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Looking our limitations in the eye: A call for more thorough and honest reporting of study limitations 正视我们的局限性:呼吁更全面、更诚实地报告研究局限性
IF 4.8 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12979
Beth Clarke, Lindsay J. Alley, Sakshi Ghai, J. Flake, Julia M. Rohrer, Joseph P. Simmons, Sarah R. Schiavone, S. Vazire
The replication crisis and subsequent credibility revolution in psychology have highlighted many suboptimal research practices such as p‐hacking, overgeneralizing, and a lack of transparency. These practices may have been employed reflexively but upon reflection, they are hard to defend. We suggest that current practices for reporting and discussing study limitations are another example of an area where there is much room for improvement. In this article, we call for more rigorous reporting of study limitations in social and personality psychology articles, and we offer advice for how to do this. We recommend that authors consider what the best argument is against their conclusions (which we call the “steel‐person principle”). We consider limitations as threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity (Shadish et al., 2002), and offer some examples for better practice reporting of common study limitations. Our advice has its own limitations — both our representation of current practices and our recommendations are largely based on our own metaresearch and opinions. Nevertheless, we hope that we can prompt researchers to write more deeply and clearly about the limitations of their research, and to hold each other to higher standards when reviewing each other's work.
心理学中的复制危机和随后的可信度革命凸显了许多不理想的研究实践,如 "P-黑客"、过度概括和缺乏透明度。这些做法可能是被反思性地采用的,但反思之后却很难为其辩护。我们认为,当前报告和讨论研究局限性的做法是另一个有很大改进空间的领域。在本文中,我们呼吁在社会与人格心理学文章中更严格地报告研究局限性,并为如何做到这一点提供了建议。我们建议作者考虑反对其结论的最佳论据是什么(我们称之为 "钢人原则")。我们将局限性视为对建构效度、内部效度、外部效度和统计结论效度的威胁(Shadish 等人,2002 年),并举例说明如何更好地报告常见的研究局限性。我们的建议有其自身的局限性--我们对当前实践的表述和我们的建议在很大程度上都是基于我们自己的元研究和观点。不过,我们希望我们的建议能促使研究人员更深入、更清晰地阐述其研究的局限性,并在评审彼此的工作时以更高的标准来要求对方。
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引用次数: 0
Paradoxes, uncertainty, and resistance: A psychology of meaning‐making at the margins 悖论、不确定性和阻力:边缘人群意义建构心理学
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12980
Rebecca Covarrubias, Giselle Laiduc
The college transition is a multifaceted experience. Navigating the unfamiliar terrain of college allows for tremendous growth and self‐discovery while simultaneously evoking fear and uncertainty as students encounter new struggles. How students come to make sense of their transition experiences, especially moments of struggle, informs how they come to define who they are, who they can become, and where they belong. Robust psychological investigation has advanced three motivations for making sense of struggle: the need to understand, the need for self‐integrity, and the need to belong. Scholars target these motivations to design educational interventions and improve outcomes for students from marginalized backgrounds. What is missing is an exploration of how the uncertainty and marginalization arising from negotiating multiple social worlds can incite paradoxical expectations, messages, and cues that shape these three motivations for meaning‐making. In this paper, we aim to nuance these three motivations by attending to paradoxes. Unearthing the paradoxes lurking within each motivation advances a better understanding of what it means to make meaning from the margins and, consequently, offers new directions and possibilities for psychological research.
大学过渡是一种多方面的经历。在大学这个陌生的环境中,学生可以获得巨大的成长和自我发现,同时也会因为遇到新的困难而产生恐惧和不确定性。学生如何理解他们的过渡经历,尤其是挣扎的时刻,会影响他们如何定义自己是谁,自己能成为什么样的人,以及自己的归属。大量的心理学研究已经提出了让学生理解挣扎的三种动机:理解的需要、自我完整的需要和归属的需要。学者们针对这些动机设计教育干预措施,改善边缘化背景学生的学习成果。我们所缺少的,是对在多重社会世界中谈判所产生的不确定性和边缘化如何激发出矛盾的期望、信息和线索,从而形成这三种意义生成动机的探索。在本文中,我们旨在通过关注悖论来细化这三种动机。揭示潜藏在每种动机中的悖论,有助于更好地理解从边缘中创造意义的含义,从而为心理学研究提供新的方向和可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Left and right ideological orientations as intragroup strategies of cultural preservation and promotion 左翼和右翼意识形态取向作为群体内部的文化保护和促进战略
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12976
Christine Reyna, Kaelan J. Vazquez, Miguel Vazquez, Fade R. Eadeh, Kara Harris
Social and political psychologists have focused on how liberals and conservatives differ from one another and have developed a vast literature on individual differences and fixed attributes that distinguish ideological groups. However, ideological orientations might be more contextual and flexible than what is often portrayed in research. We present a novel look at ideological variability as an intragroup phenomenon that makes liberals and conservatives nuanced, heterogeneous, and more similar to one another—important perspectives for reducing ideological stereotyping and polarization. In this paper, we review patterns showing ideological variability and overlap in thinking, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors across the lifespan, geographical regions, status groups, and diverse cultures around the world. By understanding the social psychological and situational factors associated with intragroup variability in ideology, we can develop more culturally inclusive models of ideology and map out better solutions to polarization.
社会和政治心理学家一直关注自由主义者和保守主义者之间的差异,并形成了大量关于个体差异和区分意识形态群体的固定属性的文献。然而,意识形态取向可能比研究中通常描述的更具背景性和灵活性。我们以一种新颖的视角将意识形态的变异性视为一种群体内部现象,它使自由主义者和保守主义者变得细致入微、异质且更加相似--这对于减少意识形态的刻板印象和两极分化非常重要。在本文中,我们回顾了显示意识形态变异性的模式,以及在思维、情感、态度和行为方面的重叠,这些模式跨越了人的一生、地理区域、地位群体和世界各地的不同文化。通过了解与意识形态群体内差异性相关的社会心理学和情境因素,我们可以开发出更具文化包容性的意识形态模型,并制定出更好的两极分化解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptualizing grandiose and vulnerable narcissism as alternative status‐seeking strategies: Insights from hierometer theory 将自大狂和脆弱自恋概念化为寻求地位的替代策略:等级表理论的启示
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12977
Nikhila Mahadevan
Theory and research support a distinction between two forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. People high in grandiose narcissism are arrogant, extraverted, and authoritative, whereas people high in vulnerable narcissism are insecure, introverted, and diffident. I propose that a useful approach to understanding these two forms of narcissism is to view them through a socio‐evolutionary lens. Guided by evolutionary adaptationist models of rank and, more specifically, by hierometer theory, I put forward a novel theoretical account of both forms of narcissism and examine contemporary research in light of it. Specifically, I conceptualize grandiose and vulnerable narcissism as two alternative status‐seeking strategies. Whereas grandiose narcissism appears to operate as a status‐promoting “hawk” strategy, vulnerable narcissism appears to operate as a status‐protecting “dove” strategy. This parsimonious and functional account of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism sheds light on their similarities and differences, explains disparate and seemingly contradictory findings in the literature, and informs a better understanding of the paradoxical nature of narcissism.
理论和研究支持区分两种自恋形式:自大和脆弱。自恋程度高的人傲慢、外向、有权威,而自恋程度低的人缺乏安全感、内向、散漫。我建议,理解这两种自恋形式的有用方法是通过社会进化的视角来看待它们。在等级进化适应论模型的指导下,更具体地说,在等级表理论的指导下,我对这两种形式的自恋提出了一种新的理论解释,并根据这种解释对当代研究进行了考察。具体来说,我将 "傲慢型自恋 "和 "脆弱型自恋 "概念化为两种不同的地位追求策略。傲慢型自恋似乎是一种促进地位的 "鹰 "战略,而脆弱型自恋似乎是一种保护地位的 "鸽 "战略。这种对 "傲慢型自恋 "和 "脆弱型自恋 "的解析和功能性解释揭示了两者的异同,解释了文献中不同的、看似矛盾的研究结果,有助于更好地理解自恋的矛盾本质。
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引用次数: 0
How people find better lifegoals: The goal breakthrough model and its neuroscientific underpinnings 人们如何找到更好的生活目标:目标突破模型及其神经科学基础
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12974
Kennon M. Sheldon, Woogul Lee, Johnmarshall Reeve
How do people identify new and better lifegoals for themselves? The goal breakthrough model (GBM) purports to answer this question. The GBM draws from creative process theories of preparation, incubation, illumination, and elaboration to explain how people “cross the Rubicon” to new purposes, in response to felt dissatisfaction. Neuroscience research supporting the GBM is reviewed, highlighting brain‐sequences linking Default Mode Network activity, Cognitive Control Network activity, and Salience Network activity. This understanding of the neural basis of creative goal‐functioning informs an elaborated version of the GBM, one that is less linear and more dynamic than its predecessor model. Overall, the GBM proposes a novel explanation for how people can actively prompt their nonconscious minds to provide new and better behavioral alternatives to consider.
人们如何为自己确定新的、更好的人生目标?目标突破模型(GBM)旨在回答这个问题。目标突破模型借鉴了关于准备、孵化、启发和阐述的创造性过程理论,来解释人们如何 "跨越卢比肯河",实现新的目标,以应对所感受到的不满。本文回顾了支持 GBM 的神经科学研究,强调了连接默认模式网络活动、认知控制网络活动和显著性网络活动的大脑序列。对创造性目标功能的神经基础的这种理解,为 GBM 的详细版本提供了依据,该版本与其前身模型相比,线性程度更低,动态性更强。总之,GBM 提出了一种新颖的解释,说明人们如何能够积极地促使自己的非意识思维提供新的、更好的行为替代方案以供考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Underdogs and favorites: Past, present, and future 劣势和优势:过去、现在和未来
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12973
Nathan C. Pettit, Sarah P. Doyle, Robert B. Lount
This article highlights the value in taking a multi‐temporal perspective to the literature on underdogs and favorites in competitive contexts. We contend that an inherent feature of the psychological experience of being an underdog or favorite is the coexistence of thoughts related to the past and future. Building upon this key insight, we adopt a multi‐temporal lens to compare current research on underdogs and favorites to the broader literature studying competition and motivation in intergroup contexts, with the goal of identifying possible areas of coherence and contradiction in relation to other relevant theoretical frameworks. Through this analysis, we put forth a set of what we hope are thought‐provoking research questions that are intended to guide and inspire future work in this domain.
这篇文章强调了从多时空的角度来研究竞争背景下的劣势方和热门方的文献的价值。我们认为,作为劣势方或热门方的心理体验的一个固有特征是与过去和未来相关的想法共存。在这一重要见解的基础上,我们采用多时空视角,将当前关于弱势者和受青睐者的研究与研究群体间竞争和动机的更广泛的文献进行比较,目的是找出与其他相关理论框架可能存在的一致性和矛盾性。通过分析,我们提出了一系列我们希望是发人深省的研究问题,旨在指导和启发这一领域未来的工作。
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引用次数: 0
What is habit and how can it be used to change real‐world behaviour? Narrowing the theory‐reality gap 什么是习惯?如何利用习惯改变现实世界中的行为?缩小理论与现实的差距
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12975
Benjamin Gardner, Amanda L. Rebar, Sanne de Wit, Phillippa Lally
Habit change is often seen as key to successful long‐term behaviour change. Making ‘good’ behaviours habitual—that is, ensuring a behaviour is prompted automatically on exposure to situational cues, based on cue‐response associations learnt through context‐consistent repetition—is portrayed as a mechanism for sustaining such behaviours over time. Conversely, disrupting ‘bad’ habits is expected to terminate longstanding unwanted actions. Yet, some commentators have suggested that the role of habit in real‐world behaviour and behaviour change has been overstated. Such critiques highlight a gap between habit theory and the reality of human behaviour ‘in the wild’. This state‐of‐the‐field review aims to narrow this gap. Building on a core distinction between habit and habitual behaviour, our review seeks to offer interpretations of habit theory and evidence that will better manage intervention designers' expectations regarding how modifying habit can realistically be expected to promote behaviour change. We emphasise that habit is just one potential influence on behaviour at any given moment, and highlight instances in which habit may dominate over intention, and in which intention may dominate over habit, in determining behaviour frequency. We suggest that, while it may assist behaviour maintenance, habit formation may be neither necessary nor sufficient to sustain real‐world behaviour change. We draw attention to the various ways in which habit may be ‘broken’ (i.e., disrupted), and discern the implications of each habit disruption mechanism for long‐term cessation of unwanted behaviours.
习惯的改变通常被视为成功实现长期行为改变的关键。使 "好 "行为习惯化,即确保在接触到情境线索时,根据通过情境一致的重复而学习到的线索-反应关联,自动促使行为发生,被描绘成一种长期保持这种行为的机制。相反,破坏 "坏 "习惯有望终止长期存在的不受欢迎的行为。然而,一些评论家认为,习惯在现实行为和行为改变中的作用被夸大了。这些批评凸显了习惯理论与 "野生 "人类行为现实之间的差距。本领域现状综述旨在缩小这一差距。基于习惯和惯常行为之间的核心区别,我们的综述试图提供对习惯理论和证据的解释,以便更好地管理干预设计者对改变习惯如何能够切实促进行为改变的期望。我们强调,在任何特定时刻,习惯只是对行为的一种潜在影响,并着重指出在决定行为频率时,习惯可能比意图更重要,而意图可能比习惯更重要。我们认为,虽然习惯的养成可能有助于行为的维持,但对于维持现实世界中的行为变化来说,习惯的养成可能既不是必要的,也不是充分的。我们提请大家注意 "打破"(即破坏)习惯的各种方式,并分析了每种习惯破坏机制对长期停止不想要的行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday acts of kindness predict greater well‐being during the transition to university 日常善举预示着升入大学后会更幸福
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12972
Tiara A. Cash, Lara B. Aknin, Yuthika U. Girme
From becoming a teenager to starting university, life transitions are an inevitable part of human existence. While exciting, life transitions can be stressful because they involve changes in identity, routine, and expectations. What can support people during this period of change? Informed by past research demonstrating the emotional benefits of prosocial behavior, we examined whether everyday acts of prosociality might predict well‐being during a life transition using a pre‐registered 6‐week diary study conducted with students starting university (N = 193; 1544 observations). Consistent with pre‐registered hypotheses, participants experienced higher well‐being on scales capturing happiness, flourishing, thriving, optimism, resilience, anxiety and loneliness during weeks in which they completed more prosocial acts than their personal average. This research extends our understanding of the relationship between prosociality and well‐being to new theoretically relevant contexts, including extended, multi‐faceted personal stressors, and suggests that one potentially useful route to well‐being during life transitions could be helping others.
从成为青少年到开始上大学,人生过渡是人类生存不可避免的一部分。虽然令人兴奋,但人生转折也会给人带来压力,因为它们涉及到身份、常规和期望的改变。怎样才能在这一变化时期为人们提供支持呢?过去的研究表明,亲社会行为对人的情绪有益,受此启发,我们利用一项预先登记的为期 6 周的日记研究,对刚上大学的学生(N = 193;1544 次观察)进行了调查,研究日常的亲社会行为是否可以预测人生转折期的幸福感。与预先登记的假设相一致的是,在完成亲社会行为多于个人平均水平的几周内,参与者在幸福感、蓬勃发展、欣欣向荣、乐观、复原力、焦虑和孤独感等方面的幸福感较高。这项研究将我们对亲社会性与幸福感之间关系的理解扩展到了新的理论相关情境中,包括扩展的、多方面的个人压力因素,并表明在人生过渡时期,帮助他人可能是获得幸福感的一个有用途径。
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引用次数: 0
University students' and lecturers' perceived stress and satisfaction with life during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of personality traits and self‐efficacy 大学生和讲师在 COVID-19 大流行期间感知到的生活压力和满意度:人格特质和自我效能感的作用
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12957
David Lacko, Jiří Čeněk, Martina Hřebíčková
This article investigates the links between the Big Five personality traits and self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic on a large sample of Czech university students and lecturers (N = 11,824). The study's findings indicate that during the pandemic, negative emotionality was strongly associated with both perceived stress and life satisfaction. The study also reveals a positive link between extraversion and perceived stress across the entire sample, and in the student group specifically, extraversion was negatively associated with life satisfaction. This suggests that a high level of extraversion may not act as a protective factor in situations of limited social contact, for example, under the social restriction mandates during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Additionally, self‐efficacy was associated with higher satisfaction with life but also higher perceived stress. This finding contradicts previous research conducted before and during the pandemic and warrants further investigation. Interestingly, the links between personality traits, self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction were not significantly moderated by professional position. Both lecturers and students experienced similar disruptions to their daily routines, social isolation, and financial concerns during the pandemic.
本文研究了在 COVID-19 大流行期间,大五人格特质与自我效能感、感知压力和生活满意度之间的联系,研究对象为大量捷克大学生和讲师样本(N = 11,824)。研究结果表明,在大流行病期间,消极情绪与感知压力和生活满意度密切相关。研究还显示,在整个样本中,外向性与感知压力之间存在正相关,而在学生群体中,外向性与生活满意度之间存在负相关。这表明,在社会接触有限的情况下,例如在 COVID-19 大流行期间的社会限制规定下,高水平的外向性可能无法起到保护作用。此外,自我效能感与较高的生活满意度相关,但也与较高的压力感知相关。这一发现与之前在大流行之前和期间进行的研究相矛盾,值得进一步研究。有趣的是,人格特质、自我效能感、感知压力和生活满意度之间的联系并没有受到专业职位的显著调节。在大流行期间,讲师和学生都经历了类似的日常生活中断、社会隔离和经济问题。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating personality psychology and intersectionality to advance diversity in the study of persons 整合人格心理学和交叉性,促进人员研究的多样性
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12956
Dulce Wilkinson Westberg, Moin Syed
Consideration of how interrelated social structures relate with personality has been limited. In this paper, we discuss how researchers might apply an intersectional framework–which uses a social justice lens to examine how social structures are interconnected and impact individuals—at three distinct levels of personality including traits, characteristic adaptations, and integrative life narratives. We begin by providing conceptualizations of personality and intersectionality and describe considerations for their integration, including the need to widen the methodological and epistemological scope of personality science. Key areas of research that demonstrate the promise of an intersectional framework for unpacking structures of power and oppression in relation to the person are then described for each level of personality. Specifically, recommendations for how an intersectional framework may be used to examine structural identity domains in relation to trait levels, values and goals, as well as the content and process of narrated lives are offered. We conclude with discussion of how application of an intersectional framework is crucial for promoting inclusion and generalizability in personality science.
关于相互关联的社会结构与人格之间关系的研究还很有限。在本文中,我们将讨论研究人员如何在人格的三个不同层面(包括特质、特征适应和综合生活叙事)应用交叉性框架--该框架使用社会正义视角来研究社会结构如何相互关联并影响个体。我们首先提供了人格和交叉性的概念,并描述了将它们结合起来的考虑因素,包括扩大人格科学的方法论和认识论范围的必要性。然后,我们将针对人格的各个层面,描述能够证明交叉性框架有望揭示与人相关的权力和压迫结构的关键研究领域。具体而言,我们将就如何使用交叉框架来研究与特质水平、价值观和目标相关的结构性身份领域,以及叙述生活的内容和过程提出建议。最后,我们将讨论交叉框架的应用对于促进人格科学的包容性和普适性是多么重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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