experience for 3D modelling was better than the traditional modelling experience using conventional software. Hence, there are possibilities to implement VR-based 3D modelling tools for online industrial design education for 3D visualisation in the near future.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42644096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, people have been buying custom-built PCs based on the performance they want and what they will use them for. However, there are many challenges for non-technical users when purchasing a custom-built PC. Not only is the terminology of computer devices unfamiliar to non-experts, but there are many specifications for different computer devices that need to be considered. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for recommending appropriate device models when purchasing custom-built PCs using a skyline. Because different computer devices have different specifications, we need a method that takes into account multiple attributes. Skyline querying is a technique that considers multiple attributes of an object and indexes them in order of user satisfaction. A grid skyline is a technique that uses a grid-based partitioning technique to reduce the number of calculations of the dominance relationship between objects in the existing skyline technique, thus reducing the index construction time. We measured the similarity between the results of the grid skyline and the leaderboard for each model of computer device. As a result of this experiment, compared to the leaderboard categorized by model of computer device, the average score was 88 out of 100, which was similar to the actual leaderboard.
{"title":"The Design and Construction of a Grid Skyline for Custom-Built PC Recommendations Based on a Multi-Attribute Model","authors":"Soo-Yeon Jeong, Junseok Kim, Sun-Young Ihm","doi":"10.3390/designs7050104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050104","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, people have been buying custom-built PCs based on the performance they want and what they will use them for. However, there are many challenges for non-technical users when purchasing a custom-built PC. Not only is the terminology of computer devices unfamiliar to non-experts, but there are many specifications for different computer devices that need to be considered. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for recommending appropriate device models when purchasing custom-built PCs using a skyline. Because different computer devices have different specifications, we need a method that takes into account multiple attributes. Skyline querying is a technique that considers multiple attributes of an object and indexes them in order of user satisfaction. A grid skyline is a technique that uses a grid-based partitioning technique to reduce the number of calculations of the dominance relationship between objects in the existing skyline technique, thus reducing the index construction time. We measured the similarity between the results of the grid skyline and the leaderboard for each model of computer device. As a result of this experiment, compared to the leaderboard categorized by model of computer device, the average score was 88 out of 100, which was similar to the actual leaderboard.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48628611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Givonetti, Mattia Mairone, R. Asso, Emanuela De Luca, L. B. Grateron, D. Masera, G. Marano
In professional practice, the design and verification of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and Prestressed Reinforced Concrete (PRC) structures are performed using a simplified calculation provided by the Eurocodes that limits resistance but that also includes a certain level of structural safety. Some aspects that directly affect the simplified methods involve the use of linear constitutive laws of materials. The use of non-linear laws is evident in the exploitation of reservoirs of strength and deformations of plastic materials in the Ultimate Limit State. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the increase in resistance to bending actions during the plasticization of the beam of existing bridges to support the decision-making process of the engineer in the assessment of existing structures. To achieve this, two codes (MEG Ductility, MEG Fiber Sections) were developed to provide the moment–curvature diagram of RC and PRC sections using non-linear bonds, and in this paper, the study of RC sections is reported. Furthermore, through a push-down analysis, two RC and PRC viaducts have been analyzed using the moment–curvature characteristics obtained from the realized codes and by varying the non-linear constitutive bonds. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the behavior of RC structures under bending actions and demonstrate the importance of considering non-linear material laws for accurate structural assessments. The findings contribute to the enhancement of the decision-making process of engineers when dealing with existing infrastructures.
{"title":"Non-Linear Analysis of R.C. and P.R.C. Girder Bridges","authors":"Marco Givonetti, Mattia Mairone, R. Asso, Emanuela De Luca, L. B. Grateron, D. Masera, G. Marano","doi":"10.3390/designs7040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040102","url":null,"abstract":"In professional practice, the design and verification of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and Prestressed Reinforced Concrete (PRC) structures are performed using a simplified calculation provided by the Eurocodes that limits resistance but that also includes a certain level of structural safety. Some aspects that directly affect the simplified methods involve the use of linear constitutive laws of materials. The use of non-linear laws is evident in the exploitation of reservoirs of strength and deformations of plastic materials in the Ultimate Limit State. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the increase in resistance to bending actions during the plasticization of the beam of existing bridges to support the decision-making process of the engineer in the assessment of existing structures. To achieve this, two codes (MEG Ductility, MEG Fiber Sections) were developed to provide the moment–curvature diagram of RC and PRC sections using non-linear bonds, and in this paper, the study of RC sections is reported. Furthermore, through a push-down analysis, two RC and PRC viaducts have been analyzed using the moment–curvature characteristics obtained from the realized codes and by varying the non-linear constitutive bonds. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the behavior of RC structures under bending actions and demonstrate the importance of considering non-linear material laws for accurate structural assessments. The findings contribute to the enhancement of the decision-making process of engineers when dealing with existing infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45866487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy consumption is increasing due to the rise in the world population, industrialization, and urbanization, particularly in the residential sector, attributed to a lack of user-friendly tools. This study seeks to create a research framework and wireframe for home energy-saving applications. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the VOSviewer software version 1.6.18 tool to pinpoint the research problems. Three key research problems were identified: Inadequate information presentation for both experts and non-experts, insufficient consideration for middle-aged and elderly users, and difficulties in interpreting graphics or images on the application’s display screens. This qualitative research involved three rounds of co-creation activities with nine experts and nine non-experts to identify major problems and preliminary solutions. As a result, two key issues were addressed from the qualitative data: The problem of area calculation, resolved by simplifying data entry processes, and the issue of material selection within homes, improved by incorporating illustrative images with concise, easily understandable descriptions. The outcome of this research is a framework and wireframe that lays the groundwork for developing user-friendly applications that promote sustainable behaviors in residential energy usage. This research contributes valuable guidelines for developers and stakeholders to create more efficient and user-friendly applications, thus promoting environmental action and sustainable practices in residential settings.
{"title":"Sustainability at Home: The Development of an Efficient Framework for Home Energy-Saving Applications","authors":"Sarunporn Tongsubanan, Kittichai Kasemsarn","doi":"10.3390/designs7040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040101","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption is increasing due to the rise in the world population, industrialization, and urbanization, particularly in the residential sector, attributed to a lack of user-friendly tools. This study seeks to create a research framework and wireframe for home energy-saving applications. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the VOSviewer software version 1.6.18 tool to pinpoint the research problems. Three key research problems were identified: Inadequate information presentation for both experts and non-experts, insufficient consideration for middle-aged and elderly users, and difficulties in interpreting graphics or images on the application’s display screens. This qualitative research involved three rounds of co-creation activities with nine experts and nine non-experts to identify major problems and preliminary solutions. As a result, two key issues were addressed from the qualitative data: The problem of area calculation, resolved by simplifying data entry processes, and the issue of material selection within homes, improved by incorporating illustrative images with concise, easily understandable descriptions. The outcome of this research is a framework and wireframe that lays the groundwork for developing user-friendly applications that promote sustainable behaviors in residential energy usage. This research contributes valuable guidelines for developers and stakeholders to create more efficient and user-friendly applications, thus promoting environmental action and sustainable practices in residential settings.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47664534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments [...]
可持续发展的基本目标是减少不可再生资源的消耗，尽量减少浪费，并创造健康、富有成效的环境[…]
{"title":"Sustainable Design in Building and Urban Environment","authors":"F. Aram","doi":"10.3390/designs7040099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040099","url":null,"abstract":"The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments [...]","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69574835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predictive maintenance is one of the most important topics within the Industry 4.0 paradigm. We present a prototype decision support system (DSS) that collects and processes data from many sensors and uses machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to report deviations from the optimal process in a timely manner and correct them to the correct parameters directly or indirectly through operator intervention or self-correction. We propose to develop the DSS using open-source R packages because using open-source software such as R for predictive maintenance is beneficial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as it provides an affordable, adaptable, flexible, and tunable solution. We validate the DSS through a case study to show its application to SMEs that need to maintain industrial equipment in real time by leveraging IoT technologies and predictive maintenance of industrial cooling systems. The dataset used was simulated based on the information on the indicators measured as well as their ranges collected by in-depth interviews. The results show that the software provides predictions and actionable insights using collaborative filtering. Feedback is collected from SMEs in the manufacturing sector as potential system users. Positive feedback emphasized the advantages of employing open-source predictive maintenance tools, such as R, for SMEs, including cost savings, increased accuracy, community assistance, and program customization. However, SMEs have overwhelmingly voiced comments and concerns regarding the use of open-source R in their infrastructure development and daily operations.
{"title":"Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0 for the SMEs: A Decision Support System Case Study Using Open-Source Software","authors":"M. Pejić Bach, Amir Topalovic, Z. Krstic, A. Ivec","doi":"10.3390/designs7040098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040098","url":null,"abstract":"Predictive maintenance is one of the most important topics within the Industry 4.0 paradigm. We present a prototype decision support system (DSS) that collects and processes data from many sensors and uses machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to report deviations from the optimal process in a timely manner and correct them to the correct parameters directly or indirectly through operator intervention or self-correction. We propose to develop the DSS using open-source R packages because using open-source software such as R for predictive maintenance is beneficial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as it provides an affordable, adaptable, flexible, and tunable solution. We validate the DSS through a case study to show its application to SMEs that need to maintain industrial equipment in real time by leveraging IoT technologies and predictive maintenance of industrial cooling systems. The dataset used was simulated based on the information on the indicators measured as well as their ranges collected by in-depth interviews. The results show that the software provides predictions and actionable insights using collaborative filtering. Feedback is collected from SMEs in the manufacturing sector as potential system users. Positive feedback emphasized the advantages of employing open-source predictive maintenance tools, such as R, for SMEs, including cost savings, increased accuracy, community assistance, and program customization. However, SMEs have overwhelmingly voiced comments and concerns regarding the use of open-source R in their infrastructure development and daily operations.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen as an energy carrier could help decarbonize industrial, building, and transportation sectors, and be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, power, or heat. One of the numerous ways to solve the climate crisis is to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have demonstrated a high potential in storing and converting chemical energy into electricity with zero carbon dioxide emissions. This review paper comprehensively assesses hydrogen’s potential as an innovative alternative for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transportation, particularly for on-board applications. To evaluate the industry’s current status and future challenges, the work analyses the technology behind FCEVs and hydrogen storage approaches for on-board applications, followed by a market review. It has been found that, to achieve long-range autonomy (over 500 km), FCEVs must be capable of storing 5–10 kg of hydrogen in compressed vessels at 700 bar, with Type IV vessels being the primary option in use. Carbon fiber is the most expensive component in vessel manufacturing, contributing to over 50% of the total cost. However, the cost of FCEV storage systems has considerably decreased, with current estimates around 15.7 $/kWh, and is predicted to drop to 8 $/kWh by 2030. In 2021, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, and Honda were the major car brands offering FCEV technology globally. Although physical and chemical storage technologies are expected to be valuable to the hydrogen economy, compressed hydrogen storage remains the most advanced technology for on-board applications.
{"title":"The Status of On-Board Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles","authors":"J. A. Gómez, D. Santos","doi":"10.3390/designs7040097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040097","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen as an energy carrier could help decarbonize industrial, building, and transportation sectors, and be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, power, or heat. One of the numerous ways to solve the climate crisis is to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have demonstrated a high potential in storing and converting chemical energy into electricity with zero carbon dioxide emissions. This review paper comprehensively assesses hydrogen’s potential as an innovative alternative for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transportation, particularly for on-board applications. To evaluate the industry’s current status and future challenges, the work analyses the technology behind FCEVs and hydrogen storage approaches for on-board applications, followed by a market review. It has been found that, to achieve long-range autonomy (over 500 km), FCEVs must be capable of storing 5–10 kg of hydrogen in compressed vessels at 700 bar, with Type IV vessels being the primary option in use. Carbon fiber is the most expensive component in vessel manufacturing, contributing to over 50% of the total cost. However, the cost of FCEV storage systems has considerably decreased, with current estimates around 15.7 $/kWh, and is predicted to drop to 8 $/kWh by 2030. In 2021, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, and Honda were the major car brands offering FCEV technology globally. Although physical and chemical storage technologies are expected to be valuable to the hydrogen economy, compressed hydrogen storage remains the most advanced technology for on-board applications.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41356397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low order Taylor’s series expansion was employed in this study to estimate the reliability indices of the failure criteria for reliability-based design optimization of a linear static structure subjected to random loads and boundary conditions. By taking the advantage of the linear superposition principle, only a few analyses of the structure subjected to unit-loads are needed through the entire optimization process to produce acceptable results. Two structural examples are presented in this study to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for reliability-based design optimization: one deals with a truss structure subjected to random multiple point constraints, and the other conducts shape design optimization of a plane stress problem subjected to random point loads. Both examples were formulated and solved by the finite element method. The first example used the penalty method to reformulate the multiple point constraints as external loads, while the second example introduced an approach to propagate the uncertainty linearly from the nodal displacement vector to the nodal von Mises stress vector. The final designs obtained from the reliability-based design optimization were validated through Monte Carlo simulation. This validation process was completed with only four unit-load analyses for the first example and two for the second example.
{"title":"A Unit-Load Approach for Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Linear Structures under Random Loads and Boundary Conditions","authors":"Robert James Haupin, G. Hou","doi":"10.3390/designs7040096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040096","url":null,"abstract":"The low order Taylor’s series expansion was employed in this study to estimate the reliability indices of the failure criteria for reliability-based design optimization of a linear static structure subjected to random loads and boundary conditions. By taking the advantage of the linear superposition principle, only a few analyses of the structure subjected to unit-loads are needed through the entire optimization process to produce acceptable results. Two structural examples are presented in this study to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for reliability-based design optimization: one deals with a truss structure subjected to random multiple point constraints, and the other conducts shape design optimization of a plane stress problem subjected to random point loads. Both examples were formulated and solved by the finite element method. The first example used the penalty method to reformulate the multiple point constraints as external loads, while the second example introduced an approach to propagate the uncertainty linearly from the nodal displacement vector to the nodal von Mises stress vector. The final designs obtained from the reliability-based design optimization were validated through Monte Carlo simulation. This validation process was completed with only four unit-load analyses for the first example and two for the second example.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42880055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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