Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202203.423-436
Donghui Zhang, Lili Sun, J. Mao, Q. Lei, Daifen Chen, A. Levtsev
Introduction. Copper foam material has various advantages. It has been proved effective in enhanced boiling heat transfer, but also increases pump power consumption. Grooved copper foam is a solution to achieve good balance between boiling heat transfer characteristics and pump power consumption. Material and Methods. Grooveless and grooved copper foam in open space was studied. Copper foam specifications comprised the combination of porosities of 70, 80 and 90%, and pore densities of 90 and 110 PPI. The grooved copper foams have two specifications: 11 and 17 grooves. The corresponding rib widths are 2 and 1 mm, with groove depth 2.9 mm and width 0.6 mm. The flow boiling experimental system of copper foam sample includes four parts: a heating water reservoir, pump, a test section, and a data acquisition system. In the test section, liquid water turns into vapor and carries the heat away from a copper block surface, and then vapor condenses into liquid water in the terminal reservoir. Results. Grooved copper foam samples presented significantly higher efficiency than grooveless ones. Grooved copper foams can increase the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, compared with grooveless ones. Seventeen-grooved samples showed more excellent performance than 11-grooved ones. Visual observation disclosed that the stratified flow pattern dominated in moderate and high heat flux for grooved copper foam with open space. Covering vapor mass was more effective to be formed above 17-grooved samples, compared with 11-grooved ones. It indicated more vigorous boiling behavior occurs in 17-grooved sample. Discussion and Conclusion. The number of grooves has a significant impact on boiling heat transfer. Grooved copper foam samples present a significantly higher critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. Structural parameters such as porosity and pore density, play a relatively secondly role in heat transfer argumentation. Visual observation shows there exists a cyclic alternation of flow patterns: bubbly flow, annular flow and mass vapor formation for grooved samples. Forming vapor mass is more effective to be formed in 17-grooved samples, compared to 11-grooved ones. It indicates more vigorous boiling behavior occurs in 17-grooved samples.
{"title":"Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Grooved Copper Foam with Open Gap","authors":"Donghui Zhang, Lili Sun, J. Mao, Q. Lei, Daifen Chen, A. Levtsev","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202203.423-436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202203.423-436","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Copper foam material has various advantages. It has been proved effective in enhanced boiling heat transfer, but also increases pump power consumption. Grooved copper foam is a solution to achieve good balance between boiling heat transfer characteristics and pump power consumption.\u0000Material and Methods. Grooveless and grooved copper foam in open space was studied. Copper foam specifications comprised the combination of porosities of 70, 80 and 90%, and pore densities of 90 and 110 PPI. The grooved copper foams have two specifications: 11 and 17 grooves. The corresponding rib widths are 2 and 1 mm, with groove depth 2.9 mm and width 0.6 mm. The flow boiling experimental system of copper foam sample includes four parts: a heating water reservoir, pump, a test section, and a data acquisition system. In the test section, liquid water turns into vapor and carries the heat away from a copper block surface, and then vapor condenses into liquid water in the terminal reservoir.\u0000Results. Grooved copper foam samples presented significantly higher efficiency than grooveless ones. Grooved copper foams can increase the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, compared with grooveless ones. Seventeen-grooved samples showed more excellent performance than 11-grooved ones. Visual observation disclosed that the stratified flow pattern dominated in moderate and high heat flux for grooved copper foam with open space. Covering vapor mass was more effective to be formed above 17-grooved samples, compared with 11-grooved ones. It indicated more vigorous boiling behavior occurs in 17-grooved sample.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. The number of grooves has a significant impact on boiling heat transfer. Grooved copper foam samples present a significantly higher critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. Structural parameters such as porosity and pore density, play a relatively secondly role in heat transfer argumentation. Visual observation shows there exists a cyclic alternation of flow patterns: bubbly flow, annular flow and mass vapor formation for grooved samples. Forming vapor mass is more effective to be formed in 17-grooved samples, compared to 11-grooved ones. It indicates more vigorous boiling behavior occurs in 17-grooved samples.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80708047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.263-278
P. Gadzhiev, E. Shestakova, Gyulbike G. Ramazanova
Introduction. The potato harvester operation quality depends not only on the design features, but also on the method for harvesting of potatoes. Cultivation of potatoes involves the implementation of a set of measures aimed at improving and preserving the quality of commercial products when harvesting of potatoes. In this regard, to reduce yield losses and prevent wind erosion of soil, a unit and method for harvesting of potatoes is proposed. To reduce the number of clods commensurate with the size of tubers, there are installed ripper tines ahead of the potato harvester tool. The aim of the work is to conduct a theoretical research of the tool of the potato harvester to reduce yield losses and soil erosion. Materials and Methods. The lifting plowshare operation has been analyzed. Its angle to the horizon determines the least displacement of the lifting plowshare, the minimum resistance to the soil layer movement and optimal height of lifting soil mass. The optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle has been determined taking into account the condition that the back pressure of the soil layer should be minimal. Results. There has been proposed a mathematical dependence for determining the optimal value of the angle of plowshare inclination, which determines the minimum value of the soil layer back pressure acting along the plowshare. As a result of the research, there have been plotted graphical dependences of the optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle on the coefficient of soil friction on the plowshare and dependences of the height of a soil layer lifting with the plowshare on the inclination angle optimal value at a fixed plowshare length. Discussion and Conclusion. In carrying out the theoretical research of the potato harvester plowshare, the soil type and coefficient of a soil layer friction on the plowshare were taken into account. There has been determined the optimal angle of plowshare inclination to provide optimal breaking down of soil with minimum soil bulldozing, thus ensuring reduction in yield losses.
{"title":"Theoretical Research of the Potato Harvester Lifting Plowshare to Reduce Yield Losses and Soil Erosion","authors":"P. Gadzhiev, E. Shestakova, Gyulbike G. Ramazanova","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.263-278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.263-278","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The potato harvester operation quality depends not only on the design features, but also on the method for harvesting of potatoes. Cultivation of potatoes involves the implementation of a set of measures aimed at improving and preserving the quality of commercial products when harvesting of potatoes. In this regard, to reduce yield losses and prevent wind erosion of soil, a unit and method for harvesting of potatoes is proposed. To reduce the number of clods commensurate with the size of tubers, there are installed ripper tines ahead of the potato harvester tool. The aim of the work is to conduct a theoretical research of the tool of the potato harvester to reduce yield losses and soil erosion.\u0000Materials and Methods. The lifting plowshare operation has been analyzed. Its angle to the horizon determines the least displacement of the lifting plowshare, the minimum resistance to the soil layer movement and optimal height of lifting soil mass. The optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle has been determined taking into account the condition that the back pressure of the soil layer should be minimal.\u0000Results. There has been proposed a mathematical dependence for determining the optimal value of the angle of plowshare inclination, which determines the minimum value of the soil layer back pressure acting along the plowshare. As a result of the research, there have been plotted graphical dependences of the optimal value of the plowshare inclination angle on the coefficient of soil friction on the plowshare and dependences of the height of a soil layer lifting with the plowshare on the inclination angle optimal value at a fixed plowshare length.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. In carrying out the theoretical research of the potato harvester plowshare, the soil type and coefficient of a soil layer friction on the plowshare were taken into account. There has been determined the optimal angle of plowshare inclination to provide optimal breaking down of soil with minimum soil bulldozing, thus ensuring reduction in yield losses.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88564214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.222-234
V. Ovchinnikov, E. A. Kilmyashkin, A. S. Knyazkov, A. V. Ovchinnikova, N. A. Zhalnin, E. Zykin
Introduction. Improvement of the agro-industrial complex involves the creation of new and modernizations of existing working tools and machines. The important conditions for this are the application of modern technologies and ongoing cooperation with the actual manufacturing. The aim of the research is to develop an adaptive centrifugal working tool and improve the quality of mineral fertilization. Materials and Methods. The adaptive centrifugal working tool was developed and manufactured based on studying the state of the matter and requirements to machines for mineral fertilization. At all stages of the research, there were used computer-aided design and rapid prototyping methods based on additive technologies. Results. As a result of the use of the presented working tools, the machine operating width has increased by 10.0‒22.5%. Experimental working tools, in comparison with serial ones, allow decreasing uneven distribution of mineral fertilizers by 13.4% due to their redistribution from the central zone to the edges. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of experimental studies, the efficiency of the developed adaptive centrifugal working tools has been proved. It allows increasing uniformity of mineral fertilizer distribution and the machine operating width. Modern design methods make it possible to considerably reduce time and costs.
{"title":"Development of an Adaptive Centrifugal Working Tool for Mineral Fertilization Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies","authors":"V. Ovchinnikov, E. A. Kilmyashkin, A. S. Knyazkov, A. V. Ovchinnikova, N. A. Zhalnin, E. Zykin","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.222-234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.222-234","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Improvement of the agro-industrial complex involves the creation of new and modernizations of existing working tools and machines. The important conditions for this are the application of modern technologies and ongoing cooperation with the actual manufacturing. The aim of the research is to develop an adaptive centrifugal working tool and improve the quality of mineral fertilization.\u0000Materials and Methods. The adaptive centrifugal working tool was developed and manufactured based on studying the state of the matter and requirements to machines for mineral fertilization. At all stages of the research, there were used computer-aided design and rapid prototyping methods based on additive technologies.\u0000Results. As a result of the use of the presented working tools, the machine operating width has increased by 10.0‒22.5%. Experimental working tools, in comparison with serial ones, allow decreasing uneven distribution of mineral fertilizers by 13.4% due to their redistribution from the central zone to the edges.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of experimental studies, the efficiency of the developed adaptive centrifugal working tools has been proved. It allows increasing uniformity of mineral fertilizer distribution and the machine operating width. Modern design methods make it possible to considerably reduce time and costs.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90584742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.207-221
V. Sysuev, P. Savinykh, V. Kazakov, Y. Sychugov
Introduction. The article presents the results of experimental and theoretical research of technological process of the PZ-1M grain flattener with a feeding device. The research was carried out at the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East Named after N. V. Rudnitsky in 2011‒2019. The purpose of the research is to design a feeder scheme for the grain flattener, determine rational parameters of its working body (feed roller) and test the improved grain flattener. Materials and Methods. A constructive and technological scheme of the grain flattener with a feeding device is proposed, the novelty of which is confirmed by patents Nos. 2628297 and 2557780. The structural scheme of grain flattener with a feeding device comprising an active working body – a feeding roller with blades is developed. There was carried out theoretical research of the grain motion along the feeder roller blades to determine the patterns of grain motion depending on the values of the roller parameters. Results. It is established that with the size of the feed roller inner radius 0.045 m and more all the grain passes down from the roller blade into the feed channel and through it for flattening at the required exit angle of 60°, roller speed of not less than 400 min–1 and the value of the coefficient of the grain friction on the roller blade less than 0.4. When these parameters are observed, the feeding roller and the device are effective. Taking into account the results of researches, we have developed the design documentation and produced the PZ-1M grain flattener comprising a feeder. Departmental and comparative tests of the flattener were conducted, which showed high efficiency of its application: machine reliably and qualitatively performs the technological process of flattening grains. Discussion and Conclusion. The use of a power device in the design of the flattener increases the conditioning capacity by 2.08 times while reducing the energy intensity of the process by 1.6 times; the annual economic effect of using the PZ-1M grain flattener with feeding device compared to its analogue is 67,583 rub. at the level of intensification of 49%.
{"title":"Research and Comparative Testing of a Grain Flattener with a Feeding Device","authors":"V. Sysuev, P. Savinykh, V. Kazakov, Y. Sychugov","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.207-221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.207-221","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article presents the results of experimental and theoretical research of technological process of the PZ-1M grain flattener with a feeding device. The research was carried out at the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East Named after N. V. Rudnitsky in 2011‒2019. The purpose of the research is to design a feeder scheme for the grain flattener, determine rational parameters of its working body (feed roller) and test the improved grain flattener.\u0000Materials and Methods. A constructive and technological scheme of the grain flattener with a feeding device is proposed, the novelty of which is confirmed by patents Nos. 2628297 and 2557780. The structural scheme of grain flattener with a feeding device comprising an active working body – a feeding roller with blades is developed. There was carried out theoretical research of the grain motion along the feeder roller blades to determine the patterns of grain motion depending on the values of the roller parameters.\u0000Results. It is established that with the size of the feed roller inner radius 0.045 m and more all the grain passes down from the roller blade into the feed channel and through it for flattening at the required exit angle of 60°, roller speed of not less than 400 min–1 and the value of the coefficient of the grain friction on the roller blade less than 0.4. When these parameters are observed, the feeding roller and the device are effective. Taking into account the results of researches, we have developed the design documentation and produced the PZ-1M grain flattener comprising a feeder. Departmental and comparative tests of the flattener were conducted, which showed high efficiency of its application: machine reliably and qualitatively performs the technological process of flattening grains.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. The use of a power device in the design of the flattener increases the conditioning capacity by 2.08 times while reducing the energy intensity of the process by 1.6 times; the annual economic effect of using the PZ-1M grain flattener with feeding device compared to its analogue is 67,583 rub. at the level of intensification of 49%.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"8 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89674406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.190-206
V. Ozherelev, V. Nikitin
Introduction. A decrease of damaging loose grains by threshing tools when combing standing plants is an urgent scientific problem. The aim of the research is to develop a technical solution and experimentally confirm the possibility of loose grains pre-separation from the stripped grain heap before it enters the threshing chamber of the combine harvester. Materials and Methods. The most promising technical solution to minimize the damaging of loose grain is an inclined chamber containing an oblong-hole lattice bottom, under which inclined augers are mounted. The experimental studies had two stages. In the first series of experiments, in laboratory conditions there were determined the optimal sizes of the lattice bottom holes to ensure the maximum passage of loose grains. In the second series of experiments, the degrees of separating and damaging loose grains were evaluated in real field conditions. Results. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the maximum passage of loose grains through the holes of the lattice bottom is 68.7% with the width of holes 8 mm and their length 160 mm. According to the results of field experiments, it was found that the average passage of loose grains through the holes of the lattice bottom is 90%. At the same time, damaging grains in the inclined chamber did not exceed 0.5%, and in the hopper 1.75%. Damaging grains in the bunker was in the range of 5.25% when the combine operated without pre-separation of the combed grain heap on the lattice bottom of the inclined chamber. Discussion and Conclusion. Pre-separation of loose grains from the combed heap makes it possible to reduce damaging grains at least three times, and also reduces the power consumed by the drive of the threshing machine by 11–12%.
{"title":"The Results of the Combine Design Adaptation to Work with a Stripper Header","authors":"V. Ozherelev, V. Nikitin","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.190-206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.190-206","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. A decrease of damaging loose grains by threshing tools when combing standing plants is an urgent scientific problem. The aim of the research is to develop a technical solution and experimentally confirm the possibility of loose grains pre-separation from the stripped grain heap before it enters the threshing chamber of the combine harvester.\u0000Materials and Methods. The most promising technical solution to minimize the damaging of loose grain is an inclined chamber containing an oblong-hole lattice bottom, under which inclined augers are mounted. The experimental studies had two stages. In the first series of experiments, in laboratory conditions there were determined the optimal sizes of the lattice bottom holes to ensure the maximum passage of loose grains. In the second series of experiments, the degrees of separating and damaging loose grains were evaluated in real field conditions.\u0000Results. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the maximum passage of loose grains through the holes of the lattice bottom is 68.7% with the width of holes 8 mm and their length 160 mm. According to the results of field experiments, it was found that the average passage of loose grains through the holes of the lattice bottom is 90%. At the same time, damaging grains in the inclined chamber did not exceed 0.5%, and in the hopper 1.75%. Damaging grains in the bunker was in the range of 5.25% when the combine operated without pre-separation of the combed grain heap on the lattice bottom of the inclined chamber.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. Pre-separation of loose grains from the combed heap makes it possible to reduce damaging grains at least three times, and also reduces the power consumed by the drive of the threshing machine by 11–12%.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81077556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.279-294
V. S. Khoroshavin, Viktor S. Grudinin
Introduction. The efficiency and normal work of electrotechnological processes and installations in their operation dynamic modes is characterized by the time of transition from initial to final state, low energy consumption, accuracy in transients and stability of the desired final state. It is proposed, from a single position on the basis of special optimal control, to combine transition and stabilization systems both in terms of determining the control algorithm with minimal energy consumption in the function of the object states and determining the parameters and conditions of movement with minimal deviation from a given trajectory providing the optimal transmission time and energy saving in a stable closed system of an object control. Materials and Methods. The principle of maximum is used as the main method for finding optimal program control, which for the study of special modes was supplemented with the apparatus of the position generality conditions for nonlinear objects with the coordinate space expansion, taking into account the occurrence of time and optimality criterion. The position generality apparatus is also used to solve energy-saving problems through using linearization in a large source object. Quasi-optimality in terms of transition time and energy consumption is achieved through minimizing energy according to the program motion parameter, which has a contradictory effect on the transition time and control amplitude. Results. To assess computational difficulties, transition time, energy saving, accuracy and stability, an example of inertial object control according to various criteria is given. The structure of a closed quasi-optimal system with stationary feedback, which is simple in technical implementation, is obtained. Discussion and Conclusion. The formalization of the approach to the construction of quasi-optimal systems based on the position generality allows it to be used in multi-criteria optimization tasks and computer-aided design systems for energy-intensive industrial, transport, and agricultural electrical installations.
{"title":"Developing a Quasi-Optimal, in Terms of Transition Time and Energy Consumption, Closed-Loop Control System for an Electrical Installation","authors":"V. S. Khoroshavin, Viktor S. Grudinin","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.279-294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.279-294","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The efficiency and normal work of electrotechnological processes and installations in their operation dynamic modes is characterized by the time of transition from initial to final state, low energy consumption, accuracy in transients and stability of the desired final state. It is proposed, from a single position on the basis of special optimal control, to combine transition and stabilization systems both in terms of determining the control algorithm with minimal energy consumption in the function of the object states and determining the parameters and conditions of movement with minimal deviation from a given trajectory providing the optimal transmission time and energy saving in a stable closed system of an object control.\u0000Materials and Methods. The principle of maximum is used as the main method for finding optimal program control, which for the study of special modes was supplemented with the apparatus of the position generality conditions for nonlinear objects with the coordinate space expansion, taking into account the occurrence of time and optimality criterion. The position generality apparatus is also used to solve energy-saving problems through using linearization in a large source object. Quasi-optimality in terms of transition time and energy consumption is achieved through minimizing energy according to the program motion parameter, which has a contradictory effect on the transition time and control amplitude.\u0000Results. To assess computational difficulties, transition time, energy saving, accuracy and stability, an example of inertial object control according to various criteria is given. The structure of a closed quasi-optimal system with stationary feedback, which is simple in technical implementation, is obtained.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. The formalization of the approach to the construction of quasi-optimal systems based on the position generality allows it to be used in multi-criteria optimization tasks and computer-aided design systems for energy-intensive industrial, transport, and agricultural electrical installations.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72882001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.235-248
P. Senin, D. A. Galin, L. O. Krush
Introduction. Some physical processes active in the electronic engine control systems lead to wear and tear of the system elements. Experience in operating and diagnosing vehicles at the service station has shown that there is the operation of vehicles with failures, many of which subsequently lead to malfunctions of different complexities. The purpose of the study is to apply diagnostics for determining the operational reliability and assessing the technical condition of electronic engine control systems. Materials and Methods. A batch of cars was selected to assess the operational reliability of modern electronic engine control system. There were carried out experimental tests of Skoda Octavia cars with 1.8 TSI CDAB 152 hp Euro5 engine and CDAA 160 hp Euro5 engine. The sample consisted of 60 vehicles. Every vehicle was registered for diagnostics, pre-maintenance and computer diagnostics. After a short test, the vehicle was taken back to the service station and subjected to a detailed diagnosis of the electronic engine control system. Results. The results of analyzing reliability of the main elements of the electronic engine control system have been obtained. It can be concluded that most of the failures of the structural elements of the electronic engine control system occur within the actuators of the system, which have moving elements, sensors measuring the parameters of the system wear out to a lesser extent. The analysis of dependence of failure rates of the fuel pump pressure regulator on operating time intervals has been carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. It was determined that the spark plugs have the least mileage lifetime. At the same time, the failure within the fuel pressure regulator of the car fuel system occurs most frequently (19.8% of total). The resource of this element of the electronic engine control system averages 125,000 km. It is proved that diagnostics using modern technological equipment is effective.
介绍。电子发动机控制系统中活跃的一些物理过程会导致系统元件的磨损。在服务站操作和诊断车辆的经验表明，车辆的操作存在故障，其中许多故障随后导致不同复杂程度的故障。本研究的目的是将诊断学应用于确定发动机电子控制系统的运行可靠性和评估其技术状况。材料与方法。选取一批汽车进行现代发动机电子控制系统运行可靠性评估。采用1.8 TSI CDAB 152马力欧5发动机和CDAA 160马力欧5发动机对斯柯达明锐轿车进行了实验测试。样本包括60辆汽车。每辆车都进行了诊断、预维护和计算机诊断登记。经过短暂的测试后，车辆被送回维修站，并对电子发动机控制系统进行了详细的诊断。对发动机电控系统主要元件的可靠性进行了分析。可以得出结论，发动机电子控制系统结构元件的故障大多发生在系统的执行机构内，其中有运动元件，测量系统参数的传感器磨损程度较小。分析了燃油泵调压器故障率与运行时间间隔的关系。讨论与结论。经确定，火花塞的行驶里程寿命最短。同时，汽车燃油系统燃油压力调节器内部的故障发生频率最高(占总数的19.8%)。电子发动机控制系统的这一元件的资源平均为125,000公里。实践证明，利用现代技术设备进行诊断是有效的。
{"title":"Using Diagnostics to Research the Operational Reliability of Electronic Engine Control Systems of Skoda Car","authors":"P. Senin, D. A. Galin, L. O. Krush","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.235-248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.235-248","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Some physical processes active in the electronic engine control systems lead to wear and tear of the system elements. Experience in operating and diagnosing vehicles at the service station has shown that there is the operation of vehicles with failures, many of which subsequently lead to malfunctions of different complexities. The purpose of the study is to apply diagnostics for determining the operational reliability and assessing the technical condition of electronic engine control systems.\u0000Materials and Methods. A batch of cars was selected to assess the operational reliability of modern electronic engine control system. There were carried out experimental tests of Skoda Octavia cars with 1.8 TSI CDAB 152 hp Euro5 engine and CDAA 160 hp Euro5 engine. The sample consisted of 60 vehicles. Every vehicle was registered for diagnostics, pre-maintenance and computer diagnostics. After a short test, the vehicle was taken back to the service station and subjected to a detailed diagnosis of the electronic engine control system.\u0000Results. The results of analyzing reliability of the main elements of the electronic engine control system have been obtained. It can be concluded that most of the failures of the structural elements of the electronic engine control system occur within the actuators of the system, which have moving elements, sensors measuring the parameters of the system wear out to a lesser extent. The analysis of dependence of failure rates of the fuel pump pressure regulator on operating time intervals has been carried out.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. It was determined that the spark plugs have the least mileage lifetime. At the same time, the failure within the fuel pressure regulator of the car fuel system occurs most frequently (19.8% of total). The resource of this element of the electronic engine control system averages 125,000 km. It is proved that diagnostics using modern technological equipment is effective.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91042888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.249-262
E. Zhalnin, M. Chaplygin
Introduction. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of threshing and separation processes in the threshing mechanism of the combine harvester with a digital assessment of the fractional composition of the grain-and-straw material being threshed. The obtained data will allow detecting dynamics of fractional composition of grain-and-straw mass being threshed in the threshing gap of the threshing mechanism depending on its supply. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on a special stand in the form of a separate unit of the combine threshing mechanism. Grain-and-straw samplers were installed under each threshing section. The mass feed was changed from 1.0 to 6.0 kg/s at a straw ratio of 1:1. The obtained data were approximated using a standard procedure. Results. There was determined the amount of grain and straw passed through the threshing section screen and the rest of grain and straw entering the straw separator depending on their initial amount. For each fraction, there were determined the ratio of straw mass to grain mass, the density and thickness of the grain-and-straw heap layer on the shaking board ahead of the grates and at the beginning of the straw separator keys. The dynamics of grain-and-straw separation was identified by scanning the length of the grains with the determination of the density and compression degree of the grain-and-straw mixture layer in the threshing gap. Discussion and Conclusion. It was found that in the heap of grain-and-straw passed through a threshing section, the ratio of straw mass to grain mass decreases from 0.46 to 0.27 and density increases from 60.1 to 84.0 kg/m3. In the heap of grain-and-straw that fell on the straw separator, the ratio of the straw mass to the grain mass decreases from 11.2 to 2.0, the density increases within a small range from 21.7 to 26.4 kg/m3. Thickness of the heap layer on the shaking board in front of the cleaning sieves varies in the range 0.25‒10.20 cm, and on the straw walker ‒ 2.2‒19.8 cm when changing the supply of the total mass for threshing from 1 to 6 kg/s.
{"title":"Dynamics of Fractional Composition of Grain-and-Straw Mass Being Threshed in the Threshing Mechanism of a Combine Harvester","authors":"E. Zhalnin, M. Chaplygin","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.249-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.249-262","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of threshing and separation processes in the threshing mechanism of the combine harvester with a digital assessment of the fractional composition of the grain-and-straw material being threshed. The obtained data will allow detecting dynamics of fractional composition of grain-and-straw mass being threshed in the threshing gap of the threshing mechanism depending on its supply.\u0000Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on a special stand in the form of a separate unit of the combine threshing mechanism. Grain-and-straw samplers were installed under each threshing section. The mass feed was changed from 1.0 to 6.0 kg/s at a straw ratio of 1:1. The obtained data were approximated using a standard procedure.\u0000Results. There was determined the amount of grain and straw passed through the threshing section screen and the rest of grain and straw entering the straw separator depending on their initial amount. For each fraction, there were determined the ratio of straw mass to grain mass, the density and thickness of the grain-and-straw heap layer on the shaking board ahead of the grates and at the beginning of the straw separator keys. The dynamics of grain-and-straw separation was identified by scanning the length of the grains with the determination of the density and compression degree of the grain-and-straw mixture layer in the threshing gap.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. It was found that in the heap of grain-and-straw passed through a threshing section, the ratio of straw mass to grain mass decreases from 0.46 to 0.27 and density increases from 60.1 to 84.0 kg/m3. In the heap of grain-and-straw that fell on the straw separator, the ratio of the straw mass to the grain mass decreases from 11.2 to 2.0, the density increases within a small range from 21.7 to 26.4 kg/m3. Thickness of the heap layer on the shaking board in front of the cleaning sieves varies in the range 0.25‒10.20 cm, and on the straw walker ‒ 2.2‒19.8 cm when changing the supply of the total mass for threshing from 1 to 6 kg/s.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90405447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.295-312
E. Rakutko, S. Rakutko
Introduction. A characteristic feature of most experimental research works on horticulture lighting is the need to vary the main parameters of the light regime while maintaining other environmental factors at the same level throughout the experiment. The approach to creating the requisite variety of variations of light regime parameters in one cycle of plant cultivation, considered in this work, may be acceptable for reducing the time of experiments or for exploratory works. The aim of the work is to show the possibility of using the illuminance gradient as a source of variation in its value in experimental works on horticulture lighting. Materials and Methods. We used an LED lamp with a cosine light spatial distribution, placed above the work surface, on which containers with sweet pepper plants were placed. The optical density of the leaves in various spectral ranges was used as a biometric parameter characterizing the response of a plant to the level of illumination. Results. A significant gradient of illumination was observed on the working surface. With the same range of illumination, the number of containers with plants for a given zone is different and is sufficient to test statistical hypotheses. The values of the average illumination by zones provided the range of illumination change by 2.5 times. The standard deviations of illumination by zones were 97–163 lux and were practically no correlated with the values of the average illumination. Discussion and Conclusion. The developed mathematical model of a gradient experiment in horticulture lighting makes it possible to determine the possible number of replicates during the experiment, the average illumination value, the standard deviation, the coefficients of variation and uniformity in each zone of plant placement, based on the lighting and layout parameters of the lighting installation. It has been experimentally found that the use of a luminaire with a cosine light distribution provides an illumination gradient on a horizontal surface, the average values of which in individual zones form a linear illumination scale. Coefficients of illumination variation in individual lighting zones with the parameters set in the example were 3.0–11.5%. The coefficients of variation of the optical density of the leaves of pepper plants grown under the conditions of the gradient experiment on illumination were 6.0–11.6%. The differences in the mean values of the optical density of plant leaves in different zones of gradient illumination are statistically significant. This allows us to recommend the use of the proposed method for searching experiments on horticulture lighting.
{"title":"“Gradient” Experiment in Horticulture Lighting","authors":"E. Rakutko, S. Rakutko","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.295-312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.295-312","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. A characteristic feature of most experimental research works on horticulture lighting is the need to vary the main parameters of the light regime while maintaining other environmental factors at the same level throughout the experiment. The approach to creating the requisite variety of variations of light regime parameters in one cycle of plant cultivation, considered in this work, may be acceptable for reducing the time of experiments or for exploratory works. The aim of the work is to show the possibility of using the illuminance gradient as a source of variation in its value in experimental works on horticulture lighting.\u0000Materials and Methods. We used an LED lamp with a cosine light spatial distribution, placed above the work surface, on which containers with sweet pepper plants were placed. The optical density of the leaves in various spectral ranges was used as a biometric parameter characterizing the response of a plant to the level of illumination.\u0000Results. A significant gradient of illumination was observed on the working surface. With the same range of illumination, the number of containers with plants for a given zone is different and is sufficient to test statistical hypotheses. The values of the average illumination by zones provided the range of illumination change by 2.5 times. The standard deviations of illumination by zones were 97–163 lux and were practically no correlated with the values of the average illumination.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. The developed mathematical model of a gradient experiment in horticulture lighting makes it possible to determine the possible number of replicates during the experiment, the average illumination value, the standard deviation, the coefficients of variation and uniformity in each zone of plant placement, based on the lighting and layout parameters of the lighting installation. It has been experimentally found that the use of a luminaire with a cosine light distribution provides an illumination gradient on a horizontal surface, the average values of which in individual zones form a linear illumination scale. Coefficients of illumination variation in individual lighting zones with the parameters set in the example were 3.0–11.5%. The coefficients of variation of the optical density of the leaves of pepper plants grown under the conditions of the gradient experiment on illumination were 6.0–11.6%. The differences in the mean values of the optical density of plant leaves in different zones of gradient illumination are statistically significant. This allows us to recommend the use of the proposed method for searching experiments on horticulture lighting.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89566772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.313-323
Anastasia A. Merker, Ekaterina N. Reva, V. Serdyuk
Introduction. One of the main objectives of the food industry is the development of bakery technology for dietary and functional foods. The article gives a complete description of specialized food products. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of amaranth and linseed flours on the quality of the gluten-free bakery products. During the study, there was determined the best proportion of gluten-free mixture ingredients for producing a quality product. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, there were chosen different formulas of mixtures with the use of amaranth and linseed flours produced by “S.Pudov” company, corn starch by “Trapeza” company, and other ingredients such as yeast, drinking-water, salt and sugar. Results. To the formula under development there were added 17 grams of corn starch. At the same time, an increase in the gas retention capacity of the dough was noted. The starch served as the best binding component when mixing water with flour. Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of the tests performed, data on pH of the dough medium with different proportions of amaranth and linseed flours were obtained. The most acidic medium is in the dough in which the amount of linseed flour is more than the amount of amaranth one. The conducted studies allow assuming that this is caused by the high acidity of linseed flour.
{"title":"The Influence of Gluten-Free Flour on Bakery Dough Quality","authors":"Anastasia A. Merker, Ekaterina N. Reva, V. Serdyuk","doi":"10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.313-323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202202.313-323","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. One of the main objectives of the food industry is the development of bakery technology for dietary and functional foods. The article gives a complete description of specialized food products. The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of amaranth and linseed flours on the quality of the gluten-free bakery products. During the study, there was determined the best proportion of gluten-free mixture ingredients for producing a quality product.\u0000Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, there were chosen different formulas of mixtures with the use of amaranth and linseed flours produced by “S.Pudov” company, corn starch by “Trapeza” company, and other ingredients such as yeast, drinking-water, salt and sugar.\u0000Results. To the formula under development there were added 17 grams of corn starch. At the same time, an increase in the gas retention capacity of the dough was noted. The starch served as the best binding component when mixing water with flour.\u0000Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of the tests performed, data on pH of the dough medium with different proportions of amaranth and linseed flours were obtained. The most acidic medium is in the dough in which the amount of linseed flour is more than the amount of amaranth one. The conducted studies allow assuming that this is caused by the high acidity of linseed flour.","PeriodicalId":53796,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Technologies and Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89944030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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