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Védelem a pandémiás fertőzések ellen: varioláció, inoculáció, vaccináció története 预防大流行性感染:变异史、接种史、疫苗接种史
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.4-1
J. Forrai
Initially submitted June15, 2022; accepted for publication Sept 3, 2022 Absrtact Preventing and healing of infectious diseases joining the development of man was ever a continuous demand of the everyday life in course of our history. This study concerns the early endeavours and observations and later the scientific research, which lead through a number of experiences and experiments to the discovery of immunisation against specific infections. All vaccines do have a special and long history. There were emerging not only fierce theoretical debates in the laboratories, but human fates, excellent ideas of preeminent scientists, enduring activities and parallel jealousy, trips and struggle for primacy, for the hopeful winning the Nobel-price, together with highly devoted fighting against diseases. First had to be identified the pathologic agents, which was the first step to the specific vaccines followed by long-lasting experiments about the best preventive effect by minimum of adversity. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines without side effects. Developing any vaccine is a time-consuming procedure with huge financial expenses and clinical trials before widespread administration on humans. Actually, we experience immediately the just emerging COVID-19 pandemic, the endeavours to develop a specific vaccine and the enormous social pressure for distributing the vaccine as soon as possible under the given market economy circumstances. Nevertheless, only a short time passed since the beginning. However, the story was the same concerning all vaccines applied thus far.
最初提交于2022年6月15日;摘要传染病的防治与人类的发展一直是人类日常生活的持续需求。这项研究涉及早期的努力和观察以及后来的科学研究,这些研究通过许多经验和实验导致发现针对特定感染的免疫。所有疫苗都有一个特殊而悠久的历史。在实验室里不仅出现了激烈的理论辩论,而且出现了人类的命运,杰出科学家的杰出思想,持久的活动和平行的嫉妒,旅行和争夺首要地位,有希望赢得诺贝尔奖,以及高度致力于与疾病作斗争。首先必须确定致病因子,这是研制特定疫苗的第一步,然后是长期实验,以最小的逆境获得最佳的预防效果。不幸的是,没有没有副作用的疫苗。开发任何疫苗都是一个耗时的过程,在广泛应用于人类之前,需要进行大量的财政支出和临床试验。实际上,我们立即经历了刚刚出现的COVID-19大流行,开发特定疫苗的努力以及在既定市场经济条件下尽快分发疫苗的巨大社会压力。然而,从开始到现在只有很短的时间。然而,迄今为止应用的所有疫苗的情况都是一样的。
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引用次数: 0
„Sie kleiner Mann und großer Eroberer, Sie Napoleon der II.“ Medizinische Bezüge der Jugendbriefe von Max Nordau an József Kiss (1866-1869) Eine bislang unveröffentlichte Quellenedition 你这个小个子和伟大的征服者,你拿破仑二世“医疗薪金Jugendbriefe Max Nordau起József吻(1866-1869)一迄今出版Quellenedition
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.6-1
Hedvig Ujvári
The names Max Nordau (1849-1923) and József Kiss (1843-1921) stand in the international and Hungarian literary and cultural scene of the late 19th and early 20th centuries for two established men, two destinies, during their youth with several tie points. In the 1870s, however, their lives took completely different directions. After Nordau's move to Paris, experienced they the physical separation but bridged each other through a permanent correspondence. In the 1860s, the high school student Max Nordau wrote several letters to his childhood friend, the later poet and magazine editor József Kiss, in which Kiss’s poetic attempts were scrutinized. In addition, they communicated also about strictly private, familiar affairs from man to man: In all letters in the second half of 1866, Nordau provides information about his physical condition, not least about his complaints of venereal diseases. This study focuses only on the medical aspects of this correspondence, since it is primarily intended to provide an insight into the healing methods of venereal diseases of the concerning era. Schlüsselwörter Max Nordau, József Kiss, Paris, Budapest, Imre Poór, Jüdische Lieder
Max Nordau(1849-1923)和József Kiss(1843-1921)这两个名字在19世纪末和20世纪初的国际和匈牙利文学和文化舞台上代表了两个成熟的男人,两种命运,在他们的青年时期有几个共同点。然而,在19世纪70年代,他们的生活走向了完全不同的方向。诺道搬到巴黎后,他们经历了身体上的分离,但通过永久的通信彼此沟通。19世纪60年代,高中生马克斯·诺道(Max Nordau)写了几封信给他儿时的朋友,后来的诗人和杂志编辑József Kiss,在信中,Kiss的诗歌尝试受到了仔细的审查。除此之外,他们还交流了人与人之间非常私人、熟悉的事情:在1866年下半年的所有信件中,诺道提供了有关他身体状况的信息,尤其是他对性病的抱怨。本研究仅侧重于这种通信的医学方面,因为它主要是为了深入了解有关时代性病的治疗方法。Schlüsselwörter Max Nordau, József Kiss,巴黎,布达佩斯,Imre Poór, j dische Lieder
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引用次数: 0
Magyar László András (1956-2022), orvostörténész, fordító, író LászlóAndrás Magyar(1956-2022),医学历史学家、翻译家、作家
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.24.354-356
T. Molnár F.
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引用次数: 0
In memoriam Dr. István Orbán 为了纪念István Orbán博士
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.24.357-359
J. Makovitzky
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引用次数: 0
Geometrikus elemek a képzőművészetben 美术中的几何元素
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.23-1
Katalin S. Nagy
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引用次数: 0
Thomas Jordan: A járványokról. Latinból fordította Magyar László András 托马斯·乔丹:流行病。András LászlóMagyar翻译自拉丁语
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.23-3
F. T. Molnár
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引用次数: 0
A nyelőcsősebészeti világtársaság négy évtizede 食道外科四十年
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.4-5
Lajos Kotsis
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引用次数: 0
Karinthy Frigyes „Géniusz” c. karcolatának és „Lepketánc” c. színművének elemzése Platón barlanghasonlata alapján 从柏拉图洞穴比较看弗利吉斯·卡林西的“天才”抓挠与“蝴蝶舞”
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.25.6-3
Beáta Bacsó
Karinthy's entire oeuvre is interlaced by the search for possible world redemption. Accordingly he created various messiah figures, e.g. Sándor Ember (Alexander Man) as the "homunculus" of his play in Tomorrow morning (‘Holnap reggel’), Titus Telma as protagonist in The thousand-faced soul (‘Az ezerarcú lélek ‘) and the Proclamation of (‘Telma Titusz kiáltványa’), finally Jellen-Darman-Raganza the composite messiah/pseudo-messiah figure in his short novel Rope Dance (’Kötéltánc’). His sketch entitled Genius (’Géniusz’), which is now being examined, was published first 1908 under the title Va-con-dia in the columns of the Budapesti Napló. Its enhanced and more mature play version the Butterfly Dance (’Lepketánc’) was premiered 1927 with protagonist Genius who may also be classified as one of the saviour figures mentioned above.
Karinthy的整个作品都被寻找可能的世界救赎所交织。因此,他创造了各种各样的弥赛亚人物,例如Sándor Ember (Alexander Man)作为他在Tomorrow morning (' Holnap reggel ')中扮演的“侏儒”,Titus Telma作为主角在the thousand-faced soul (' Az ezerarcú lsamulek ')和the Proclamation (' Telma Titusz kiáltványa '),最后Jellen-Darman-Raganza是他的短篇小说Rope Dance (' Kötéltánc ')中的合成弥赛亚/伪弥赛亚人物。他的素描题为《天才》(' g尼什兹'),现在正在审查中,1908年首次以va - condia的标题发表在布达佩斯Napló的专栏上。它的增强和更成熟的戏剧版本蝴蝶舞(' Lepketánc ')于1927年首演,主角天才也可能被归类为上面提到的救世主之一。
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引用次数: 0
Dr. Gyarmathi Sámuel – orvos, a tudományos nyelvhasonlítás magyar megalapítója Sámuel Gyarmathi博士-博士,匈牙利科学语言比较创始人
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.24.234-244
Attila Szabó
Together with Protestant Reformation and book printing, native languages as an important issue was already mentioned in the 16th century, Moreover, one of the Enlightenment’s aims was to cultivate the sciences in native languages. Yet in Europe, the interpretation of the language of sciences dates back to the 18th century. Until the middle of the 19th century, Latin remained predominant. In Hungary, the use of Latin was replaced by the German language, mandated by the king of this country. It explains why it was such an important task for the Hungarian representatives of the Enlightenment to promote the Hungarian language. Until the birth of works of fiction, most of the works in Hungarian came from the fields of agriculture and medicine in this period It is worth to be mentioned that two physicians – János Földi, chief public health officer of the Hajdú district and Sámuel Gyarmathi, chief public health officer of Hunyad County – also submitted their writings on the tender for the language renewal. Sámuel Gyarmathi learned first the teachings of Enlightenment during his long studies in Vienna. He spent a considerable part of his life with aristocratic families – mainly the Count Bethlen’s family — primarily as an educator and secondarily as a court physician. Between 1796-98, Elek Bethlen took part in Gyarmathi's mentoring on his study trip to Göttingen. During this trip, Gyarmati also tried to enhance his knowledge. While August Ludwig Schlözer taught the physician Swedish and Danish, he infected Gyarmathi's mind with the theory of linguistic kinship based on language comparison. Thus Samuel replaced his previous linguistics with Finno-Ugricism. In 1797-98, under Schlözer’s influence, Gyarmathi created the masterpiece of his life, “Affinity”. This work became famous in Europe, and his bust was even included in the sculpture park decorating the building of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, founded in 1700. Samuel Gyarmathi died of a stroke on March 4, 1830, at the age of 79. His tomb is in the cemetery of Târgu Mureş/Marosvásárhely. kulcsszavak Dr. Gyarmathi Sámuel, orvos, magyar nyelvészet, a felvilágosodás kora, Bethlen család, orvosi nyelvtörténet keywords Dr. Sámuel Gyarmathi, medical doctor, Hungarian linguistics, the age of enlightenment, Bethlen family, medical language history A reformációval és a könyvnyomtatással az anyanyelvűség kérdése már a XVI. században, mint fontos feladat útjára indult. Sőt a felvilágosodásnak is egyik célkitűzésének számított a tudományok anyanyelven történő művelése. Mégis Európában a tudomány nyelvének tolmácsolása egészen a XVIII. század közepéig döntően a latin nyelv maradt. Hazánkban ezt a latin nyelvű tájékoztatást legfeljebb az uralkodó által kötelezővé tett német nyelv alkalmazása váltotta fel. Ezért is volt olyan fontos feladat a felvilágosodás hazai Művelődés-, Tudományés Orvostörténeti Folyóirat 2022. Vol. 12. No. 24. Journal of History of Culture, Science and Medicine ISSN 2062-2597 DOI: 10.17107/KH.2
与新教改革和书籍印刷一样,母语作为一个重要问题在16世纪就已经被提及。此外,启蒙运动的目标之一是培养母语科学。然而在欧洲,对科学语言的解释可以追溯到18世纪。直到19世纪中叶,拉丁语仍然占主导地位。在匈牙利,在国王的命令下,拉丁语的使用被德语所取代。它解释了为什么启蒙运动的匈牙利代表宣传匈牙利语是一项如此重要的任务。在小说作品诞生之前,匈牙利语的大部分作品来自这一时期的农业和医药领域。值得一提的是,两位医生——Hajdú区首席公共卫生官János Földi和Hunyad县首席公共卫生官Sámuel Gyarmathi——也在语言更新招标中提交了他们的作品。Sámuel嘉玛蒂在维也纳的长期学习中首先学会了启蒙运动的教义。他一生中有相当一部分时间是在贵族家庭中度过的,主要是作为一名教育家,其次是宫廷医生。1796-98年间,Elek Bethlen参加了Gyarmathi的指导,带领他去Göttingen学习。在这次旅行中,Gyarmati也试图提高自己的知识。当August Ludwig Schlözer教授内科医生瑞典语和丹麦语时,他用基于语言比较的语言亲缘关系理论感染了Gyarmathi的思想。因此,塞缪尔用芬兰语言学取代了他以前的语言学。1797-98年,在Schlözer的影响下,嘉玛蒂创作了他一生的杰作《亲和》。这幅作品在欧洲闻名,他的半身像甚至被包括在装饰柏林科学院大楼的雕塑公园里,该学院成立于1700年。塞缪尔·嘉玛蒂于1830年3月4日死于中风,享年79岁。他的坟墓在t<s:1> rgu mureek墓地/Marosvásárhely。kulcsszavak Gyarmathi塞缪尔博士orvos、匈牙利nyelveszet felvilagosodas科拉琴,Bethlen csalad, orvosi nyelvtortenet关键词塞缪尔Gyarmathi博士、医学博士,匈牙利语言学、启蒙时代,Bethlen家庭医学语言历史reformacioval es konyvnyomtatassal az anyanyelvű赛格kerdese mar十六。Században, mint fontos feladat útjára放纵。Sőt a felvilágosodásnak is egyik célkitűzésének számított a tudományok anyanyeleven történő művelése。msamis Európában a tudomány nyelvsamnek tolmácsolása egsamszen a XVIII。Század közepéig döntően拉丁语nyelv maradt。Hazánkban ezt a latin nyelvev tájékoztatást legfeljebb az uralkodó által kötelezővé tett nsamet nyelv alkalmazása váltotta fel。ez3是伏特奥里安·芬多斯·费拉达(felvilágosodás hazai Művelődés-, Tudományés Orvostörténeti Folyóirat 2022)。12卷。24号。文化,科学和医学史杂志ISSN 2062-2597 DOI: 10.17107/KH.2022.24.234-244 http://www.kaleidoscopehistory.hu博士Szabó Attila 235 képviselőinek a magyar nyelv <s:2> gy<s:1> nek felvállalása。A szacimazpirodalmi munkák megsz<e:1> letzacimazazebben az időszakban A legtöbb magyar nyelvzmunka A mezőgazdasági zacazorvosi területről ker<e:2> ltek ki。Érdemes külön kiemelni, hogy a nyelvújítás <s:2> gymozen megjelent pályázatra kmozen orvos - Földi János hajdú ker<e:1> let főorvosa <s:1> Gyarmathi Sámuel Hunyad vármegye főorvosa - is bek<s:1> ldte írását。Gyarmathi Sámuel hosszas bsamci tanulmányi idogalatt ismerkedett meg a felvilágosodás tanaival。Élete tekint<s:2> - <s:2> - döntően a grófi Bethlen-családnál - töltötte, elsődlegesen,薄荷,másodlagosan,薄荷udvari orvos。Bethlen Elek 1796-98 között göttingeni tanulmányútján Gyarmathi mentorksamant vett samzist。一个tanulmányút alatt Gyarmati是igyekezett tudását gyarapítani。Miközben August Ludwig Schlözer svsamuedsamuedas dán nyelvre tanította az orvost,并补充道Gyarmathi elmsamuedsamued.com megfertőzte和nyelvhasonlításon alapuló nyelvrokonság elmsamued.com。Igy塞缪尔•阿兹addigi nyelveszkedeset kicserelte finnugorizmusra。1797-98ban Schlözer hatása alatt Gyarmathi megírta samette fzoművét, az " Affinitás " -t。Munkájával európai hírűvé vált, sőt az 1700-ban alapított Berlini Tudományos阿卡德·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯·卡姆斯Gyarmathi Sámuel 79逍遥期korában - 1830。Március 4- <s:2> - <s:2> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Sírja a kolozsvári házsongárdi temetőben található meg。1. ábra Gyarmathi Sámuel A felvilágosod
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引用次数: 0
Lozsádi Károly Professzor Úr emlékezete Károly Lozsádi教授的记忆
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17107/kh.2022.24.342-353
László Király
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Kaleidoscope History
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