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Book Review: Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler’s Empire by Vesna Drapac and Gareth Pritchard 书评:《希特勒帝国的抵抗与合作》,作者:维斯纳·德拉帕克和加雷斯·普里查德
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/00220094231170548a
F. Lemmes
established secondary sources. Apart from occasional references to archival newspaper reports, the book offers little by way of new primary evidence. The book’s originality lies in its synthesis of extant secondary sources and the author’s bold interpretations of these sources. One example of the book’s analytical contributions is Nault’s answer to a lingering question for historians of Africa: If Africans and African events have been so decisive in shaping global human rights, why hasn’t this been adequately acknowledged in human rights historiography? One reason, Nault offers, is Western authors’ tendency to emphasise first-generation rights at the expense of ‘third-generation’ rights that were shaped by Africans. Another reason why Africa’s influence on contemporary human rights has largely gone unrecognised is the tendency of Western scholars to question the motives and integrity of Third World actors employing human rights discourses. If such actors are portrayed as being motivated solely by personal, political, or economic gain, then the Global South’s influence on contemporary human rights concepts can be conveniently dismissed or overlooked (p. 131). In the emphasis by Western scholars on the instrumentalist use of human rights discourse by African leaders, they tend to gloss over how Western actors themselves have also wielded human rights rhetoric for self-interested purposes. This is a book that needed to be written. It joins a small but growing list of historical studies of human rights from the perspective of the non-Western world. It offers a bold new interpretative perspective on human rights history and unique insights into our understanding of the place of Africa and the ‘Third World’ in the development of modern human rights.
已建立的二级来源。除了偶尔提及档案报纸的报道外,这本书几乎没有提供新的主要证据。这本书的独创性在于它综合了现存的次要来源,以及作者对这些来源的大胆解释。这本书分析贡献的一个例子是,诺尔特回答了非洲历史学家挥之不去的一个问题:如果非洲人和非洲事件在塑造全球人权方面起到了如此决定性的作用,为什么人权史学没有充分承认这一点?Nault认为,其中一个原因是西方作家倾向于强调第一代权利,而牺牲非洲人塑造的“第三代”权利。非洲对当代人权的影响在很大程度上没有得到承认的另一个原因是西方学者倾向于质疑第三世界行为者使用人权话语的动机和完整性。如果这些行为者被描绘成仅仅是出于个人、政治或经济利益,那么全球南方对当代人权概念的影响可以很方便地被忽视或忽视(第131页)。西方学者强调非洲领导人对人权话语的工具主义使用,他们倾向于掩盖西方行为者自己是如何为了私利而使用人权言论的。这是一本需要写的书。它加入了从非西方世界的角度对人权进行历史研究的一小部分,但数量在不断增加。它为人权史提供了一个大胆的新的解释视角,并为我们理解非洲和“第三世界”在现代人权发展中的地位提供了独特的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Sealed Off Heritage: Navigating Hitler's Bunker in Postwar Berlin 封闭的遗产:战后柏林的希特勒地堡导航
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1177/00220094231162496
C. Sharples
Scholarly debates about the ‘difficult heritage’ associated with National Socialism typically rest with the preservation, memorialization or eradication of the visible remains of the Third Reich. Heritage, though, is more than a tangible place or object. It is also a process of social and cultural engagement where acts of remembrance (or concealment) reflect contemporary politics and social values. The tension between a distinct sense of historical place and the present-day reality of a voided landscape is illustrated keenly through a case study of Adolf Hitler's Berlin Führerbunker. Despite being physically absent from today's cityscape, Hitler's bunker has long generated both concern about the potential for becoming a neo-Nazi pilgrimage site, and curiosity among international tourists, keen to see where the Nazi dictator met his end. Tracing tourist activity since 1945, and exploring recurring efforts to contain, destroy or expose the site, this article posits that the Führerbunker has become an effective countermemorial, its very absence from the contemporary cityscape sparking public discussions among visitors and fostering a critical, grassroots reflection upon the challenges of handling legacies of dictatorship.
关于与国家社会主义有关的“困难遗产”的学术争论通常集中在保存、纪念或根除第三帝国可见的遗迹上。然而,遗产不仅仅是一个有形的地方或物体。这也是一个社会和文化参与的过程,在这个过程中,纪念(或隐瞒)的行为反映了当代政治和社会价值观。通过对阿道夫·希特勒的柏林碉堡的案例研究,可以敏锐地说明历史场所的独特感觉与空虚景观的当今现实之间的紧张关系。尽管希特勒的地堡已经从今天的城市景观中消失了,但长期以来,人们一直担心这里可能成为新纳粹的朝圣地,同时也引起了国际游客的好奇心,他们渴望看到这位纳粹独裁者在哪里结束了自己的生命。本文追溯了自1945年以来的旅游活动,并探索了遏制、摧毁或揭露该遗址的反复努力,认为碉堡已经成为一种有效的反纪念,它在当代城市景观中的缺席引发了游客之间的公众讨论,并培养了对处理独裁遗产挑战的批判性、基层反思。
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引用次数: 0
Making Sense of Catastrophe: Experiencing and Remembering the Kazakh Famine in a Comparative Context 理解灾难:比较语境下的哈萨克斯坦饥荒体验与记忆
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/00220094221149318
Mehmet Volkan Kaşıkçı
The Kazakh Famine of 1930–3 is one of the least-known tragedies of the twentieth century even though it took 1.5 million lives. Although more than three decades of scholarship have provided substantial literature on the political and economic dynamics of the famine, the myth that there are only a few eyewitness accounts of the Kazakh famine persists in Western historians’ studies. By covering hundreds of survivor testimonies, mostly in Kazakh, this article debunks that myth. This article provides the first cultural history of the Kazakh famine by focusing on how survivors experienced and made sense of this catastrophe. I focus on meanings associated with the tragedy of mass starvation and show how survivor memories bear the imprint of death and are shaped around the images of ultimate horror. These images of ultimate horror that appear time and again in survivor accounts had come to symbolize the ruthlessness of the catastrophe and the meaning of survivors’ experiences. Through these images, survivors emphasize how all forms of solidarity collapsed amid mass starvation and how dehumanization brought by famine marks a rupture in their lives without a tangible connection to their previous and subsequent lives.
1930-3年的哈萨克斯坦饥荒是二十世纪最不为人所知的悲剧之一,尽管它夺走了150万人的生命。尽管三十多年的学术研究为饥荒的政治和经济动态提供了大量文献,但西方历史学家的研究中仍然存在着关于哈萨克斯坦饥荒只有少数目击者的说法。这篇文章涵盖了数百名幸存者的证词,其中大部分是哈萨克语,从而揭穿了这个神话。本文通过关注幸存者如何经历和理解这场灾难,提供了哈萨克斯坦饥荒的第一部文化史。我关注与大规模饥饿悲剧相关的意义,并展示幸存者的记忆如何带有死亡的印记,并围绕着终极恐怖的图像形成。这些极端恐怖的画面一次又一次地出现在幸存者的叙述中,象征着灾难的残酷和幸存者经历的意义。通过这些图像,幸存者们强调了各种形式的团结是如何在大规模饥饿中崩溃的,以及饥荒带来的非人化是如何标志着他们的生活破裂的,而与他们的前世今生没有切实的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Working Out a Sustainable Diet: The Contested Ethics of Food Consumption in the Netherlands, 1960–85 制定可持续饮食:荷兰食品消费的争议伦理,1960-85
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1177/00220094221149324
J. Verriet, P. van Dam
From the 1960s onwards, the sustainability of the modern diet became a topic of fierce discussion in industrialised societies. Vocal critics proposed radical alternatives to the prevailing modes of production, but their impact remained fairly modest. To understand how Western European countries nonetheless became ‘light green societies’ (Michael Bess), this article assesses the distinct interpretation of sustainable food consumption which was championed by consumer organisations since the 1960s. Tracing the steps of the Nutrition Education Bureau (Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding) and the Consumers Union (Consumentenbond) in the Netherlands between 1960 and 1985, it analyses the reactions of these well-known intermediaries to the alternatives proposed by more radical environmentalists. The article demonstrates that after a period of reluctancy, the position of the two consumers organisations evolved, with both acknowledging that the health of consumers and the health of the planet were inextricably linked. Adopting long-standing consumer concerns, the two organisations popularised a definition of sustainable food consumption which took the individual's right to choose as a vantage point and prioritised concerns about health and affordability.
从20世纪60年代开始,现代饮食的可持续性成为工业化社会激烈讨论的话题。直言不讳的批评人士提出了替代主流生产方式的激进方案,但其影响仍然相当有限。为了理解西欧国家如何成为“淡绿色社会”(Michael Bess),本文评估了自20世纪60年代以来由消费者组织倡导的可持续食品消费的独特解释。它追溯了荷兰营养教育局(Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding)和消费者联盟(Consumentenbond)在1960年至1985年间所采取的步骤,分析了这些知名中介机构对更激进的环保主义者提出的替代方案的反应。文章表明,在一段时间的不情愿之后,两个消费者组织的立场发生了变化,双方都承认消费者的健康与地球的健康是密不可分的。考虑到消费者长期以来的担忧,这两个组织推广了可持续食品消费的定义,该定义以个人的选择权为优势,并优先考虑健康和负担能力。
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引用次数: 0
Conflicted Afterlives: Managing Wehrmacht Fallen Soldiers in the Soviet Occupation Zone and GDR 死后冲突:管理苏联占领区和德意志民主共和国的国防军阵亡士兵
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/00220094231151817
Laura Tradii
In the last months of the Second World War, as the Red Army approached Berlin, the Wehrmacht suffered catastrophic losses, resulting in thousands of war graves on East German soil. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Occupation Zone (1945–9) and the German Democratic Republic (1949–90) committed to a socialist ‘politics of history’ which centred on the liberation of Germany by the Red Army, disowning the German fallen. This article, based on my PhD research and current British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship, outlines how the central authorities of the Soviet Occupation Zone and the GDR managed the thousands of German Wehrmacht war burials on East German territory. I focus, in particular, on how Wehrmacht war burials came to constitute political and ideological liabilities, prompting concerns about their appropriations by the German Lutheran Church and West Germany. In doing so, I uncover a little-known yet highly significant dimension of the transition between the Third Reich and the German Democratic Republic.
在第二次世界大战的最后几个月,当红军逼近柏林时,德国国防军遭受了灾难性的损失,在东德的土地上留下了数千座战争坟墓。战争结束后,苏联占领区(1945–9年)和德意志民主共和国(1949–90年)致力于社会主义“历史政治”,其核心是红军解放德国,否认德国的沦陷。这篇文章基于我的博士研究和目前的英国科学院博士后研究金,概述了苏联占领区和民主德国的中央当局如何管理东德领土上成千上万的德国国防军战争墓地。我特别关注的是,德国国防军的战争墓地是如何构成政治和意识形态责任的,这引发了人们对德国路德会和西德对其拨款的担忧。在这样做的过程中,我发现了第三帝国和德意志民主共和国之间过渡的一个鲜为人知但意义重大的方面。
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引用次数: 1
Exiling Karl Marx from Karl Marx Square: The Political Lives of a Leipzig Monument before and after 1989 从卡尔·马克思广场流放卡尔·马克思:1989年前后莱比锡纪念碑的政治生活
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/00220094221149971
A. Demshuk
Across the world, the ‘difficult heritage’ of discredited monuments has prompted pitched disputation. This article explores the fraught origins and fate of Leipzig's Karl Marx monument. From its unveiling in 1974, it was one of the East Bloc's most controversial landmarks, as it stood on the site of an intact Gothic church dynamited in May 1968 in the face of East Germany's largest mass protest between the 1953 Uprising and 1989 Revolution. Enthroned on Leipzig's central Karl Marx Square as an ideological triumph, the post-communist expulsion of Marx to a remote courtyard evolved out of a selective, contingent process, wherein asymmetrical power relations culminated in ‘events’ when the monument acquired an ideological charge. From a myriad of potential destinies, the decision to exile (rather than retain or destroy) Marx's effigy can only be deciphered by unpacking the layered symbolic messages players ascribed to the evolving aesthetics at its initial location before and after 1989. Informing disputes about landmarks from Ukraine to the American South, the rise and fall of Leipzig's Marx monument exemplifies how and why a metal object can become a lightning rod for controversy, as well as how its re-exhibition can facilitate discussions about trauma, guilt, and redemption.
在世界范围内,名誉扫地的古迹的“困难遗产”引发了激烈的争论。本文探讨了莱比锡卡尔·马克思纪念碑令人担忧的起源和命运。自1974年揭幕以来,它一直是东德最具争议的地标之一,因为它坐落在一座完好无损的哥特式教堂的原址上,这座教堂于1968年5月在1953年起义和1989年革命之间的东德最大规模抗议活动中被炸毁。作为意识形态的胜利,马克思在莱比锡中心的卡尔·马克思广场被安置,后共产主义时代马克思被驱逐到一个偏远的院子里,这是一个有选择的、偶然的过程,其中不对称的权力关系在“事件”中达到顶峰,当纪念碑获得意识形态的指控。从无数潜在的命运中,要决定放逐(而不是保留或摧毁)马克思的肖像,只能通过解开玩家在1989年前后的初始位置归因于不断发展的美学的分层象征信息来解读。莱比锡马克思纪念碑的兴衰反映了从乌克兰到美国南部的地标性建筑的争议,它说明了一个金属物体如何以及为什么会成为争议的避雷针,以及它的重新展览如何促进对创伤、内疚和救赎的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Jews as Non-Aryans: The Vatican's Ambivalent Embrace of Fascist Italy's Racialization of Jews 犹太人作为非雅利安人:梵蒂冈对法西斯意大利犹太人种族化的矛盾拥抱
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/00220094221149592
D. Kertzer, R. Benedetti
In the summer of 1938, Italy's Fascist regime announced its new ‘racial’ policy, soon to be followed by a series of draconian racial laws. The policy was based on the principle that Catholic Italians were of the Aryan race and Jewish Italians belonged to a separate race of non-Aryans. Previously the Vatican had made no such racial distinction. Yet, notwithstanding the frequent claim that the Church has never distinguished between Catholics and Jews on racial grounds, the Vatican quickly began to assimilate to the Fascist state's distinction of Jews as racially marked as non-Aryan. The opening in 2020 of the Vatican archives for the papacy of Pius XII (1939–58) has made available a huge trove of documents bearing on the way the pope and the Vatican secretariat of state dealt with Italy's racial laws and with the subsequent persecution of Italy's Jews during German occupation. As shown in this article, these documents make clear the Vatican's use of racial language and racial concepts as it dealt with the racial laws and the persecution of Italy's Jews from the time the racial laws were introduced in 1938 to the years of the Holocaust.
1938年夏,意大利法西斯政权宣布了新的“种族”政策,随后又出台了一系列严厉的种族法律。该政策基于这样一个原则,即意大利天主教徒属于雅利安种族,而意大利犹太人属于非雅利安人的另一个种族。在此之前,梵蒂冈没有这样的种族区分。然而,尽管经常声称教会从未在种族上区分天主教徒和犹太人,梵蒂冈很快就开始接受法西斯国家将犹太人区分为非雅利安人的种族标记。2020年,庇护十二世(Pius XII, 1939年至1958年在位)的梵蒂冈档案将对外开放,人们可以看到大量有关教皇和梵蒂冈国务秘书处处理意大利种族法律的方式,以及随后在德国占领期间对意大利犹太人的迫害的文件。正如本文所示,这些文件清楚地表明,从1938年引入种族法律到大屠杀期间,梵蒂冈在处理种族法律和对意大利犹太人的迫害时,使用了种族语言和种族概念。
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引用次数: 0
Darkling Ventures: Conserving and Recasting War Heritage in Japan 黑暗冒险:保护和重铸日本战争遗产
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/00220094221149972
Junghee Han
This article investigates aspects of heritage and atrocity by bringing the Japanese case into focus. The dissonant nature of such dark cultural heritage has gained greater attention since the late 1990s in Japan and around the world, though scholarship has been largely limited to the European context. While locating the Japanese making of dark heritage in the context of the decomposition of the Cold War in Asia, I will first examine the process by which specific sites of past violence are transformed into war heritage in Japan. Second, I will explore how changing values and attitudes toward war-related sites causes changes in strategic planning for heritage management. These two themes will be demonstrated through an examination of civic activities to conserve the remains of underground warehouses built during the Second World War in Nagano and Osaka.
本文通过聚焦日本的案例来研究遗产和暴行的各个方面。自20世纪90年代末以来,这种黑暗文化遗产的不和谐性质在日本和全世界得到了更大的关注,尽管学术研究在很大程度上仅限于欧洲背景。当在亚洲冷战解体的背景下定位日本制造黑暗遗产时,我将首先研究日本过去暴力的特定地点转变为战争遗产的过程。其次,我将探讨对战争相关遗址的价值观和态度的变化如何导致遗产管理战略规划的变化。这两个主题将通过对长野和大阪第二次世界大战期间建造的地下仓库遗迹的公民活动的审查来展示。
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引用次数: 0
CORRIGENDUM to Students from Portuguese Africa 葡萄牙裔非洲学生勘误表
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/00220094211028537
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引用次数: 0
Prikrivena grobišta Hrvata u Sloveniji – 30 godina nakon demokratskih promjena
IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.22586/csp.v54i3.23843
Mitja Ferenc
Autor članka na temelju arhivskoga gradiva kriminalističke policije i okružnih tužiteljstava Republike Slovenije, Povjerenstva Vlade Republike Slovenije za rješavanje pitanja prikrivenih grobišta, izvješća izvođača ekshumacija i terenskih istraživanja te objavljenih znanstvenih djela prezentira analizu istraživanja prikrivenih grobišta u Sloveniji od demokratskih promjena 1990. do 2022. s posebnim naglaskom na grobištima s hrvatskim žrtvama. Prikrivena grobišta i žrtve u njima bila su sve do 1990. izbrisana iz javnoga sjećanja. Planska terenska istraživanja grobišta započela su tek 2006. i nakon otkrića žrtava u rudniku u Hudoj Jami 2009. su prekinuta. Novi Zakon o prikrivenim vojnim grobištima i ukopu žrtava iz 2015. omogućava i kontinuirano istraživanje i ekshumacije te uređenja grobišta s hrvatskim žrtvama.
文章作者根据斯洛文尼亚共和国刑事警察和地区检察官的档案城市、斯洛文尼亚政府解决隐藏坟墓问题的政府委员会、挖掘和实地研究出口商的报告以及发表的科学著作,对1990年民主变革以来斯洛文尼亚的隐藏坟墓进行了分析。直到2022年。特别强调克罗地亚受害者的坟墓。这些隐藏的坟墓和祭品直到1990年。将从公众记忆中消失。2006年才开始计划对墓地进行实地调查。2009年在Hudoj Jami的矿井中发现受害者后。苏·普雷基努塔。从2015年起,关于隐藏军事坟墓和获取受害者的新法律。能够继续对克罗地亚受害者进行研究、挖掘和墓地管理。
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引用次数: 0
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Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest
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