Gas turbines are used in the energy sectors as propulsion and power generation technologies. Despite technological advances in power generation and the emergence of numerous energy resources, gas turbine technology remains important due to its flexibility in load demand following, dynamical behavior, and the ability to work on different fuels with minor design changes. However, there would be no ambitious progress for gas turbines without reliable modeling and simulation. This paper describes a novel approach for modeling, identifying, and controlling a running gas turbine power plant. A simplified nonlinear model structure composed of s-domain transfer functions and nonlinear blocks represented by rate limiters, saturations, and look-up tables has been proposed. The model parameters have been optimized to fit real-world data. The verified model was then used to design a multiple PI/PD control to regulate the gas turbine via the inlet guide vane and fuel vales. The aim is to raise and stabilize the compressor’s differential pressure or pressure ratio, as well as raise the set-point of the temperature exhausted from the combustion turbine; as a result, energy efficiency has been improved by an average of 237.16 MWh saving in energy (or 8.96% reduction in fuel consumption) for a load range of 120 MW to 240 MW.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Control of a Gas Turbine Power Generation System","authors":"Marwan Al-Shami, Omar Mohamed, Wejdan Abu Elhaija","doi":"10.3390/designs7040085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040085","url":null,"abstract":"Gas turbines are used in the energy sectors as propulsion and power generation technologies. Despite technological advances in power generation and the emergence of numerous energy resources, gas turbine technology remains important due to its flexibility in load demand following, dynamical behavior, and the ability to work on different fuels with minor design changes. However, there would be no ambitious progress for gas turbines without reliable modeling and simulation. This paper describes a novel approach for modeling, identifying, and controlling a running gas turbine power plant. A simplified nonlinear model structure composed of s-domain transfer functions and nonlinear blocks represented by rate limiters, saturations, and look-up tables has been proposed. The model parameters have been optimized to fit real-world data. The verified model was then used to design a multiple PI/PD control to regulate the gas turbine via the inlet guide vane and fuel vales. The aim is to raise and stabilize the compressor’s differential pressure or pressure ratio, as well as raise the set-point of the temperature exhausted from the combustion turbine; as a result, energy efficiency has been improved by an average of 237.16 MWh saving in energy (or 8.96% reduction in fuel consumption) for a load range of 120 MW to 240 MW.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43783025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vi Nguyen, Quyen Tran, Faisal Altarazi, Thanh Tran
In small apparel manufacturing, unit price determination is often based on production duration given by customers and design complexity rather than information relating to internal labor resources. However, labor expertise and skills are critical factors that outweigh the machinery and technology in small and medium apparel companies. The quality of the product greatly depends on the experience and delicacy of the tailors. Using data on labor skill and wage levels in the planning process will benefit human resource utilization, increasing productivity, and profits effectively. This paper proposes a general mathematical model for task allocation and cost optimization for small and medium apparel companies. The model handles task allocation and cost minimization problems that must ensure processing time requirements and balance workloads for operators. The developed model tests two case studies in a published paper. The results prove that although the proposed model is simple, it has high applicability and efficiency in solving allocation optimization problems. The authors then integrate the formulations into a Standalone desktop app in the MATLAB “App designer” module. With a standalone desktop app, end users can enjoy the application. This app has a user-friendly design. Users unfamiliar with computers or planners with no background in programming can use the app to tackle similar optimization problems. The proposed mathematical model can further expand to include more complex issues in apparel companies and can also be a good reference for other fields.
{"title":"Binary Integer Formulations for Task Allocation and Optimal Labor Cost in Small and Medium Apparel Manufacturing","authors":"Vi Nguyen, Quyen Tran, Faisal Altarazi, Thanh Tran","doi":"10.3390/designs7040084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040084","url":null,"abstract":"In small apparel manufacturing, unit price determination is often based on production duration given by customers and design complexity rather than information relating to internal labor resources. However, labor expertise and skills are critical factors that outweigh the machinery and technology in small and medium apparel companies. The quality of the product greatly depends on the experience and delicacy of the tailors. Using data on labor skill and wage levels in the planning process will benefit human resource utilization, increasing productivity, and profits effectively. This paper proposes a general mathematical model for task allocation and cost optimization for small and medium apparel companies. The model handles task allocation and cost minimization problems that must ensure processing time requirements and balance workloads for operators. The developed model tests two case studies in a published paper. The results prove that although the proposed model is simple, it has high applicability and efficiency in solving allocation optimization problems. The authors then integrate the formulations into a Standalone desktop app in the MATLAB “App designer” module. With a standalone desktop app, end users can enjoy the application. This app has a user-friendly design. Users unfamiliar with computers or planners with no background in programming can use the app to tackle similar optimization problems. The proposed mathematical model can further expand to include more complex issues in apparel companies and can also be a good reference for other fields.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136064789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) provides a necessary framework for using novel additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for engineering innovations. Recent AM advances include shaping nickel-based superalloys for lightweight aerospace applications, reducing environmental impacts with large-scale concrete printing, and personalizing food and medical devices for improved health. Although many new capabilities are enabled by AM, design advances are necessary to ensure the technology reaches its full potential. Here, DfAM research is reviewed in the context of Fabrication, Generation, and Assessment phases that bridge the gap between AM capabilities and design innovations. Materials, processes, and constraints are considered during fabrication steps to understand AM capabilities for building systems with specified properties and functions. Design generation steps include conceptualization, configuration, and optimization to drive the creation of high-performance AM designs. Assessment steps are necessary for validating, testing, and modeling systems for future iterations and improvements. These phases provide context for discussing innovations in aerospace, automotives, construction, food, medicine, and robotics while highlighting future opportunities for design services, bio-inspired design, fabrication robots, and machine learning. Overall, DfAM has positively impacted diverse engineering applications, and further research has great potential for driving new developments in design innovation.
{"title":"Design for Additive Manufacturing: Recent Innovations and Future Directions","authors":"P. Egan","doi":"10.3390/designs7040083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040083","url":null,"abstract":"Design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) provides a necessary framework for using novel additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for engineering innovations. Recent AM advances include shaping nickel-based superalloys for lightweight aerospace applications, reducing environmental impacts with large-scale concrete printing, and personalizing food and medical devices for improved health. Although many new capabilities are enabled by AM, design advances are necessary to ensure the technology reaches its full potential. Here, DfAM research is reviewed in the context of Fabrication, Generation, and Assessment phases that bridge the gap between AM capabilities and design innovations. Materials, processes, and constraints are considered during fabrication steps to understand AM capabilities for building systems with specified properties and functions. Design generation steps include conceptualization, configuration, and optimization to drive the creation of high-performance AM designs. Assessment steps are necessary for validating, testing, and modeling systems for future iterations and improvements. These phases provide context for discussing innovations in aerospace, automotives, construction, food, medicine, and robotics while highlighting future opportunities for design services, bio-inspired design, fabrication robots, and machine learning. Overall, DfAM has positively impacted diverse engineering applications, and further research has great potential for driving new developments in design innovation.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jimesh Bhagatji, S. Asundi, Eric Thompson, D. T. Nguyen
For large-scale engineering problems, it has been generally accepted that domain-partitioning algorithms are highly desirable for general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA). This paper presents a heuristic numerical algorithm that can efficiently partition any transportation network (or any finite element mesh) into a specified number of subdomains (usually depending on the number of parallel processors available on a computer), which will result in “minimising the total number of system BOUNDARY nodes” (as a primary criterion) and achieve “balancing work loads” amongst the subdomains (as a secondary criterion). The proposed seven-step heuristic algorithm (with enhancement features) is based on engineering common sense and observation. This current work has the following novelty features: (i) complicated graph theories that are NOT needed and (ii) unified treatments of transportation networks (using line elements) and finite element (FE) meshes (using triangular, tetrahedral, and brick elements) that can be performed through transforming the original network (or FE mesh) into a pseudo-transportation network which only uses line elements. Several examples, including real-life transportation networks and finite element meshes (using triangular/brick/tetrahedral elements) are used (under MATLAB computer environments) to explain, validate and compare the proposed algorithm’s performance with the popular METIS software.
{"title":"Optimal Domain-Partitioning Algorithm for Real-Life Transportation Networks and Finite Element Meshes","authors":"Jimesh Bhagatji, S. Asundi, Eric Thompson, D. T. Nguyen","doi":"10.3390/designs7040082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040082","url":null,"abstract":"For large-scale engineering problems, it has been generally accepted that domain-partitioning algorithms are highly desirable for general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA). This paper presents a heuristic numerical algorithm that can efficiently partition any transportation network (or any finite element mesh) into a specified number of subdomains (usually depending on the number of parallel processors available on a computer), which will result in “minimising the total number of system BOUNDARY nodes” (as a primary criterion) and achieve “balancing work loads” amongst the subdomains (as a secondary criterion). The proposed seven-step heuristic algorithm (with enhancement features) is based on engineering common sense and observation. This current work has the following novelty features: (i) complicated graph theories that are NOT needed and (ii) unified treatments of transportation networks (using line elements) and finite element (FE) meshes (using triangular, tetrahedral, and brick elements) that can be performed through transforming the original network (or FE mesh) into a pseudo-transportation network which only uses line elements. Several examples, including real-life transportation networks and finite element meshes (using triangular/brick/tetrahedral elements) are used (under MATLAB computer environments) to explain, validate and compare the proposed algorithm’s performance with the popular METIS software.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43340800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of the trade-off design method presented in this study is to achieve newly targeted performance requirements by modifying the current values of the design variables. The trade-off design problem is formulated in the framework of Sequential Quadratic Programming. The method is computationally efficient as it is gradient-based, which, however, requires the performance functions to be differentiable. A new equation to calculate the scale factor to control the size of the design variables is introduced in this study, which can ensure the new design achieves the targeted performance objective. Three formal approaches are developed in this study for trade-off design to handle various design scenarios, which include one that can handle cases with linearly dependent constraints and with more constraints than the number of design variables. Three engineering design problems are presented as examples to validate and demonstrate the use of these trade-off approaches to find the best way to adjust the design variables to meet the revised performance requirements.
{"title":"Gradient-Based Trade-Off Design for Engineering Applications","authors":"Lena Alexis Royster","doi":"10.25777/TVJN-TZ84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25777/TVJN-TZ84","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the trade-off design method presented in this study is to achieve newly targeted performance requirements by modifying the current values of the design variables. The trade-off design problem is formulated in the framework of Sequential Quadratic Programming. The method is computationally efficient as it is gradient-based, which, however, requires the performance functions to be differentiable. A new equation to calculate the scale factor to control the size of the design variables is introduced in this study, which can ensure the new design achieves the targeted performance objective. Three formal approaches are developed in this study for trade-off design to handle various design scenarios, which include one that can handle cases with linearly dependent constraints and with more constraints than the number of design variables. Three engineering design problems are presented as examples to validate and demonstrate the use of these trade-off approaches to find the best way to adjust the design variables to meet the revised performance requirements.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49666157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of the trade-off design method presented in this study is to achieve newly targeted performance requirements by modifying the current values of the design variables. The trade-off design problem is formulated in the framework of Sequential Quadratic Programming. The method is computationally efficient as it is gradient-based, which, however, requires the performance functions to be differentiable. A new equation to calculate the scale factor to control the size of the design variables is introduced in this study, which can ensure the new design achieves the targeted performance objective. Three formal approaches are developed in this study for trade-off design to handle various design scenarios, which include one that can handle cases with linearly dependent constraints and with more constraints than the number of design variables. Three engineering design problems are presented as examples to validate and demonstrate the use of these trade-off approaches to find the best way to adjust the design variables to meet the revised performance requirements.
{"title":"Gradient-Based Trade-Off Design for Engineering Applications","authors":"Lena A. Royster, Gene Hou","doi":"10.3390/designs7040081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040081","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the trade-off design method presented in this study is to achieve newly targeted performance requirements by modifying the current values of the design variables. The trade-off design problem is formulated in the framework of Sequential Quadratic Programming. The method is computationally efficient as it is gradient-based, which, however, requires the performance functions to be differentiable. A new equation to calculate the scale factor to control the size of the design variables is introduced in this study, which can ensure the new design achieves the targeted performance objective. Three formal approaches are developed in this study for trade-off design to handle various design scenarios, which include one that can handle cases with linearly dependent constraints and with more constraints than the number of design variables. Three engineering design problems are presented as examples to validate and demonstrate the use of these trade-off approaches to find the best way to adjust the design variables to meet the revised performance requirements.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135904673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores several aspects of the three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) industry. More specifically, it begins with a literature review discussing the background of this technology. This literature review also explores several of the challenges that the industry is currently facing. In this way, a knowledge gap is identified. More specifically, there are few studies that have explored the structural and thermal performance of typical walls printed in this industry. Therefore, we used the simulation tool in SolidWorks to examine the structural behavior of several different wall types when pressure was applied to the exterior face. In addition to this, the thermal performance of different wall types was also studied in SolidWorks by applying a temperature difference between the exterior and interior faces of each wall. For example, one wall shape in this study had minimum factor of safety of approximately 100 due when a load was applied, and the same wall lost approximately 212 W due to the temperature difference applied in this study. Finally, SolidWorks was used to calculate the moment of inertia of the cross sections of several of these walls, which helped to provide a better understanding of each wall’s structural rigidity.
{"title":"A Structural and Thermal Comparative Review of 3D-Printed Wall Shapes","authors":"Nicholas D. Bello, A. Memari","doi":"10.3390/designs7030080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7030080","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores several aspects of the three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) industry. More specifically, it begins with a literature review discussing the background of this technology. This literature review also explores several of the challenges that the industry is currently facing. In this way, a knowledge gap is identified. More specifically, there are few studies that have explored the structural and thermal performance of typical walls printed in this industry. Therefore, we used the simulation tool in SolidWorks to examine the structural behavior of several different wall types when pressure was applied to the exterior face. In addition to this, the thermal performance of different wall types was also studied in SolidWorks by applying a temperature difference between the exterior and interior faces of each wall. For example, one wall shape in this study had minimum factor of safety of approximately 100 due when a load was applied, and the same wall lost approximately 212 W due to the temperature difference applied in this study. Finally, SolidWorks was used to calculate the moment of inertia of the cross sections of several of these walls, which helped to provide a better understanding of each wall’s structural rigidity.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44393993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar energy can function as a supplementary power supply for other renewable energy sources. On average, Vellore region experiences approximately six hours of daily sunshine throughout the year. Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are necessary to monitor and fulfill the energy requirements of a given day. An artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is utilised to regulate the solar photovoltaic (PV) array and enhance its output. The utilisation of this controller can enhance the efficiency of the module even in severe circumstances, where reduced current and torque ripples will be observed on the opposite end. The motorised vehicle has the capability to function at its highest torque level in different load scenarios as a result. The proposed method is expected to provide advantages in various electric vehicle (EV) applications that require consistent velocity and optimal torque to satisfy the load conditions. The study employs a solar battery that is linked to an SVPWM inverter and subsequently a DC-DC boost converter to supply power to the load. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control system is proposed for a solar battery powered Electric Vehicle (EV) and the system’s performance is evaluated by collecting and analysing data under adjustable load conditions to obtain constant parameters such as speed and torque. The MATLAB® Simulink® model was utilised for this purpose.
{"title":"Performance Explorations of a PMS Motor Drive Using an ANN-Based MPPT Controller for Solar-Battery Powered Electric Vehicles","authors":"Anjuru Viswa Teja, W. Razia Sultana, S. Salkuti","doi":"10.3390/designs7030079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7030079","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energy can function as a supplementary power supply for other renewable energy sources. On average, Vellore region experiences approximately six hours of daily sunshine throughout the year. Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are necessary to monitor and fulfill the energy requirements of a given day. An artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is utilised to regulate the solar photovoltaic (PV) array and enhance its output. The utilisation of this controller can enhance the efficiency of the module even in severe circumstances, where reduced current and torque ripples will be observed on the opposite end. The motorised vehicle has the capability to function at its highest torque level in different load scenarios as a result. The proposed method is expected to provide advantages in various electric vehicle (EV) applications that require consistent velocity and optimal torque to satisfy the load conditions. The study employs a solar battery that is linked to an SVPWM inverter and subsequently a DC-DC boost converter to supply power to the load. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control system is proposed for a solar battery powered Electric Vehicle (EV) and the system’s performance is evaluated by collecting and analysing data under adjustable load conditions to obtain constant parameters such as speed and torque. The MATLAB® Simulink® model was utilised for this purpose.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49188633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grasso, M. Robinson, Brace Chaffey, P. Mortimer, J. Brighton
The structural feasibility of using a pultrusion of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) for the lightweight design of a mast for overhead line railway electrification was investigated and simulated. Material characterisation was undertaken using three-point bending and finite element analysis to identify the orthotropic properties of the pultruded tubes designed for a composite mast for overhead electrification. An innovative design of the mast was proposed and verified using a simulation that compared the deflection and stress levels under wind and inertial load. From the simulation results, it was concluded that the proposed composite structure design complies with the mechanical performance requirements for its implementation and benefits the application with a weight reduction of more than 80% with respect to the current steel mast design.
{"title":"Innovative Pultruded Composite Mast Design for Railway Overhead Line Structures","authors":"M. Grasso, M. Robinson, Brace Chaffey, P. Mortimer, J. Brighton","doi":"10.3390/designs7030077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7030077","url":null,"abstract":"The structural feasibility of using a pultrusion of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) for the lightweight design of a mast for overhead line railway electrification was investigated and simulated. Material characterisation was undertaken using three-point bending and finite element analysis to identify the orthotropic properties of the pultruded tubes designed for a composite mast for overhead electrification. An innovative design of the mast was proposed and verified using a simulation that compared the deflection and stress levels under wind and inertial load. From the simulation results, it was concluded that the proposed composite structure design complies with the mechanical performance requirements for its implementation and benefits the application with a weight reduction of more than 80% with respect to the current steel mast design.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41711686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy is the foundation for human survival and socio-economic development, and electricity is a key form of energy. Electricity prices are a key factor affecting the interests of various stakeholders in the electricity market, playing a significant role in the sustainable development of energy and the environment. As the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, today’s power systems no longer rely on a vertical market model and fixed electricity pricing scheme but instead depend on power dispatch and dynamic pricing to match supply and demand. This can help prevent significant fluctuations in supply–load imbalance and maintain system stability. Modern power grids have evolved by integrating information, communication, and intelligent control technologies with traditional power systems, giving rise to the concept of smart electric grids. Choosing an appropriate pricing scheme to manage large-scale DERs and controllable loads in today’s power grid become very important. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive review of electricity pricing in power systems and its transformative impact on shaping the energy landscape. To fill this void, this paper provides a survey on the developments, methods, and frameworks related to electricity pricing and energy trading. The review mainly considers the development of pricing in a centralized power grid, peer-to-peer (P2P) and microgrid-to-microgrid (M2M) energy trading and sharing, and various pricing methods. The review will cover the pricing schemes in modern power systems, particularly with respect to renewable energy sources (RESs) and batteries, as well as controllable load applications, and the impact of pricing schemes based on demand-side ancillary services (DSAS) for grid frequency support. Lastly, this review article describes the current frameworks and limitations of electricity pricing in the current energy market, as well as future research directions. This review should offer a great overview and deep insights into today’s electricity market and how pricing methods will drive and facilitate the future establishment of smart energy systems.
{"title":"Electricity Pricing and Its Role in Modern Smart Energy System Design: A Review","authors":"Jiaqi Liu, Hongji Hu, S. Yu, Hieu Trinh","doi":"10.3390/designs7030076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7030076","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is the foundation for human survival and socio-economic development, and electricity is a key form of energy. Electricity prices are a key factor affecting the interests of various stakeholders in the electricity market, playing a significant role in the sustainable development of energy and the environment. As the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, today’s power systems no longer rely on a vertical market model and fixed electricity pricing scheme but instead depend on power dispatch and dynamic pricing to match supply and demand. This can help prevent significant fluctuations in supply–load imbalance and maintain system stability. Modern power grids have evolved by integrating information, communication, and intelligent control technologies with traditional power systems, giving rise to the concept of smart electric grids. Choosing an appropriate pricing scheme to manage large-scale DERs and controllable loads in today’s power grid become very important. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive review of electricity pricing in power systems and its transformative impact on shaping the energy landscape. To fill this void, this paper provides a survey on the developments, methods, and frameworks related to electricity pricing and energy trading. The review mainly considers the development of pricing in a centralized power grid, peer-to-peer (P2P) and microgrid-to-microgrid (M2M) energy trading and sharing, and various pricing methods. The review will cover the pricing schemes in modern power systems, particularly with respect to renewable energy sources (RESs) and batteries, as well as controllable load applications, and the impact of pricing schemes based on demand-side ancillary services (DSAS) for grid frequency support. Lastly, this review article describes the current frameworks and limitations of electricity pricing in the current energy market, as well as future research directions. This review should offer a great overview and deep insights into today’s electricity market and how pricing methods will drive and facilitate the future establishment of smart energy systems.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42720309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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