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Underdogs and favorites: Past, present, and future 劣势和优势:过去、现在和未来
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12973
Nathan C. Pettit, Sarah P. Doyle, Robert B. Lount
This article highlights the value in taking a multi‐temporal perspective to the literature on underdogs and favorites in competitive contexts. We contend that an inherent feature of the psychological experience of being an underdog or favorite is the coexistence of thoughts related to the past and future. Building upon this key insight, we adopt a multi‐temporal lens to compare current research on underdogs and favorites to the broader literature studying competition and motivation in intergroup contexts, with the goal of identifying possible areas of coherence and contradiction in relation to other relevant theoretical frameworks. Through this analysis, we put forth a set of what we hope are thought‐provoking research questions that are intended to guide and inspire future work in this domain.
这篇文章强调了从多时空的角度来研究竞争背景下的劣势方和热门方的文献的价值。我们认为,作为劣势方或热门方的心理体验的一个固有特征是与过去和未来相关的想法共存。在这一重要见解的基础上,我们采用多时空视角,将当前关于弱势者和受青睐者的研究与研究群体间竞争和动机的更广泛的文献进行比较,目的是找出与其他相关理论框架可能存在的一致性和矛盾性。通过分析,我们提出了一系列我们希望是发人深省的研究问题,旨在指导和启发这一领域未来的工作。
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引用次数: 0
What is habit and how can it be used to change real‐world behaviour? Narrowing the theory‐reality gap 什么是习惯?如何利用习惯改变现实世界中的行为?缩小理论与现实的差距
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12975
Benjamin Gardner, Amanda L. Rebar, Sanne de Wit, Phillippa Lally
Habit change is often seen as key to successful long‐term behaviour change. Making ‘good’ behaviours habitual—that is, ensuring a behaviour is prompted automatically on exposure to situational cues, based on cue‐response associations learnt through context‐consistent repetition—is portrayed as a mechanism for sustaining such behaviours over time. Conversely, disrupting ‘bad’ habits is expected to terminate longstanding unwanted actions. Yet, some commentators have suggested that the role of habit in real‐world behaviour and behaviour change has been overstated. Such critiques highlight a gap between habit theory and the reality of human behaviour ‘in the wild’. This state‐of‐the‐field review aims to narrow this gap. Building on a core distinction between habit and habitual behaviour, our review seeks to offer interpretations of habit theory and evidence that will better manage intervention designers' expectations regarding how modifying habit can realistically be expected to promote behaviour change. We emphasise that habit is just one potential influence on behaviour at any given moment, and highlight instances in which habit may dominate over intention, and in which intention may dominate over habit, in determining behaviour frequency. We suggest that, while it may assist behaviour maintenance, habit formation may be neither necessary nor sufficient to sustain real‐world behaviour change. We draw attention to the various ways in which habit may be ‘broken’ (i.e., disrupted), and discern the implications of each habit disruption mechanism for long‐term cessation of unwanted behaviours.
习惯的改变通常被视为成功实现长期行为改变的关键。使 "好 "行为习惯化,即确保在接触到情境线索时,根据通过情境一致的重复而学习到的线索-反应关联,自动促使行为发生,被描绘成一种长期保持这种行为的机制。相反,破坏 "坏 "习惯有望终止长期存在的不受欢迎的行为。然而,一些评论家认为,习惯在现实行为和行为改变中的作用被夸大了。这些批评凸显了习惯理论与 "野生 "人类行为现实之间的差距。本领域现状综述旨在缩小这一差距。基于习惯和惯常行为之间的核心区别,我们的综述试图提供对习惯理论和证据的解释,以便更好地管理干预设计者对改变习惯如何能够切实促进行为改变的期望。我们强调,在任何特定时刻,习惯只是对行为的一种潜在影响,并着重指出在决定行为频率时,习惯可能比意图更重要,而意图可能比习惯更重要。我们认为,虽然习惯的养成可能有助于行为的维持,但对于维持现实世界中的行为变化来说,习惯的养成可能既不是必要的,也不是充分的。我们提请大家注意 "打破"(即破坏)习惯的各种方式,并分析了每种习惯破坏机制对长期停止不想要的行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday acts of kindness predict greater well‐being during the transition to university 日常善举预示着升入大学后会更幸福
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12972
Tiara A. Cash, Lara B. Aknin, Yuthika U. Girme
From becoming a teenager to starting university, life transitions are an inevitable part of human existence. While exciting, life transitions can be stressful because they involve changes in identity, routine, and expectations. What can support people during this period of change? Informed by past research demonstrating the emotional benefits of prosocial behavior, we examined whether everyday acts of prosociality might predict well‐being during a life transition using a pre‐registered 6‐week diary study conducted with students starting university (N = 193; 1544 observations). Consistent with pre‐registered hypotheses, participants experienced higher well‐being on scales capturing happiness, flourishing, thriving, optimism, resilience, anxiety and loneliness during weeks in which they completed more prosocial acts than their personal average. This research extends our understanding of the relationship between prosociality and well‐being to new theoretically relevant contexts, including extended, multi‐faceted personal stressors, and suggests that one potentially useful route to well‐being during life transitions could be helping others.
从成为青少年到开始上大学,人生过渡是人类生存不可避免的一部分。虽然令人兴奋,但人生转折也会给人带来压力,因为它们涉及到身份、常规和期望的改变。怎样才能在这一变化时期为人们提供支持呢?过去的研究表明,亲社会行为对人的情绪有益,受此启发,我们利用一项预先登记的为期 6 周的日记研究,对刚上大学的学生(N = 193;1544 次观察)进行了调查,研究日常的亲社会行为是否可以预测人生转折期的幸福感。与预先登记的假设相一致的是,在完成亲社会行为多于个人平均水平的几周内,参与者在幸福感、蓬勃发展、欣欣向荣、乐观、复原力、焦虑和孤独感等方面的幸福感较高。这项研究将我们对亲社会性与幸福感之间关系的理解扩展到了新的理论相关情境中,包括扩展的、多方面的个人压力因素,并表明在人生过渡时期,帮助他人可能是获得幸福感的一个有用途径。
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引用次数: 0
University students' and lecturers' perceived stress and satisfaction with life during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of personality traits and self‐efficacy 大学生和讲师在 COVID-19 大流行期间感知到的生活压力和满意度:人格特质和自我效能感的作用
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12957
David Lacko, Jiří Čeněk, Martina Hřebíčková
This article investigates the links between the Big Five personality traits and self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic on a large sample of Czech university students and lecturers (N = 11,824). The study's findings indicate that during the pandemic, negative emotionality was strongly associated with both perceived stress and life satisfaction. The study also reveals a positive link between extraversion and perceived stress across the entire sample, and in the student group specifically, extraversion was negatively associated with life satisfaction. This suggests that a high level of extraversion may not act as a protective factor in situations of limited social contact, for example, under the social restriction mandates during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Additionally, self‐efficacy was associated with higher satisfaction with life but also higher perceived stress. This finding contradicts previous research conducted before and during the pandemic and warrants further investigation. Interestingly, the links between personality traits, self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction were not significantly moderated by professional position. Both lecturers and students experienced similar disruptions to their daily routines, social isolation, and financial concerns during the pandemic.
本文研究了在 COVID-19 大流行期间,大五人格特质与自我效能感、感知压力和生活满意度之间的联系,研究对象为大量捷克大学生和讲师样本(N = 11,824)。研究结果表明,在大流行病期间,消极情绪与感知压力和生活满意度密切相关。研究还显示,在整个样本中,外向性与感知压力之间存在正相关,而在学生群体中,外向性与生活满意度之间存在负相关。这表明,在社会接触有限的情况下,例如在 COVID-19 大流行期间的社会限制规定下,高水平的外向性可能无法起到保护作用。此外,自我效能感与较高的生活满意度相关,但也与较高的压力感知相关。这一发现与之前在大流行之前和期间进行的研究相矛盾,值得进一步研究。有趣的是,人格特质、自我效能感、感知压力和生活满意度之间的联系并没有受到专业职位的显著调节。在大流行期间,讲师和学生都经历了类似的日常生活中断、社会隔离和经济问题。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating personality psychology and intersectionality to advance diversity in the study of persons 整合人格心理学和交叉性,促进人员研究的多样性
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12956
Dulce Wilkinson Westberg, Moin Syed
Consideration of how interrelated social structures relate with personality has been limited. In this paper, we discuss how researchers might apply an intersectional framework–which uses a social justice lens to examine how social structures are interconnected and impact individuals—at three distinct levels of personality including traits, characteristic adaptations, and integrative life narratives. We begin by providing conceptualizations of personality and intersectionality and describe considerations for their integration, including the need to widen the methodological and epistemological scope of personality science. Key areas of research that demonstrate the promise of an intersectional framework for unpacking structures of power and oppression in relation to the person are then described for each level of personality. Specifically, recommendations for how an intersectional framework may be used to examine structural identity domains in relation to trait levels, values and goals, as well as the content and process of narrated lives are offered. We conclude with discussion of how application of an intersectional framework is crucial for promoting inclusion and generalizability in personality science.
关于相互关联的社会结构与人格之间关系的研究还很有限。在本文中,我们将讨论研究人员如何在人格的三个不同层面(包括特质、特征适应和综合生活叙事)应用交叉性框架--该框架使用社会正义视角来研究社会结构如何相互关联并影响个体。我们首先提供了人格和交叉性的概念,并描述了将它们结合起来的考虑因素,包括扩大人格科学的方法论和认识论范围的必要性。然后,我们将针对人格的各个层面,描述能够证明交叉性框架有望揭示与人相关的权力和压迫结构的关键研究领域。具体而言,我们将就如何使用交叉框架来研究与特质水平、价值观和目标相关的结构性身份领域,以及叙述生活的内容和过程提出建议。最后,我们将讨论交叉框架的应用对于促进人格科学的包容性和普适性是多么重要。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the trajectory of relational conflict leading up to and after an anticipated stressor 研究预期压力发生前后的关系冲突轨迹
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12954
Ana M. DiGiovanni, Abriana M. Gresham, Marika Yip‐Bannicq, Niall Bolger
A wealth of research suggests that as stress increases, so does conflict in close relationships. But is this always the case? Specifically, how does the trajectory of conflict unfold in the period before and after an acute and anticipated major life stressor? We capitalize on a 44‐day dyadic diary where one partner was preparing for the New York State Bar Exam (N = 312 couples) to explore the trajectory of conflict leading up to the exam, as well as how these patterns differed once exams finished. Results revealed that examinees and partners reported statistically meaningful decreases in conflict as exams approached, which contrasts prior research. This was followed by a spike in the likelihood of conflict immediately after exams were finished, and a quick return to low likelihoods of conflict one week after exams. This work highlights how couples, even in the face of stress, regulate their emotions and engage in relationship maintenance processes. However, relationship frustrations tend to be expressed—resulting in conflict—once the stressor is over. Not only does this work inform theories about relational conflict during times of stress, but it also highlights the need to study the dynamics of stress before, during, and after meaningful life events.
大量研究表明,随着压力的增加,亲密关系中的冲突也会增加。但情况总是如此吗?具体来说,在急性和预期的重大生活压力发生前后,冲突的轨迹是如何发展的?我们利用一份为期 44 天的伴侣关系日记,其中一方正在准备纽约州律师资格考试(N = 312 对伴侣),来探讨考试前的冲突轨迹,以及考试结束后这些模式的不同之处。结果显示,随着考试的临近,考生和伴侣报告的冲突在统计意义上有所减少,这与之前的研究形成了鲜明对比。紧接着,考试结束后发生冲突的可能性骤增,考试一周后冲突的可能性又迅速恢复到较低水平。这项研究强调了夫妻在面对压力时如何调节自己的情绪并参与关系维护过程。然而,关系中的挫折往往会在压力结束后被表达出来,从而导致冲突。这项研究不仅为压力时期的关系冲突提供了理论依据,还强调了在有意义的生活事件发生之前、期间和之后研究压力动态的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
The invention of race and the persistence of racial hierarchy: White privilege, White supremacy, and White colorblindness 种族的发明和种族等级制度的持续存在:白人特权、白人至上和白人色盲
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12953
Nancy DiTomaso
Given the long history of contention over the meaning of race and the continued discomfort about what role it plays in the structure of inequality, I endeavor to clarify the origins of the association of race with skin color and other physical features by briefly discussing the historical record by which race became codified in law. My focus is the U.S. and specifically Colonial Virginia, where the codification of racial categories in law was especially consequential. I also discuss the existence of a racial hierarchy in which Whites are dominant and Nonwhites of various types are subordinate. I argue that the continued existence of this racial hierarchy not only has a legacy from the past, but it is reproduced in the present and continues to have major effects on the life chances of those thought of as belonging to different racial groups. I also discuss the elasticity, ambiguity, and contested nature of racial classifications, as well as the internal differentiation among those thought to belong to the same racial groups and the changes and variations over time that are continually remaking the meaning of race. Because of the political significance of race, I also clarify the meaning of key concepts that have been receiving recent attention: White privilege, White supremacy, and White colorblindness. Finally, I discuss race as a process rather than as a classification and briefly discuss how Whites and men can become allies, advocates, and activists in support of social justice.
鉴于对种族含义的争论由来已久,而且人们对种族在不平等结构中扮演的角色一直感到不安,我试图通过简要讨论种族被编入法律的历史记录,来澄清种族与肤色和其他身体特征联系在一起的起源。我的研究重点是美国,特别是殖民地时期的弗吉尼亚州,在那里,种族类别在法律中的编纂尤为重要。我还讨论了种族等级制度的存在,其中白人占主导地位,而各种类型的非白人处于从属地位。我认为,这种种族等级制度的持续存在不仅是过去遗留下来的,而且在当下得以复制,并继续对那些被认为属于不同种族群体的人的生活机会产生重大影响。我还讨论了种族分类的弹性、模糊性和争议性,以及那些被认为属于同一种族群体的人之间的内部分化,以及随着时间推移不断重塑种族意义的变化和变异。鉴于种族问题的政治意义,我还澄清了近期备受关注的一些关键概念的含义:白人特权、白人至上和白人色盲。最后,我将种族视为一个过程而非一种分类,并简要讨论了白人和男性如何成为支持社会正义的盟友、倡导者和活动家。
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引用次数: 0
Getting a grip on yourself or your environment: Creating opportunities for strategic self‐control in behavioral public policy 控制自己或环境:为行为公共政策中的战略性自我控制创造机会
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12952
Denise de Ridder
In recent years, self‐control research has shifted from a focus on effortful inhibition towards an understanding of self‐control as strategically navigating one's environment by ignoring or avoiding situations that may challenge self‐control. Yet despite increased attention to strategic self‐control, an explicit consideration of perceived control over the environment as a potentially critical driver of self‐control strategies is lacking. Recognizing the crucial role of perceived control, this article reviews research highlighting the interplay between self‐control and control over one's surroundings. We first examine research on new conceptualizations of self‐control that go beyond effortful inhibition of impulses. We then turn to research that addresses the role of perceived control over the environment, arguing that an emphasis on strategic self‐control requires a profound understanding of how perceptions of control determine options for employing self‐control strategies. We conclude with a discussion of promising new directions for behavioral public policies. These policies should better acknowledge the importance of perceived control by creating arrangements that help people in getting more control over their surroundings. This new perspective will take away concerns about an excessive individual frame that holds individuals responsible for self‐control failures in unsupportive environments.
近年来,自我控制研究已从关注努力抑制转向对自我控制的理解,即通过忽略或避免可能挑战自我控制的情况,战略性地驾驭自己的环境。然而,尽管人们越来越关注策略性自我控制,却缺乏对环境感知控制作为自我控制策略潜在关键驱动因素的明确考虑。认识到感知控制的关键作用,本文回顾了强调自我控制和对周围环境控制之间相互作用的研究。我们首先考察了关于自我控制新概念的研究,这些新概念超越了对冲动的努力抑制。然后,我们转向有关感知环境控制作用的研究,认为强调策略性自我控制需要深刻理解对控制的感知如何决定采用自我控制策略的选择。最后,我们讨论了行为公共政策的新方向。这些政策应更好地认识到感知控制的重要性,做出有助于人们更好地控制周围环境的安排。这种新的视角将消除人们对过度的个人框架的担忧,这种框架认为个人应对在不支持的环境中自我控制的失败负责。
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引用次数: 0
Racism in the “colony”: Towards appreciating race fluidity and racialization in social psychology of racism 殖民地 "中的种族主义:在种族主义社会心理学中重视种族流动性和种族化
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12949
Rahul Sambaraju
Race is a significant means through which individuals and groups relate to each other. A problematic instance of its significance is colonialism and all the destruction it brought with it. In this paper, I explore how knowledge about race and racism from settings that were erstwhile colonized can enrich current understandings and approaches to studying race and racism in social psychology. I advance the possibility of mutual learning and sharing of theoretical and methodological practices for researchers who examine race and racism in colonizing or settler‐colonial settings and those in erstwhile colonized settings. I do so by first, locating the centrality of Whiteness for the very development of race categories and the shaping of psychology as a discipline. Second, I discuss how race and racism are examined in (primarily) Euro‐American contexts, with a focus on engagement with Whiteness by Critical Race Psychologists and social constructionist researchers. Third, I outline alternative ways of engaging with race and race categories identified in erstwhile colonized places. I end with how this latter informs our understandings of race and racism, and possibilities for mutual learning.
种族是个人和群体相互联系的重要手段。殖民主义及其带来的一切破坏就是其重要意义的一个问题实例。在本文中,我将探讨从曾经的殖民地环境中获得的有关种族和种族主义的知识如何丰富当前社会心理学对种族和种族主义的理解和研究方法。我将为研究殖民化或定居殖民地环境中的种族和种族主义的研究人员和研究前殖民地环境中的种族和种族主义的研究人员提供相互学习和分享理论与方法实践的可能性。首先,我指出了白人对于种族类别的发展和心理学作为一门学科的形成所具有的核心作用。其次,我将讨论在(主要是)欧美背景下如何研究种族和种族主义,重点关注批判种族心理学家和社会建构主义研究者对白的参与。第三,我概述了在前殖民地识别种族和种族类别的其他方法。最后,我将介绍后者如何影响我们对种族和种族主义的理解,以及相互学习的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Causal inference for psychologists who think that causal inference is not for them 为那些认为因果推理不适合自己的心理学家设计的因果推理
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12948
Julia M. Rohrer
Correlation does not imply causation and psychologists' causal inference training often focuses on the conclusion that therefore experiments are needed—without much consideration for the causal inference frameworks used elsewhere. This leaves researchers ill‐equipped to solve inferential problems that they encounter in their work, leading to mistaken conclusions and incoherent statistical analyses. For a more systematic approach to causal inference, this article provides brief introductions to the potential outcomes framework—the “lingua franca” of causal inference—and to directed acyclic graphs, a graphical notation that makes it easier to systematically reason about complex causal situations. I then discuss two issues that may be of interest to researchers in social and personality psychology who think that formalized causal inference is of little relevance to their work. First, posttreatment bias: In various common scenarios (noncompliance, mediation analysis, missing data), researchers may analyze data from experimental studies in a manner that results in internally invalid conclusions, despite randomization. Second, tests of incremental validity: Routine practices in personality psychology suggest that they may be conducted for at least two different reasons (to demonstrate the non‐redundancy of new scales, to support causal conclusions) without being particularly suited for either purpose. Taking causal inference seriously is challenging; it reveals assumptions that may make many uncomfortable. However, ultimately it is a necessary step to ensure the validity of psychological research.
相关性并不意味着因果关系,而心理学家的因果推论培训往往集中在 "因此需要进行实验 "这一结论上,而没有过多考虑其他地方使用的因果推论框架。这使得研究人员在解决工作中遇到的推论问题时能力不足,从而导致错误的结论和不连贯的统计分析。为了更系统地进行因果推断,本文简要介绍了潜在结果框架--因果推断的 "通用语言",以及有向无环图--一种更容易系统推理复杂因果情况的图形符号。然后,我将讨论社会心理学和人格心理学研究人员可能感兴趣的两个问题,这些研究人员认为形式化的因果推论与他们的工作关系不大。第一,后处理偏差:在各种常见的情况下(不服从、中介分析、数据缺失),研究人员可能会以一种导致内部结论无效的方式分析实验研究数据,尽管这种方式是随机化的。第二,增量有效性检验:人格心理学的常规做法表明,进行增量效度测试可能至少有两个不同的原因(证明新量表的非冗余性,支持因果结论),而这两个原因都不是特别适合。认真对待因果推论具有挑战性;它所揭示的假设可能会让很多人感到不舒服。然而,归根结底,这是确保心理学研究有效性的必要步骤。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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