Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9173
H. Pivtorak, M. Zhuk, I. Gits, A. Galkin
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected the economic and social spheres of all countries. Restrictions intro-duced to reduce the risk of transmission have changed the structure of population movements. The impact of these restrictions on the characteristics of intercity travel is still an understudied problem. Based on the analysis of statisti-cal data and the results of questionnaires, the article assesses the impact of pandemic restrictions on population mobil-ity in the Western region of Ukraine and changes in the distribution of passenger flows between different modes (bus, rail, private transport, joint travel). In 2020, the volume of passenger traffic in the region decreased by an average of half compared to the previous year. The decline is sharper for rail passenger transport compared to the bus transport. For more developed railway networks, the impact of the pandemic on passenger traffic is more pronounced. Quarantine restrictions have also increased the share of own car travel. According to research, the distribution of intercity trips between modes is influenced by the age and sex of the traveler. During the pandemic, users of transport services who travel with children under the age of 14 choose private transport to travel more often than those who travel alone. The degree of influence of the above factors on the distribution of modes depends on the length of the trip. The application part of the work presents the results of modeling passenger flows of the studied region in the software environment PTV Visum. It was found that at the beginning of the quarantine restrictions the number of intercity trips decreases sharply. As the duration of restrictions increases, the rate of decline in mobility decreases. These data can be further taken into account when planning the work of transport enterprises and meeting the population`s demand for travel. The practi-cal application of the study results is that the identification of trends in the mobility of residents of the studying region depending on the impact of pandemic restrictions allows you to predict the mode and type of vehicles used. Based on these data, you can determine marketing strategies for the development of certain modes and directions of transporta-tion.
{"title":"Shifting the population mobility of the Ukraine western region on the strength of the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"H. Pivtorak, M. Zhuk, I. Gits, A. Galkin","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.9173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9173","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected the economic and social spheres of all countries. Restrictions intro-duced to reduce the risk of transmission have changed the structure of population movements. The impact of these restrictions on the characteristics of intercity travel is still an understudied problem. Based on the analysis of statisti-cal data and the results of questionnaires, the article assesses the impact of pandemic restrictions on population mobil-ity in the Western region of Ukraine and changes in the distribution of passenger flows between different modes (bus, rail, private transport, joint travel). In 2020, the volume of passenger traffic in the region decreased by an average of half compared to the previous year. The decline is sharper for rail passenger transport compared to the bus transport. For more developed railway networks, the impact of the pandemic on passenger traffic is more pronounced. Quarantine restrictions have also increased the share of own car travel. According to research, the distribution of intercity trips between modes is influenced by the age and sex of the traveler. During the pandemic, users of transport services who travel with children under the age of 14 choose private transport to travel more often than those who travel alone. The degree of influence of the above factors on the distribution of modes depends on the length of the trip. The application part of the work presents the results of modeling passenger flows of the studied region in the software environment PTV Visum. It was found that at the beginning of the quarantine restrictions the number of intercity trips decreases sharply. As the duration of restrictions increases, the rate of decline in mobility decreases. These data can be further taken into account when planning the work of transport enterprises and meeting the population`s demand for travel. The practi-cal application of the study results is that the identification of trends in the mobility of residents of the studying region depending on the impact of pandemic restrictions allows you to predict the mode and type of vehicles used. Based on these data, you can determine marketing strategies for the development of certain modes and directions of transporta-tion.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48699109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8147
Junting Lin, Xiao Min
With the rapid development of communication technology, the Train-centric Communication-based Train Control (TcCBTC) system adopting the train-train communication mode to reduce the transmission link of control information, will become the direction of urban rail transit field development. At present, TcCBTC system is in the stage of key technology research and prototype development. Uncertain behavior in the process of system operation may lead to operation accidents. Therefore, before the system is put into use, it must undergo strict testing and security verification to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the system. In the paper, the formal modeling and quantitative analysis of train tracking operation under moving block are carried out. Firstly, the structure of TcCBTC system and the train tracking interval control strategy under moving block conditions are analyzed. The subsystem involved in train tracking and the uncertain factors in system operation are determined. Then, based on the Stochastic Hybrid Automata (SHA), a network of SHA model of train dynamics model, communication components and on-board controller in the process of train tracking is established, which can formally describe the uncertain environment in the process of system operation. UPPAAL-SMC is used to simulate the change curve of train position and speed during tracking, it is verified that the model meets the safety requirements in static environment. Finally, taking Statistical Model Checking (SMC) as the basis of safety analysis, the probability of train collision in uncertain environment is calculated. The results show that after accurately modeling the train tracking operation control mechanism through network of SHA, the SMC method can accurately calculate the probability of train rear end collision, which proves that the method has strong feasibility and effectiveness. Formal modeling and analysis of safety-critical system is very important, which enables designers to grasp the hidden dangers of the system in the design stage and safety evaluation stage of train control system, and further provides theoretical reference for the subsequent TcCBTC system design and development, practical application and related specification improvement.
{"title":"Quantitative safety analysis of train control system based on statatistical model checking","authors":"Junting Lin, Xiao Min","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8147","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of communication technology, the Train-centric Communication-based Train Control (TcCBTC) system adopting the train-train communication mode to reduce the transmission link of control information, will become the direction of urban rail transit field development. At present, TcCBTC system is in the stage of key technology research and prototype development. Uncertain behavior in the process of system operation may lead to operation accidents. Therefore, before the system is put into use, it must undergo strict testing and security verification to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the system. In the paper, the formal modeling and quantitative analysis of train tracking operation under moving block are carried out. Firstly, the structure of TcCBTC system and the train tracking interval control strategy under moving block conditions are analyzed. The subsystem involved in train tracking and the uncertain factors in system operation are determined. Then, based on the Stochastic Hybrid Automata (SHA), a network of SHA model of train dynamics model, communication components and on-board controller in the process of train tracking is established, which can formally describe the uncertain environment in the process of system operation. UPPAAL-SMC is used to simulate the change curve of train position and speed during tracking, it is verified that the model meets the safety requirements in static environment. Finally, taking Statistical Model Checking (SMC) as the basis of safety analysis, the probability of train collision in uncertain environment is calculated. The results show that after accurately modeling the train tracking operation control mechanism through network of SHA, the SMC method can accurately calculate the probability of train rear end collision, which proves that the method has strong feasibility and effectiveness. Formal modeling and analysis of safety-critical system is very important, which enables designers to grasp the hidden dangers of the system in the design stage and safety evaluation stage of train control system, and further provides theoretical reference for the subsequent TcCBTC system design and development, practical application and related specification improvement.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45607832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8154
Maciej Kaczorek, M. Jacyna
Deliberations on transport development indicate that planning is its most significant aspect. One of the key issues in planning is selecting infrastructure projects for completion that will contribute to achieving the development objectives. The important functions of planning, as well as its complexity, indicate the need to use solutions in the decision-making support field. In Poland, in the area of strategic planning of infrastructure development, methods of supporting decision-making aimed at selecting infrastructure projects, taking into account their degree of compliance with strategic goals, are currently not applied comprehensively. The paper aims to address this gap with MCDA solution basing on review of literature combined with the authors’ experience in transport planning. Therefore, authors presented a proposed tool for supporting decision-making in planning transport development on a strategic level. The presented method allows for assessing infrastructure development projects in road and rail transport. Such assessments take into account a number of criteria corresponding to the main development directions, i.e. sustainable development and quality of life. Due to the method of formulating development objectives, it has been decided that it will be advantageous to apply fuzzy logic, which enables using natural language in decision-making support systems. To allow practical application of fuzzy logic, the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package available in the MATLAB environment has been employed. The developed model contains a structure along with defined linguistic variables reflecting the decision-making criteria; also, it includes membership functions, inference rules as well as assessment results. The paper also defines the algorithm of decision-making support procedure. For verification purposes, the decision support model was applied in several real-life project evaluation cases, including a variety of projects in construction, development, and renovation of rail and road infrastructure. The deliberations described in this paper indicate the usefulness of fuzzy logic for supporting decision-making in planning transport development. It’s beneficial that the defined criteria can be applied in the case of projects in early preparation phase, enabling their practical application. Implementation of the solution in the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox enables achieving fast results of the assessment of decision-maker preference level.
{"title":"Fuzzy logic as a decision-making support tool in planning transport development","authors":"Maciej Kaczorek, M. Jacyna","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8154","url":null,"abstract":"Deliberations on transport development indicate that planning is its most significant aspect. One of the key issues in planning is selecting infrastructure projects for completion that will contribute to achieving the development objectives. The important functions of planning, as well as its complexity, indicate the need to use solutions in the decision-making support field. In Poland, in the area of strategic planning of infrastructure development, methods of supporting decision-making aimed at selecting infrastructure projects, taking into account their degree of compliance with strategic goals, are currently not applied comprehensively. The paper aims to address this gap with MCDA solution basing on review of literature combined with the authors’ experience in transport planning. Therefore, authors presented a proposed tool for supporting decision-making in planning transport development on a strategic level. The presented method allows for assessing infrastructure development projects in road and rail transport. Such assessments take into account a number of criteria corresponding to the main development directions, i.e. sustainable development and quality of life. Due to the method of formulating development objectives, it has been decided that it will be advantageous to apply fuzzy logic, which enables using natural language in decision-making support systems. To allow practical application of fuzzy logic, the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package available in the MATLAB environment has been employed. The developed model contains a structure along with defined linguistic variables reflecting the decision-making criteria; also, it includes membership functions, inference rules as well as assessment results. The paper also defines the algorithm of decision-making support procedure. For verification purposes, the decision support model was applied in several real-life project evaluation cases, including a variety of projects in construction, development, and renovation of rail and road infrastructure. The deliberations described in this paper indicate the usefulness of fuzzy logic for supporting decision-making in planning transport development. It’s beneficial that the defined criteria can be applied in the case of projects in early preparation phase, enabling their practical application. Implementation of the solution in the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox enables achieving fast results of the assessment of decision-maker preference level.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44669170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8198
Xinghua Hu, Xinghui Chen, Jiahao Zhao, Kun Yu, Bing Long, Gao Dai
Prioritizing the development of public transit and enhancing its attractiveness is an important way to solve the problem of urban traffic congestion and achieve sustainable development. To improve the service quality and overall opera-tional efficiency of urban public transit, an evaluation index system related to the comprehensive experience of pas-sengers, service supply quality of public transit enterprises, and supervision of management departments was intro-duced from both the demand and the supply of public transit travel services. Based on the data distribution characteris-tics of the boxplot in statistics, the evaluation level and corresponding value range of each index were determined, and the comprehensive weight of the index was determined using the linear weighting method combining the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method, so as to reduce the influence of single weighting method on the evaluation results of comprehensive service quality of public transit. An evaluation method of public transit compre-hensive service quality based on the extension cloud model was established. The evaluation results of the model were obtained by calculating the cloud affiliation and comprehensive certainty, and a reliability factor was used to test the evaluation results, which solved the problem of randomness and fuzziness in the process of comprehensive service quality evaluation of public transportation and made the evaluation results closer to the reality. Finally, the estab-lished comprehensive evaluation model was applied to a city for example analysis, and the corresponding evaluation level was obtained as good. The value of the reliability factor in the model was less than 0.01, indicating that the model has good applicability and a certain application value for the comprehensive service quality evaluation of public transit. The evaluation method fully considered a variety of evaluation indicators, specified the evaluation level of comprehensive service quality of public transit, and the evaluation results provide a theoretical basis for public transport enterprise to make targeted improvement measures.
{"title":"Comprehensive service quality evaluation of public transit based on extension cloud model","authors":"Xinghua Hu, Xinghui Chen, Jiahao Zhao, Kun Yu, Bing Long, Gao Dai","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8198","url":null,"abstract":"Prioritizing the development of public transit and enhancing its attractiveness is an important way to solve the problem of urban traffic congestion and achieve sustainable development. To improve the service quality and overall opera-tional efficiency of urban public transit, an evaluation index system related to the comprehensive experience of pas-sengers, service supply quality of public transit enterprises, and supervision of management departments was intro-duced from both the demand and the supply of public transit travel services. Based on the data distribution characteris-tics of the boxplot in statistics, the evaluation level and corresponding value range of each index were determined, and the comprehensive weight of the index was determined using the linear weighting method combining the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method, so as to reduce the influence of single weighting method on the evaluation results of comprehensive service quality of public transit. An evaluation method of public transit compre-hensive service quality based on the extension cloud model was established. The evaluation results of the model were obtained by calculating the cloud affiliation and comprehensive certainty, and a reliability factor was used to test the evaluation results, which solved the problem of randomness and fuzziness in the process of comprehensive service quality evaluation of public transportation and made the evaluation results closer to the reality. Finally, the estab-lished comprehensive evaluation model was applied to a city for example analysis, and the corresponding evaluation level was obtained as good. The value of the reliability factor in the model was less than 0.01, indicating that the model has good applicability and a certain application value for the comprehensive service quality evaluation of public transit. The evaluation method fully considered a variety of evaluation indicators, specified the evaluation level of comprehensive service quality of public transit, and the evaluation results provide a theoretical basis for public transport enterprise to make targeted improvement measures.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47582245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8197
Abdelaziz Zerka, F. Jawab
The pre-hospital transport of victims of road accidents in Morocco by basic ambulances concerns the majority of the population of victims requiring urgent care. It also constitutes the common service that benefits the entire population of victims, in terms of pre-hospital care. The objective of this contribution is to develop a model for calculating the costs of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC). This model could be effective in better understanding how consumption occurs and how resources are administered and distribut-ed within the pre-hospital care service portfolio. The qualitative research approach that we have adopted in the con-text of this study has enabled us to map and identify all the activities and tasks carried out in the process of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims. The model obtained is flexible enough to adapt to the various situations of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims by basic ambulances. The application of this model in the Moroccan context, delimited in a well-defined round trip (civil protection - accident site - hospital - civil protection) demonstrates that the said model is valid for cost calculation. The calculations made (217.47 MAD, 224.31 MAD, 225.45 MAD and 226.59 MAD) allow us to identify the possible cases of victims transported by basic ambulance. However, the TDABC, applied to the pre-hospital transport of road accident victims, has some limitations, in particular the estimation of time which is the main key to the allocation of the consumed resources. The results show that the TDABC promotes a better knowledge of all the processes related to the pre-hospital transport service. It allows making visible the value of the costs of the victims of road accidents in the selected patient population. Indeed, when the model is used in the set of routes (black points), decision makers are able to see, on the one hand, the variation of costs between similar pre-hospital transport services and different routes for the same transport services and, on the other hand, the value of the costs of each category of road accident victims' population.
{"title":"Modelling the costs of pre-hospital transport service for victims of road accidents in TDABC","authors":"Abdelaziz Zerka, F. Jawab","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8197","url":null,"abstract":"The pre-hospital transport of victims of road accidents in Morocco by basic ambulances concerns the majority of the population of victims requiring urgent care. It also constitutes the common service that benefits the entire population of victims, in terms of pre-hospital care. The objective of this contribution is to develop a model for calculating the costs of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC). This model could be effective in better understanding how consumption occurs and how resources are administered and distribut-ed within the pre-hospital care service portfolio. The qualitative research approach that we have adopted in the con-text of this study has enabled us to map and identify all the activities and tasks carried out in the process of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims. The model obtained is flexible enough to adapt to the various situations of pre-hospital transport of road accident victims by basic ambulances. The application of this model in the Moroccan context, delimited in a well-defined round trip (civil protection - accident site - hospital - civil protection) demonstrates that the said model is valid for cost calculation. The calculations made (217.47 MAD, 224.31 MAD, 225.45 MAD and 226.59 MAD) allow us to identify the possible cases of victims transported by basic ambulance. However, the TDABC, applied to the pre-hospital transport of road accident victims, has some limitations, in particular the estimation of time which is the main key to the allocation of the consumed resources. The results show that the TDABC promotes a better knowledge of all the processes related to the pre-hospital transport service. It allows making visible the value of the costs of the victims of road accidents in the selected patient population. Indeed, when the model is used in the set of routes (black points), decision makers are able to see, on the one hand, the variation of costs between similar pre-hospital transport services and different routes for the same transport services and, on the other hand, the value of the costs of each category of road accident victims' population.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45886075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8150
M. Chrzan
Railroads and the Rail Traffic Control Systems installed on them in Poland have recently been undergoing rapid technological development (Brodzik, 2019). Modern transportation solutions are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (Paś and Rosiński, 2017). Development of modern railroad infrastructure means not only stations and modern rolling stock, but also safe and reliable train traffic control systems based on the latest telecommunication and IT technologies (Ciszewski et al., 2017). In the last century these technologies were still considered dangerous and were introduced with great fear. Today, computerized systems for controlling railway traffic on the track are becoming the norm. Systems are created as "overlays" for existing relay systems or autonomous systems are built based on microprocessor systems (Burdzik et al., 2017). Today it is hard to imagine a modern control room without computer equipment. The introduction of microprocessor technology to railroad traffic control devices took place at the turn of the century. However, the use of modern radio systems in rail transport is the moment when technology based on the appeared in the world LTE (Long-Term evolution) standard. The development of modern data transmission technologies is integrally connected with the mobility of its users. In the presented article the author has tried to determine the impact of transmission synchronization on the basic transmission parameters of LTE signal (Chrzan, 2021). The convenience of using rail communications for its users is the possibility of uninterrupted access to data transmission services along the entire route of the train. Therefore, the research presented in this article was focused on the use of the public radio communication network for passenger data transmission and data transmission for railroad needs. The article presents the influence of synchronisation of data transmission in open railway systems using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology. It presents a description of the physical phenomena associated with synchronisation, and presents the author's method for carrying out measurements on railway line No. 4. For this purpose, a diagnostic station was built and special software for data transmission encryption was prepared. The process of synchronisation of clocks with the use of uniform time was adopted as the basis. General measurement results and conclusions resulting from the use of open transmission in railway radiocommunication systems synchronised by the GPS system signal are presented.
波兰的铁路和安装在其上的铁路交通控制系统最近一直在经历快速的技术发展(Brodzik, 2019)。现代交通解决方案容易受到电磁干扰(pani和Rosiński, 2017)。现代铁路基础设施的发展不仅意味着车站和现代机车车辆，还意味着基于最新电信和IT技术的安全可靠的列车交通控制系统(Ciszewski et al.， 2017)。在上个世纪，这些技术仍然被认为是危险的，并且在引入时带着极大的恐惧。今天，控制轨道上的铁路交通的计算机化系统正在成为常态。系统是作为现有继电器系统的“覆盖层”创建的，或者是基于微处理器系统构建的自主系统(burzik等人，2017)。今天，很难想象没有计算机设备的现代控制室。微处理器技术引入铁路交通控制设备发生在世纪之交。然而，在铁路运输中使用现代无线电系统是在技术基础上出现在世界上LTE(长期演进)标准的时刻。现代数据传输技术的发展与用户的移动性是密不可分的。在本文中，作者试图确定传输同步对LTE信号基本传输参数的影响(Chrzan, 2021)。对于用户来说，使用铁路通信的便利性在于可以在列车的整个路线上不间断地访问数据传输服务。因此，本文的研究重点是利用公共无线电通信网络进行乘客数据传输和铁路需求的数据传输。本文介绍了GPS(全球定位系统)技术对开放式铁路系统数据传输同步的影响。本文描述了与同步有关的物理现象，并介绍了作者对铁路4号线进行测量的方法。为此，建立了诊断站，并编制了专用的数据传输加密软件。采用统一时间的时钟同步过程作为基础。介绍了利用GPS系统信号同步的铁路无线电通信系统中开放传输的一般测量结果和结论。
{"title":"Effect of uniform time on the transmission of signals in rail open systems","authors":"M. Chrzan","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8150","url":null,"abstract":"Railroads and the Rail Traffic Control Systems installed on them in Poland have recently been undergoing rapid technological development (Brodzik, 2019). Modern transportation solutions are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (Paś and Rosiński, 2017). Development of modern railroad infrastructure means not only stations and modern rolling stock, but also safe and reliable train traffic control systems based on the latest telecommunication and IT technologies (Ciszewski et al., 2017). In the last century these technologies were still considered dangerous and were introduced with great fear. Today, computerized systems for controlling railway traffic on the track are becoming the norm. Systems are created as \"overlays\" for existing relay systems or autonomous systems are built based on microprocessor systems (Burdzik et al., 2017). Today it is hard to imagine a modern control room without computer equipment. The introduction of microprocessor technology to railroad traffic control devices took place at the turn of the century. However, the use of modern radio systems in rail transport is the moment when technology based on the appeared in the world LTE (Long-Term evolution) standard. The development of modern data transmission technologies is integrally connected with the mobility of its users. In the presented article the author has tried to determine the impact of transmission synchronization on the basic transmission parameters of LTE signal (Chrzan, 2021). The convenience of using rail communications for its users is the possibility of uninterrupted access to data transmission services along the entire route of the train. Therefore, the research presented in this article was focused on the use of the public radio communication network for passenger data transmission and data transmission for railroad needs.\u0000The article presents the influence of synchronisation of data transmission in open railway systems using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology. It presents a description of the physical phenomena associated with synchronisation, and presents the author's method for carrying out measurements on railway line No. 4. For this purpose, a diagnostic station was built and special software for data transmission encryption was prepared. The process of synchronisation of clocks with the use of uniform time was adopted as the basis. General measurement results and conclusions resulting from the use of open transmission in railway radiocommunication systems synchronised by the GPS system signal are presented.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the fundamental part of other Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications, short-term traffic volume prediction plays an important role in various intelligent transportation tasks, such as traffic management, traffic signal control and route planning. Although Neural-network-based traffic prediction methods can produce good results, most of the models can’t be explained in an intuitive way. In this paper, we not only proposed a model that increase the short-term prediction accuracy of the traffic volume, but also improved the interpretability of the model by analyzing the internal attention score learnt by the model. we propose a spatiotemporal attention mechanism-based multistep traffic volume prediction model (SAMM). Inside the model, an LSTM-based Encoder-Decoder network with a hybrid attention mechanism is introduced, which consists of spatial attention and temporal attention. In the first level, the local and global spatial attention mechanisms considering the micro traffic evolution and macro pattern similarity, respectively, are applied to capture and amplify the features from the highly correlated entrance stations. In the second level, a temporal attention mechanism is employed to amplify the features from the time steps captured as contributing more to the future exit volume. Considering the time-dependent characteristics and the continuity of the recent evolutionary traffic volume trend, the timestamp features and historical exit volume series of target stations are included as the external inputs. An experiment is conducted using data from the highway toll collection system of Guangdong Province, China. By extracting and analyzing the weights of the spatial and temporal attention layers, the contributions of the intermediate parameters are revealed and explained with knowledge acquired by historical statistics. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art model by 29.51% in terms of MSE, 13.93% in terms of MAE, and 5.69% in terms of MAPE. The effectiveness of the Encoder-Decoder framework and the attention mechanism are also verified.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal attention mechanism-based multistep traffic volume prediction model for highway toll stations","authors":"Zijing Huang, Peiqun Lin, Xukun Lin, Chuhao Zhou, Tongge Huang","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8148","url":null,"abstract":"As the fundamental part of other Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications, short-term traffic volume prediction plays an important role in various intelligent transportation tasks, such as traffic management, traffic signal control and route planning. Although Neural-network-based traffic prediction methods can produce good results, most of the models can’t be explained in an intuitive way. In this paper, we not only proposed a model that increase the short-term prediction accuracy of the traffic volume, but also improved the interpretability of the model by analyzing the internal attention score learnt by the model. we propose a spatiotemporal attention mechanism-based multistep traffic volume prediction model (SAMM). Inside the model, an LSTM-based Encoder-Decoder network with a hybrid attention mechanism is introduced, which consists of spatial attention and temporal attention. In the first level, the local and global spatial attention mechanisms considering the micro traffic evolution and macro pattern similarity, respectively, are applied to capture and amplify the features from the highly correlated entrance stations. In the second level, a temporal attention mechanism is employed to amplify the features from the time steps captured as contributing more to the future exit volume. Considering the time-dependent characteristics and the continuity of the recent evolutionary traffic volume trend, the timestamp features and historical exit volume series of target stations are included as the external inputs. An experiment is conducted using data from the highway toll collection system of Guangdong Province, China. By extracting and analyzing the weights of the spatial and temporal attention layers, the contributions of the intermediate parameters are revealed and explained with knowledge acquired by historical statistics. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art model by 29.51% in terms of MSE, 13.93% in terms of MAE, and 5.69% in terms of MAPE. The effectiveness of the Encoder-Decoder framework and the attention mechanism are also verified.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49102401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8162
M. Andrych-Zalewska, Z. Chłopek, J. Merkisz, J. Pielecha
Internal combustion engines represent the largest share of motor vehicle propulsion types. Despite the introduction of alternative drives (hybrid and electric), combustion engines will continue to be the main factor in the development of transport. Therefore, work related to their technological development and reduction of their harmful effects on human health and the environment is required. The development of internal combustion engines can be seen in two directions: technological changes resulting in increased efficiency of such engines and the second direction connected with limi-tation of exhaust gas emission. The present work is included in the second direction of research interests and concerns the analysis of various operating conditions of internal combustion engines. The operating states, both static and dynamic, determine the operational properties of internal combustion engines, such as fuel and energy consumption as well as pollutant emissions. So far, such operating conditions have only been mapped on a chassis dynamometer in various homologation tests. The course of the type approval test was known and the conditions of measurement were also known, which made it impossible to introduce a random factor into such tests. Currently, these properties are determined in tests performed in real vehicle operating conditions – RDE (Real Driving Emissions). Such tests are representing real operating conditions of motor vehicles. Limitations for performing tests in real traffic conditions are, apart from formal requirements concerning the duration and distance of individual parts, the dynamic conditions of vehicles determined by the speed and acceleration of the vehicle. The study analyzed the properties of vehicle speed processes and engine operating states in the RDE test, taking into account its individual phases – driving in urban, rural and motorway conditions. Engine operation states are the processes of the engine rotational speed and its rela-tive torque. It was found that the dynamic properties of the vehicle speed process are much more significant than the engine operating states. It was also found that the road emission of pollutants in the RDE test, which is the property of vehicles measured in the test, the motorway phase properties have greatest impact.
{"title":"Analysis of the operation states of internal combustion engine in the Real Driving Emissions test","authors":"M. Andrych-Zalewska, Z. Chłopek, J. Merkisz, J. Pielecha","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8162","url":null,"abstract":"Internal combustion engines represent the largest share of motor vehicle propulsion types. Despite the introduction of alternative drives (hybrid and electric), combustion engines will continue to be the main factor in the development of transport. Therefore, work related to their technological development and reduction of their harmful effects on human health and the environment is required. The development of internal combustion engines can be seen in two directions: technological changes resulting in increased efficiency of such engines and the second direction connected with limi-tation of exhaust gas emission. The present work is included in the second direction of research interests and concerns the analysis of various operating conditions of internal combustion engines. The operating states, both static and dynamic, determine the operational properties of internal combustion engines, such as fuel and energy consumption as well as pollutant emissions. So far, such operating conditions have only been mapped on a chassis dynamometer in various homologation tests. The course of the type approval test was known and the conditions of measurement were also known, which made it impossible to introduce a random factor into such tests. Currently, these properties are determined in tests performed in real vehicle operating conditions – RDE (Real Driving Emissions). Such tests are representing real operating conditions of motor vehicles. Limitations for performing tests in real traffic conditions are, apart from formal requirements concerning the duration and distance of individual parts, the dynamic conditions of vehicles determined by the speed and acceleration of the vehicle. The study analyzed the properties of vehicle speed processes and engine operating states in the RDE test, taking into account its individual phases – driving in urban, rural and motorway conditions. Engine operation states are the processes of the engine rotational speed and its rela-tive torque. It was found that the dynamic properties of the vehicle speed process are much more significant than the engine operating states. It was also found that the road emission of pollutants in the RDE test, which is the property of vehicles measured in the test, the motorway phase properties have greatest impact.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43763129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8254
M. Tabaszewski, G. Szymański, T. Nowakowski
Contemporary operation-related requirements for combustion engines force the necessity of ongoing assessment of their in operation technical condition (e.g. marine engines). The engine efficiency and durability depend on a variety of parameters. One of them is valve clearance. As has been proven in the paper, the assessment of the valve clearance can be based on vibration signals, which is not a problem in terms of signal measurement and processing and is not invasive into the engine structure. The authors described the experimental research aiming at providing information necessary to develop and validate the proposed method. Active experiments were used with the task of valve clearance and registration of vibrations using a three-axis transducer placed on the engine cylinder head. The tests were carried out during various operating conditions of the engine set by 5 rotational speeds and 5 load conditions. In order to extract the training examples, fragments of the signal related to the closing of individual valves were divided into 11 shorter portions. From each of them, an effective value of the signal was determined. Obtained total 32054 training vectors for each valve related to 4 classes of valve clearance including very sensitive clearance above 0.8 mm associat-ed with high dynamic interactions in cylinder head. In the paper, the authors propose to use a convolutional network CNN to assess the correct engine valve clearance. The obtained results were compared with other methods of machine learning (pattern recognition network, random forest). Finally, using CNN the valve clearance class identification error was less than 1% for the intake valve and less than 3.5% for the exhaust valve. Developed method replaces the existing standard methods based on FFT and STFT combined with regression calculation where approximation error is up to 10%. Such results are more useful for further studies related not only to classification, but also to the prediction of the valve clearance condition in real engine operations.
{"title":"Vibration-based identification of engine valve clearance using a convolutional neural network","authors":"M. Tabaszewski, G. Szymański, T. Nowakowski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8254","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary operation-related requirements for combustion engines force the necessity of ongoing assessment of their in operation technical condition (e.g. marine engines). The engine efficiency and durability depend on a variety of parameters. One of them is valve clearance. As has been proven in the paper, the assessment of the valve clearance can be based on vibration signals, which is not a problem in terms of signal measurement and processing and is not invasive into the engine structure. The authors described the experimental research aiming at providing information necessary to develop and validate the proposed method. Active experiments were used with the task of valve clearance and registration of vibrations using a three-axis transducer placed on the engine cylinder head. The tests were carried out during various operating conditions of the engine set by 5 rotational speeds and 5 load conditions. In order to extract the training examples, fragments of the signal related to the closing of individual valves were divided into 11 shorter portions. From each of them, an effective value of the signal was determined. Obtained total 32054 training vectors for each valve related to 4 classes of valve clearance including very sensitive clearance above 0.8 mm associat-ed with high dynamic interactions in cylinder head. In the paper, the authors propose to use a convolutional network CNN to assess the correct engine valve clearance. The obtained results were compared with other methods of machine learning (pattern recognition network, random forest). Finally, using CNN the valve clearance class identification error was less than 1% for the intake valve and less than 3.5% for the exhaust valve. Developed method replaces the existing standard methods based on FFT and STFT combined with regression calculation where approximation error is up to 10%. Such results are more useful for further studies related not only to classification, but also to the prediction of the valve clearance condition in real engine operations.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44657662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8269
Z. Tarapata, Wojciech Kulas, R. Antkiewicz
In the paper we present machine learning algorithms for the problem of optimizing the distribution of parcels in sto-chastic time-dependent networks, which have been built as a part of some Distribution Optimization System. The prob-lem solved was a modified VRPTW (Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows) with many warehouses, a heteroge-neous fleet, travel times depending on the time of departure (stochastic time-dependent network) and an extensive cost function as an optimization criterion. To solve the problem a modified simulated annealing (SATM) algorithm has been proposed. The paper presents the results of the algorithm learning process: the calibration of input parameters and the study of the impact of parameters on the quality of the solution (calculation time, transport cost function value) de-pending on the type of input data. The idea is to divide the input data into classes according to a proposed classifica-tion rule and to propose several strategies for selecting the optimal set of calibration parameters. These strategies consist in solving some multi-criteria optimization tasks in which four criterion functions are used: the length of the designated routes, the computation time, the number of epochs used in the algorithm, the number of designated routes. The subproblem was building a network model of travel times that is used in constructed SATM algorithm to determine the travel time between recipients, depending on the time of departure from the start location. An attempt has been made to verify the research hypothesis that the time between two points can be estimated with sufficient accuracy depending on their geographical location and the time of departure (without reference to the micro-scale, i.e. the detailed structure of the road network). The research was conducted on two types of data for Warsaw: from transport companies and one of the Internet traffic data providers. Learning the network model of travel times has produced very promising results, which will be described in the paper.
{"title":"Machine learning algorithms for the problem of optimizing the distribution of parcels in time-dependent networks: the case study","authors":"Z. Tarapata, Wojciech Kulas, R. Antkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8269","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper we present machine learning algorithms for the problem of optimizing the distribution of parcels in sto-chastic time-dependent networks, which have been built as a part of some Distribution Optimization System. The prob-lem solved was a modified VRPTW (Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows) with many warehouses, a heteroge-neous fleet, travel times depending on the time of departure (stochastic time-dependent network) and an extensive cost function as an optimization criterion. To solve the problem a modified simulated annealing (SATM) algorithm has been proposed. The paper presents the results of the algorithm learning process: the calibration of input parameters and the study of the impact of parameters on the quality of the solution (calculation time, transport cost function value) de-pending on the type of input data. The idea is to divide the input data into classes according to a proposed classifica-tion rule and to propose several strategies for selecting the optimal set of calibration parameters. These strategies consist in solving some multi-criteria optimization tasks in which four criterion functions are used: the length of the designated routes, the computation time, the number of epochs used in the algorithm, the number of designated routes. The subproblem was building a network model of travel times that is used in constructed SATM algorithm to determine the travel time between recipients, depending on the time of departure from the start location. An attempt has been made to verify the research hypothesis that the time between two points can be estimated with sufficient accuracy depending on their geographical location and the time of departure (without reference to the micro-scale, i.e. the detailed structure of the road network). The research was conducted on two types of data for Warsaw: from transport companies and one of the Internet traffic data providers. Learning the network model of travel times has produced very promising results, which will be described in the paper.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47797588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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