Dentifrice and toothpowder are often used to define tooth cleaning agents from antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century and toothpaste after that. This is one chapter of the Encyclopedia of the History of Dentistry.
从古代到20世纪初，牙膏和牙粉经常被用来定义牙齿清洁剂。这是《牙科历史百科全书》中的一章。
{"title":"History of the dentifrice - toothpaste","authors":"A. Spielman, J. Forrai","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.43","url":null,"abstract":"Dentifrice and toothpowder are often used to define tooth cleaning agents from antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century and toothpaste after that. This is one chapter of the Encyclopedia of the History of Dentistry.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68229603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study based on rigorous scientific research is an overview of the anticipated future of prostitution. It is concerning a number of sexually relevant and sensitive questions. Among them, together with physical, moral, and emotional ones, last but not least legal factors play a substantial role too. The study focused on the problem of how serious should be concerned sex robotisation and its potential consequences in prostitution through decreasing, disappearing or perhaps transformation. Researchers find it challenging to outline the future reglementation while raising the question: who should face punishment, and what needs to be regulated? They should be the sex robot consumer or operator, the producer or the designer? What ought to be the sanction, an outright prohibition or something else? The references of this study rely on sensitive researchers of contemporary changes in robotics, law, ethics, and social sciences.
{"title":"Szex és új kor. A prostitúció jövője, avagy a prostitúció vége?","authors":"Erzsébet Tamási","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.13","url":null,"abstract":"This study based on rigorous scientific research is an overview of the anticipated future of prostitution. It is concerning a number of sexually relevant and sensitive questions. Among them, together with physical, moral, and emotional ones, last but not least legal factors play a substantial role too. The study focused on the problem of how serious should be concerned sex robotisation and its potential consequences in prostitution through decreasing, disappearing or perhaps transformation. Researchers find it challenging to outline the future reglementation while raising the question: who should face punishment, and what needs to be regulated? They should be the sex robot consumer or operator, the producer or the designer? What ought to be the sanction, an outright prohibition or something else? The references of this study rely on sensitive researchers of contemporary changes in robotics, law, ethics, and social sciences.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incredible evolution of medicine in the 20th century was made possible by the appearance and rapid innovation of diagnostic procedures. The discovery of the medical application of X-rays gave the opportunity to image the human body without disrupting tissue structure. The use of X-rays spread around the world at an incredible speed and almost all medical fields, including dentistry, began to use them. In the second half of the 20th century, exponential improvement of computing technology replace the summation scans with a new three-dimensional technique, Computer Tomography. Cone Bean CT scanners (CBCT), which use a non-traditional cone-shaped beam as a radiation source, have made three-dimensional imaging widely available in dentistry. However, the harmful side effects of X-rays soon came to the attention of the public, and further research led to the development of a previously unknown technique, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This device was the result of the collaborative work of many scientists, mainly physicists. From the experiment by Isiodor I. Rabi, who proved that the atomic spin of nuclei can be changed in a magnetic field, to the scientists involved in the development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to the experiment of Paul C. Lautenburg, who was the first to create an image using this method. Raymond Damadien demonstrated that the NMR signal of tumour tissue differs from that of healthy tissue, thus providing the basis for the medical application of the method. Sir Peter Mansfield's new method greatly reduced the scanning time, allowing fast-moving organs such as the heart to be imaged. The measurement of contrast medium, and soon afterwards of blood oxygenation, made it possible to perform functional MRI examinations. The use of positron emission tomography combined with three-dimensional imaging techniques gives accurate diagnostic results, can be preferable in certain clinical situations and provides similar results at lower radiation levels. In terms of maxillofacial applications, CT and MRI scans are mainly used in cases of oral cavity tumour abnormalities. In dentistry, the imaging technique used in everyday practice is the CBCT, a non-traditional cone beam technique, which allows better quality images to be obtained in a shorter exposure time and using a lower dose of radiation.
{"title":"Az MRI története, dinamikus szájüregi és maxillofaciális alkalmazása","authors":"Adél Szilyné Dr. Kiss Adél","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.21","url":null,"abstract":"The incredible evolution of medicine in the 20th century was made possible by the appearance and rapid innovation of diagnostic procedures. The discovery of the medical application of X-rays gave the opportunity to image the human body without disrupting tissue structure. The use of X-rays spread around the world at an incredible speed and almost all medical fields, including dentistry, began to use them. In the second half of the 20th century, exponential improvement of computing technology replace the summation scans with a new three-dimensional technique, Computer Tomography. Cone Bean CT scanners (CBCT), which use a non-traditional cone-shaped beam as a radiation source, have made three-dimensional imaging widely available in dentistry. However, the harmful side effects of X-rays soon came to the attention of the public, and further research led to the development of a previously unknown technique, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This device was the result of the collaborative work of many scientists, mainly physicists. From the experiment by Isiodor I. Rabi, who proved that the atomic spin of nuclei can be changed in a magnetic field, to the scientists involved in the development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to the experiment of Paul C. Lautenburg, who was the first to create an image using this method. Raymond Damadien demonstrated that the NMR signal of tumour tissue differs from that of healthy tissue, thus providing the basis for the medical application of the method. Sir Peter Mansfield's new method greatly reduced the scanning time, allowing fast-moving organs such as the heart to be imaged. The measurement of contrast medium, and soon afterwards of blood oxygenation, made it possible to perform functional MRI examinations. The use of positron emission tomography combined with three-dimensional imaging techniques gives accurate diagnostic results, can be preferable in certain clinical situations and provides similar results at lower radiation levels. In terms of maxillofacial applications, CT and MRI scans are mainly used in cases of oral cavity tumour abnormalities. In dentistry, the imaging technique used in everyday practice is the CBCT, a non-traditional cone beam technique, which allows better quality images to be obtained in a shorter exposure time and using a lower dose of radiation.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dental transplant happens when a tooth is transplanted from one individual to another. Several types of allotransplantation exist when a tooth is transplanted within the same species. This carries the danger of transmitting infections or triggering a histocompatibility reaction. Autogenous transplantation is when a tooth is moved from one place to another in the same individual. Reimplantation is when one's tooth is reinserted into the same place after extraction. Such procedures are no longer used today.
{"title":"History of tooth transplantation","authors":"J. Forrai, A. Spielman","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.42","url":null,"abstract":"A dental transplant happens when a tooth is transplanted from one individual to another. Several types of allotransplantation exist when a tooth is transplanted within the same species. This carries the danger of transmitting infections or triggering a histocompatibility reaction. Autogenous transplantation is when a tooth is moved from one place to another in the same individual. Reimplantation is when one's tooth is reinserted into the same place after extraction. Such procedures are no longer used today.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68229547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The earliest written record related to teeth relates to the “tooth worm.” This is one chapter of the Encyclopedia of the History of Dentistry.
有关牙齿的最早文字记录与“齿虫”有关。这是《牙科历史百科全书》中的一章。
{"title":"History of the tooth worm","authors":"A. Spielman, J. Forrai","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.39","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest written record related to teeth relates to the “tooth worm.” This is one chapter of the Encyclopedia of the History of Dentistry.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first evidence of tooth restoration is from 11,000 BCE, Upper Paleolithic. This is part of The Encyclopedia of History of Dentistry.
牙齿修复的第一个证据来自公元前11000年的旧石器时代晚期。这是《牙科历史百科全书》的一部分。
{"title":"History of restorative dentistry","authors":"A. Spielman, J. Forrai","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.32","url":null,"abstract":"The first evidence of tooth restoration is from 11,000 BCE, Upper Paleolithic. This is part of The Encyclopedia of History of Dentistry.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Hungary, the Mediterranean influence is more and more strongly featured typically by considerable climatic extremes between winter and summer. The Mediterranean vegetation has adapted to these changes and tolerates dry hot summers and mildly rainy winters. It will gain more and more space in the future both in public and private areas – mainly on the southern slopes of South Transdanubia and the Balaton Highlands, later maybe on the same southern slopes of Buda Mountains and the Velence Mountains, and afterwards in some areas of the Northern Middle Mountains. Thus it is useful to gain knowledge about the Mediterranean coastland’s vegetation and profit from it. Keeping in mind the economic water management, it is advisable to decide on drought and frost-tolerant species while planting them in a harmonic and decorative manner in orchards and lawn areas in the future. This is what the presented recommendations are for.
{"title":"A mediterrán növényalkalmazás jelene és jövőbeli lehetőségei","authors":"Anna Csilla Rigó","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.9","url":null,"abstract":"In Hungary, the Mediterranean influence is more and more strongly featured typically by considerable climatic extremes between winter and summer. The Mediterranean vegetation has adapted to these changes and tolerates dry hot summers and mildly rainy winters. It will gain more and more space in the future both in public and private areas – mainly on the southern slopes of South Transdanubia and the Balaton Highlands, later maybe on the same southern slopes of Buda Mountains and the Velence Mountains, and afterwards in some areas of the Northern Middle Mountains. Thus it is useful to gain knowledge about the Mediterranean coastland’s vegetation and profit from it. Keeping in mind the economic water management, it is advisable to decide on drought and frost-tolerant species while planting them in a harmonic and decorative manner in orchards and lawn areas in the future. This is what the presented recommendations are for.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68231208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perhaps the most important old Hungarian pharmacy-related document of the past decades surfaced in 2022: the “Articuli Pharmacopolarum Tyrnaviensium” (Pharmacist regulations of Trnava /a town, now in West-Slovakia, the former Nagyszombat in the realm of the old Hungarian Kingdom. The regulation was issued in 1748 in Latin by Maria Theresa, Empress of the Habsburg Empire and Queen of Hungary. The seller, who Szabolcs Dobson MD bought the Documentum from, was a private individual and was not aware of its content. In Hungary, it was the first regulation issued for a pharmacists’ local community that provided a minute, real, graphic and lively picture of this town’s pharmaceutical professionals and the contemporary therapeutic practice and guidelines. There was a printed document of these regulations published in 1852 by Ferenc Linzbauer in its original Latin version. Ignác Schwarz published the first Hungarian translation in 1894. However, this translation was incomplete and missed about one-third of the original core text. The present study contains the first entire Hungarian wording of the “Articuli Pharmacopolarum Tyrnaviensium” prepared by Csilla Tuza and Katalin Kincses.
{"title":"A nagyszombati gyógyszerészek artikulusai magyar nyelvű fordítás és az eredeti latin nyelvű szövege","authors":"Csilla Tuza, K. Kincses, S. Dobson","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.18","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps the most important old Hungarian pharmacy-related document of the past decades surfaced in 2022: the “Articuli Pharmacopolarum Tyrnaviensium” (Pharmacist regulations of Trnava /a town, now in West-Slovakia, the former Nagyszombat in the realm of the old Hungarian Kingdom. The regulation was issued in 1748 in Latin by Maria Theresa, Empress of the Habsburg Empire and Queen of Hungary. The seller, who Szabolcs Dobson MD bought the Documentum from, was a private individual and was not aware of its content. In Hungary, it was the first regulation issued for a pharmacists’ local community that provided a minute, real, graphic and lively picture of this town’s pharmaceutical professionals and the contemporary therapeutic practice and guidelines. There was a printed document of these regulations published in 1852 by Ferenc Linzbauer in its original Latin version. Ignác Schwarz published the first Hungarian translation in 1894. However, this translation was incomplete and missed about one-third of the original core text. The present study contains the first entire Hungarian wording of the “Articuli Pharmacopolarum Tyrnaviensium” prepared by Csilla Tuza and Katalin Kincses.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dental implant is an artificial dental root inserted into the maxilla or the mandible to replace a missing tooth. Many materials have been used throughout history for this type of tooth replacement. Today, it is one of the most advanced subspecialties of dentistry.
{"title":"History of dental implantology","authors":"J. Forrai, A. Spielman","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.27","url":null,"abstract":"A dental implant is an artificial dental root inserted into the maxilla or the mandible to replace a missing tooth. Many materials have been used throughout history for this type of tooth replacement. Today, it is one of the most advanced subspecialties of dentistry.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68228387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jansenism was a special kind of political theology and a real chapter in the history of European civilization. Even in our days, it is not considered completely revealed. The term "political theology" is a special category since it is the final outcome of prolonged research and interpretation procedures. These outcomes are hardly useful as footnotes only behind the term itself. They are rather to be mentioned in further explanations. Nevertheless, any political theology is primarily theology. Its political dimensions are determined partly through the perceived and verified position in its real-time society, and partly by primary and complete interpretation through biblical exegesis and dogmata which were understood as political acts contemporarily (but perhaps also later). Luther's criticism of selling indulgences may have been a simple and striking example. The practice of selling indulgences was undoubtedly a theological problem, but there was inevitable (as it really happened) its political nature too. In the case of creating sometimes a typology of "political" theologies it would be certainly interesting to study its relevant types. Nevertheless, it is clear that there are generally existing types of politically converted theology which return in similar forms from time to time with their own historical depth. Therefore it is not necessary to generate it repeatedly as a new discovery while targeting a way of thinking of any specific era. Political theology, as it must always be emphasized, is primarily theology. However, its conversion to a political one may be caused (as it was mentioned above) by a huge number of factors, let alone real historical incidences by any fortune. Thus, it is obvious that the theological factor is predominant in any interpretation. This way, reconstruction of the same factor is a key to opening the gate to political interpretation. Anyway, this dominancy even by recognising its nature cannot disguise the political background. Regarding these, transparency and intellectual courage are necessary to any interpretation since political struggle fought out in the medium of theology may discover substantial secrets as well.
{"title":"Jansenism between Theology and Politics. On Herder's interpretation of Jansenism","authors":"E. Kiss","doi":"10.17107/kh.2023.26.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.8","url":null,"abstract":"Jansenism was a special kind of political theology and a real chapter in the history of European civilization. Even in our days, it is not considered completely revealed. The term \"political theology\" is a special category since it is the final outcome of prolonged research and interpretation procedures. These outcomes are hardly useful as footnotes only behind the term itself. They are rather to be mentioned in further explanations. Nevertheless, any political theology is primarily theology. Its political dimensions are determined partly through the perceived and verified position in its real-time society, and partly by primary and complete interpretation through biblical exegesis and dogmata which were understood as political acts contemporarily (but perhaps also later). Luther's criticism of selling indulgences may have been a simple and striking example. The practice of selling indulgences was undoubtedly a theological problem, but there was inevitable (as it really happened) its political nature too. In the case of creating sometimes a typology of \"political\" theologies it would be certainly interesting to study its relevant types. Nevertheless, it is clear that there are generally existing types of politically converted theology which return in similar forms from time to time with their own historical depth. Therefore it is not necessary to generate it repeatedly as a new discovery while targeting a way of thinking of any specific era. Political theology, as it must always be emphasized, is primarily theology. However, its conversion to a political one may be caused (as it was mentioned above) by a huge number of factors, let alone real historical incidences by any fortune. Thus, it is obvious that the theological factor is predominant in any interpretation. This way, reconstruction of the same factor is a key to opening the gate to political interpretation. Anyway, this dominancy even by recognising its nature cannot disguise the political background. Regarding these, transparency and intellectual courage are necessary to any interpretation since political struggle fought out in the medium of theology may discover substantial secrets as well.","PeriodicalId":53287,"journal":{"name":"Kaleidoscope History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68231102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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