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Of Popes & Unicorns: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World 《教皇与独角兽:科学、基督教以及冲突论如何愚弄世界
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23hutchings
D. Hutchings, James C. Ungureanu
OF POPES & UNICORNS: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World by David Hutchings and James C. Ungureanu. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. 263 pages. Hardcover; $39.95. ISBN: 9780190053093. *Readers of PSCF are familiar with the "warfare thesis" for the history of science and religion. This interpretation, framed as a historical analysis that stretches from the ancient Greeks to the modern period, explains the way in which science and religion have always been in conflict with each other. At the center of this interpretation are John William Draper's History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), and Andrew Dickson White's A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896). Since the publication of these books, numerous professional historians as well as the general public have accepted and perpetuated many of the claims made within them. The problem with this line of interpretation, however, is that Draper and White were often wrong. For instance, Christopher Columbus (and people in the medieval period) did not think the earth was flat. Christians did not oppose anesthesia. There was no Dark Ages. Christians did not believe in unicorns. Premodern medical diagnosis did not merely appeal to supernatural causation. And the list could continue. *Instead, as Hutchings and Ungureanu explain over the course of their nine chapters, Christianity--and especially medieval Christianity--was hyper-rational and actively engaged in scientific thought. So, despite the continued influence of Draper and White since the nineteenth century, Hutchings and Ungureanu successfully demonstrate many errors with the historiographical tradition of the warfare thesis. In fact, as the authors argue, there were ways in which science borrowed from theology. This is most noticeable in the utilization of theology to explain science in the period known as the Scientific Revolution, which the authors address in chapter eight, "Old Dogma, New Tricks." Another helpful chapter pertains to the way the ideas of Draper and White resonated with others in the nineteenth century, thereby demonstrating how these two well-known intellectuals were not mere "lone voices." This latter point is a particularly helpful contribution to the topic's historiography, as this type of contextualization is oftentimes forgotten when considering Draper, White, and the warfare thesis. *It is for these reasons and others that many will find this book a helpful aid. The tone is conversational, and the citations are relegated to endnotes at the back of the book. The book also draws upon some of the best scholarship in the history of science from the past fifty years, such as the works of Edward Grant, Bernard Lightman, and the more recent contribution of Seb Faulk. One of the fortunate outcomes, then, is that the reader who reads between the lines will discover a masterful account of the ways in which the field of the history of science has ef
《教皇与独角兽:科学、基督教以及冲突论如何愚弄世界》,作者:大卫·哈钦斯和詹姆斯·c·昂古拉努。纽约:牛津大学出版社,2022。263页。精装书;39.95美元。ISBN: 9780190053093。* PSCF的读者对科学史和宗教史的“战争论题”很熟悉。这种解释,作为一种从古希腊一直延伸到现代的历史分析,解释了科学和宗教总是相互冲突的方式。这种解释的核心是约翰·威廉·德雷珀的《宗教与科学的冲突史》(1874)和安德鲁·迪克森·怀特的《基督教世界科学与神学的战争史》(1896)。自从这些书出版以来,许多专业历史学家和普通公众都接受并延续了其中的许多主张。然而,这种解释的问题在于,德雷珀和怀特经常是错误的。例如,克里斯托弗·哥伦布(以及中世纪时期的人们)不认为地球是平的。基督徒并不反对麻醉。没有黑暗时代。基督徒不相信独角兽。前现代医学诊断并不仅仅诉诸于超自然的因果关系。这个名单还可以继续列下去。*相反,正如哈钦斯和昂古拉努在他们的九章中所解释的那样,基督教——尤其是中世纪的基督教——是高度理性的,积极参与科学思想。因此,尽管德雷珀和怀特自19世纪以来一直受到影响,哈钦斯和昂古拉努成功地证明了战争理论的史学传统中的许多错误。事实上,正如两位作者所言,科学在某些方面借鉴了神学。这一点最明显的体现在利用神学来解释科学革命时期的科学,作者在第八章“旧教条,新把戏”中提到了这一点。另一个有用的章节是关于19世纪德雷珀和怀特的思想如何与他人产生共鸣,从而证明这两位著名的知识分子不仅仅是“孤独的声音”。后一点对该主题的史学贡献特别有帮助,因为在考虑德雷珀、怀特和战争论文时,这种类型的语境化经常被遗忘。正是由于这些原因和其他原因,许多人会觉得这本书很有帮助。书的基调是对话式的,引文被放在书后面的尾注里。这本书还借鉴了过去五十年来科学史上一些最好的学术成果,比如爱德华·格兰特、伯纳德·莱特曼的作品,以及最近的Seb Faulk的贡献。幸运的是,读到字里行间的读者会发现,这本书对科学史领域有效地推翻了战争理论的方式进行了精辟的描述,并由此建立了对科学与宗教之间复杂的历史关系的有力理解。这本书的读者还将获得作者之一詹姆斯·昂古拉努的作品《科学、宗教和新教传统》(2019)的缩略版,该作品在第七章“糟糕的桥梁”中进行了总结。*尽管它有很多优点,但偶尔有一点会让笔者停下来。有时,作者几乎把基督教和科学之间的因果关系归结为基督教是科学发展的主要驱动力。例如,在第八章中,作者谈到了基督教对科学的积极影响,他们声称“基督教教义实际上在建立今天如此成功的科学基础方面发挥了重要作用——事实上,许多人认为这是重要的作用”(第196页)。在第七章的结尾也出现了类似的情况,基督教和科学之间有着更大的因果关系。第八章的观点是由诺亚·埃夫隆在《伽利略进监狱》中题为“基督教催生了现代科学”的章节所证实的。虽然埃夫隆确实认为基督教在科学发展中发挥了重要作用,但他没有将其视为唯一的原因。正如埃夫隆所指出的,其中一个原因是,把非基督徒对科学的贡献包括进来就会有问题。然而,《教皇与独角兽》的读者不会被告知过度归因于基督教与科学之间因果关系的潜在错误。在一本旨在重新构建科学与宗教关系的书中,人们本希望他们能对这一点进行细致入微的阐述,即使最后他们选择论证基督教对科学发展的重要性。 *撇开这个问题不谈,这本书对战争理论的研究有重要贡献。本杂志的读者可能知道以前关于这个主题的书,最著名的是伽利略去监狱(2009)。那些熟悉那本书的人会在这本书中发现一些重叠,尽管不是完全的同义词。一个明显的优点是,这本书是一个全面的故事,而不是分散的章节。因此,它的内容可能会在许多不同的上下文中被使用,并在未来的许多年里被阅读。*由布伦特·普尔普尔评论,历史学客座助理教授,格兰谷州立大学,艾伦代尔,密歇根州49401。
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引用次数: 1
The Integration of Psychology & Christianity: A Domain-Based Approach 心理学与基督教的整合:一个基于领域的方法
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23hathaway
W. Hathaway, M. Yarhouse
THE INTEGRATION OF PSYCHOLOGY & CHRISTIANITY: A Domain-Based Approach by William L. Hathaway and Mark A. Yarhouse. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press Academic, 2021. 199 pages. ISBN: 9780830841837. *Reading The Integration of Psychology and Christianity brought to mind the lively discussions about integration that I had with my fellow undergraduates at Gordon College some twenty years ago. We were hampered in reaching any agreement by the fact that our assigned text, Psychology and Christianity: Four Views,1 presented four authors who each defined integration in their own idiosyncratic way, which then resulted in us students talking past each other. *If only we'd had this book! Hathaway and Yarhouse resolve these confusions by offering a "domain-based approach." Rather than advocating for a particular integration approach, as has been common in integration scholarship, Hathaway and Yarhouse outline the multiplicity of ways in which the Christian psychologist might choose to integrate faith and psychology. This approach is one I found immediately useful, given my position as chair of psychology at a small Christian liberal arts college where I frequently mentor junior colleagues with less experience in Christian higher education as they learn to integrate faith into their teaching. Hathaway and Yarhouse's categories include the following: worldview integration, theoretical integration, applied integration, role integration, and personal integration. These categories not only offer a shared vocabulary for integration conversations, but they can serve as an inventory of one's comfort level in different types of integration (one may be quite comfortable doing personal integration while finding theoretical integration challenging, for example). Overall, the book is excellent as a catalyst for personal reflection and growth for the Christian psychologist, whether they be researcher, professor, or clinician. *A particular strength of the book is its emphasis on clinical and applied psychological work. The most original contributions are the chapters on applied integration and role integration. The former adapts a secular model for a Christian population or develops Christian interventions from Christian thought and practice while the later describes living out the role expectations of a particular vocation (e.g., counselor) in a way that is consistent with Christian identity. These chapters have many examples from Yarhouse and Hathaway's own experience in navigating these areas. Their clear articulation of the professional duties of the Christian who joins the counseling guild, for example, was extremely useful. I found myself grateful to have their take on role integration to offer to my aspiring therapist students, who often find themselves torn between personal conviction and professional obligations. Yarhouse and Hathaway offer a well-argued Christian perspective that emphasizes the priority of those professional obligations. *A few criticisms. I
心理学与基督教的整合:威廉·l·海瑟薇和马克·A·雅豪斯的一种基于领域的方法。沮丧的格罗夫,伊利诺伊州:校际出版社学术,2021年。199页。ISBN: 9780830841837。*读《心理学与基督教的融合》让我想起了大约20年前我和戈登学院的本科生同学们关于融合的热烈讨论。我们无法达成一致,因为我们指定的课本《心理学和基督教:四种观点》中有四位作者,他们各自用自己独特的方式定义了“融合”,这导致我们这些学生各抒己见。要是我们有这本书就好了!Hathaway和Yarhouse通过提供“基于领域的方法”解决了这些困惑。海瑟薇和雅豪斯并没有像整合学术中常见的那样,提倡一种特定的整合方法,而是概述了基督教心理学家可能选择整合信仰和心理学的多种方式。考虑到我在一所小型基督教文理学院担任心理学教授的职位,我经常指导那些在基督教高等教育方面经验较少的初级同事,让他们学会将信仰融入他们的教学中,我发现这种方法立刻就很有用。海瑟薇和雅豪斯的分类包括:世界观整合、理论整合、应用整合、角色整合和个人整合。这些类别不仅为整合对话提供了一个共享词汇,而且还可以作为一个人在不同类型的整合中舒适程度的清单(例如,一个人可能在进行个人整合时非常舒适,而发现理论整合具有挑战性)。总的来说,这本书是一个优秀的催化剂,个人反思和成长的基督教心理学家,无论他们是研究员,教授,或临床医生。这本书的一个特别优点是它强调临床和应用心理学工作。最具原创性的贡献是关于应用集成和角色集成的章节。前者适用于基督徒群体的世俗模式,或从基督教思想和实践中发展基督教干预,而后者描述以与基督徒身份一致的方式活出特定职业(例如,辅导员)的角色期望。这些章节有许多Yarhouse和Hathaway自己在这些领域的经验。例如,他们对加入咨询协会的基督徒的专业职责的清晰表述非常有用。我发现自己很感激他们把角色整合的观点传授给我那些有抱负的治疗师学生,他们经常发现自己在个人信念和职业义务之间左右为难。雅豪斯和哈撒韦提出了一个有充分论证的基督教观点,强调这些职业义务的优先性。*一些批评。我提到这本书让我想起了我在21世纪初讨论的整合问题。虽然集成资源得到了有益的更新,而且整本书的资源也很丰富,但我发现集成的核心方法在很大程度上没有改变。也就是说,这是一本由两个相当保守的美国福音派白人写的书。虽然从福音派的角度来看,作者是温和派,但雅豪斯(在性和性别认同方面)的学术成就将他带入了美国文化战争的领域。因此,他们看到基督教心理学家面临的挑战主要是处理一种经常敌对的世俗心理学,这并不奇怪。需要明确的是,他们远没有提倡对世俗心理学持敌对态度,相反,他们模仿了一种微妙的基督教尝试,试图影响心理学政策,使其更符合基督教价值观——事实上,他们成功做到这一点的个人例子是值得称赞的明智的。*然而,在特朗普执政期间,福音派的共谋被揭露,以及目前美国基督教民族主义的兴起,让我怀疑,我在心理学方面接受的基督教训练基本上不涉及政治,是否足以带来变革。我发现自己渴望一种后特朗普时代的融合分析,这种方法可以解决福音派追求权力的危害。或者换句话说,正如作者有时暗示的那样,我质疑这样一种观点,即从事心理学工作的基督徒面临的主要挑战是文化力量太少的问题。*这本书在这方面最明显的限制是在世界观整合一章。在这里,我们发现保守的非营利性非正统学院及其“观点多样性”的理念没有受到批判地接受。鉴于保守/基督教世界观在自由主义主导的心理学中的少数地位,它应被视为一种类似于种族或性别多样性的多样性。 考虑到种族主义和性别歧视所带来的非常现实的挑战,这种框架往好了说似乎是充耳不闻,往坏了说似乎是鼓励福音派教徒以一种受迫害的心态来对待心理学。这幅图景中还遗漏了这样一个事实,即这门学科经常与强大的利益集团结盟,因此与政治信仰本身的关系远不如与权力的关系(仅举一个例子,2015年霍夫曼报告记录了在布什时代,美国心理学会如何与美国国防部勾结,修改了APA的道德准则,允许心理学家参与关塔那摩湾恐怖嫌疑人的“强化审讯”)。也许基督教融合的努力可能会涉及到一种上帝意象的尝试,以挑战这种现状。我自己在批判/女权主义心理学方面的研究生训练促使我反思,如果善意的心理学家允许自己被资本主义用来控制人民,他们可能会造成什么样的伤害。从亚马逊仓库到咨询实践,我们的新自由主义世界提供了许多方式,粗心的基督教心理学家可以为人们的非人化做出贡献。咨询师教导他们的来访者理解他们的心理挣扎是由个人的失败引起的,而忽略了系统因素的影响;对于基督教心理学家来说,这至少应该是一个伦理问题,就像堕胎、LGBTQ+和安乐死这三个更典型的热点问题一样(海瑟薇和雅豪斯倾向于在他们的例子中强调这三个问题)。*引人注目的是,在这本书中,社会正义的话题被降级到个人整合章节,作为心理学家可能会选择接受的东西,作为他们个人主义精神发展的一部分。缺失的是这样一种观点,即正义或对弱势群体的支持可能从一开始就为心理学理论提供信息,甚至可能构成基督教世界观的核心部分。事实上,“世界观”一词本身可以被解读为这里所选择的框架的静态、内向本质的标志。尽管詹姆斯·塞尔关于这个话题的书都是经典之作,但事实仍然是,世界观这个词是一个独特的福音派基督教观念,与世俗心理学脱节。此外,世界观方法所鼓励的后现代主义倾向于讽刺。尽管本书作者承认其中的一些弱点,但他们在这一章的选择暴露出他们缺乏与后现代心理学理论家的对话,后者的重点不是一般的道德相对主义,而是对主导权力结构的批判。引用这些学者,他们中的许多人对心理学的哲学盲点进行了相关的批评,将会加强世界观这一章。*本书做的一个特别澄清的举动是把整合类型学放在一个连续体上,有三个主要类别:同化、生产张力和扩展视野。他们认为,理想的整合工作(引用伽达默尔的话)会导致一个扩展的视界,在这个视界中,双方的见解都通过与另一方的融合而得到修正。这个想法是他们本可以进一步推广的。海瑟薇和雅豪斯小心翼翼地在这样的视界相遇中阐明了圣经的特权性质,但这似乎低估了我们在解释圣经时引入的文化知识和假设。当然,视界的相遇并不是纯粹的神圣启示与纯粹的心理学知识的相遇,而是由有偏见和有限的人类来调解的。作者将世界观整合定义为“试图将心理学重新定位在一个认知框架内,这个框架与基督教思想紧密相连,并以基督教假设为前提。”我希望他们能更多地反思一下,他们把谁的基督教思想和基督教假设作为规范来呈现。鉴于这本书是由IVP学术出版的,这对他们的目标受众来说可能不是问题,他们可能会分享他们的假设。但我希望一本拥护扩大视野作为融合的终极目标的书能更多地受到各种基督教声音和各种心理学方法的影响。*也许这更多是对整个心理学整合工作的抱怨,而不是针对这本书。总的来说,我非常感谢这一贡献,只是希望读者可以使用这里奠定的基础来构建集成工作,这些集成工作比本书本身的模型更具有自省性和外向型。Hathaway和Yarhouse在本书中的主要贡献是:(1)对过去的集成工作进行了全面而复杂的回顾,(2)澄清了有益的领域类别,以及(3)在应用集成和角色集成领域的创新,这些领域是以前的集成工作所忽视的。 对于那些希望加快心理学整合工作的速度或希望成长的人
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引用次数: 0
God, Technology, and the Christian Life 上帝、科技和基督徒的生活
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23reinke
Tony Reinke
GOD, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CHRISTIAN LIFE by Tony Reinke. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2022. 320 pages. Paperback; $21.99. ISBN: 9781433578274. *The ASA has long opposed the myth that science and Christian faith are incompatible. Nevertheless, ASA members differ on all sorts of issues. With little consensus on biblical eschatology, the greatest differences may be on issues related to the future. If so, then Tony Reinke's God, Technology, and the Christian Life is sure to be thought provoking, for its focus is the ongoing explosion in scientific knowledge and its applications. *Reinke, a journalist and author of several books, is associated with John Piper and his Desiring God ministry. He adheres to Piper's Reformed theology and trademark "Christian hedonism," which holds that our chief end is to "glorify God by enjoying him forever." So Reinke is not only a Christian hedonist, but also a tech hedonist. Today's gadgets delight him, and he looks forward to more wonders in the future. Even so, Reinke's hopes are well placed; he is "optimistic--not optimistic in man, but in the God who governs every square inch of Silicon Valley" (p. 30), a statement that summarizes the entire book. *A concluding section explains the book's origins (pp. 303-4). To write an introduction for 12 Ways Your Phone Is Changing You, published in 2017, Reinke found it necessary to "catalog" his "meta convictions about human innovation." He went on to develop his convictions, revise and extend his catalog, do more research, and present his findings to several audiences, both in person and online. Finally, he assembled his lectures to produce this text. Unfortunately, it seems that this process left serious style problems. Individual chapters have a stand-alone quality, to the point they seem disconnected from the rest. Chapter-end summaries belabor the book's main points. Overall, the book's repetitive style obscures its connecting logic. *So what does the book argue? *In the Reformed tradition, Reinke seeks to develop a "biblical theology of technology" (p. 30). He begins with God's sovereignty in creation, and continues with God raising up image-bearers to explore nature and invent tools. Finally, Reinke argues that God stands over those that "wield" technology, for both good or evil; even their worst acts (e.g., the crucifixion of Christ) are "hacked" by God to achieve our redemption, which was planned "before the foundation of the world." Technology is a feature of history, but it does not drive it. Instead, history always unfolds in accordance with the divine will. *The book is organized around nine people, nine primary Bible passages, and twelve common myths about technology (pp. 25-29). Some subjects are predictable (e.g., Babel), but others are not, giving some depth to Reinke's analysis. Six chapters broadly address key questions: "What Is Technology?," "What Is God's Relationship to Technology?," "Where Do Our Technologies Come From?," "What Can Technology Never Accomplish?
《上帝、科技与基督徒生活》作者:托尼·赖因克。惠顿,伊利诺伊州:十字路口,2022年。320页。平装书;21.99美元。ISBN: 9781433578274。*美国科学协会长期以来一直反对科学和基督教信仰不相容的神话。然而,ASA成员在各种问题上都存在分歧。在圣经末世论上几乎没有共识,最大的分歧可能是在与未来有关的问题上。如果是这样的话,那么托尼·赖因克的《上帝、技术和基督徒生活》肯定会发人深省,因为它的重点是科学知识及其应用的持续爆炸。*赖因克是一名记者和几本书的作者,与约翰·派珀和他的渴望上帝的事工有关。他坚持派博的改革宗神学和标志性的“基督教享乐主义”,认为我们的主要目的是“通过永远享受上帝来荣耀他”。所以赖因克不仅是一个基督徒享乐主义者,也是一个科技享乐主义者。今天的小玩意让他很开心,他期待着未来会有更多的奇迹。即便如此,赖因克还是满怀希望;他是“乐观的——不是对人乐观,而是对掌管硅谷每一寸土地的上帝乐观”(第30页),这句话概括了整本书。*结束语部分解释了本书的起源(第303-4页)。在为2017年出版的《手机改变你的12种方式》撰写引言时,赖因克发现有必要对他“关于人类创新的元信念”进行“编录”。他继续发展自己的信念,修改和扩展他的目录,做更多的研究,并向几个观众展示他的发现,包括面对面的和在线的。最后,他整理了他的讲稿,形成了这本书。不幸的是,这个过程似乎留下了严重的风格问题。单个章节具有独立的品质,以至于它们似乎与其他章节脱节。章末总结详述了本书的主要观点。总的来说,这本书的重复风格掩盖了它的联系逻辑。*这本书是怎么说的?*在改革宗传统中,赖因克寻求发展一种“符合圣经的技术神学”(第30页)。他从神在创造中的主权开始,接着讲到神兴起有形像的人去探索自然和发明工具。最后,Reinke认为上帝凌驾于那些“运用”技术的人之上,无论他们是善是恶;甚至他们最坏的行为(例如,基督被钉在十字架上)都被神“砍了”,以实现我们的救赎,这是“创世以前”计划好的。技术是历史的一个特征,但它并不驱动历史。相反,历史总是按照神圣的意志展开。*这本书围绕9个人,9个主要的圣经段落和12个关于技术的常见神话(第25-29页)进行组织。有些主题是可预测的(例如,巴别塔),但其他的不是,这给了Reinke的分析一些深度。六个章节广泛地讨论了关键问题:“什么是技术?”,“上帝与技术的关系是什么?”,“我们的技术从何而来?”、“什么是科技永远无法完成的?”、《我们的科技何时终结?》,以及“我们今天应该如何使用技术?”在Reinke的重复风格中,章节以编号的“要点”列表结束,这些要点总结了主要观点,有时也延伸了要点。那么,Reinke成功了吗?他的“圣经技术神学”听起来合理吗?根据他们的神学预设,读者会有不同的判断。*像我这样的改革宗读者会欣赏赖因克对上帝主权的强调。在这种观点中,自然证明了上帝的存在和奇妙的特性,技术也是如此,它的奇迹植根于神圣的属性,并由反映这些属性的图像承载者产生。科技展示了上帝对自然和人类创新者的创造,它在救赎计划中扮演着重要的角色,一切都是为了上帝的荣耀。*来自其他传统的读者在一定程度上依赖人类的力量来塑造历史和未来。当然,成熟的基督徒明白救恩是基于神的恩典,但那又怎样呢?基督徒应该活出他们的信仰,但他们的选择在多大程度上重要呢?最终,上帝的应许是由他自己实现的,还是通过人类的行动,包括科学和技术的工作来实现的?在阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特黑德的过程神学或菲利普·赫夫纳的创造共同创造者思想中,人类在某种程度上实现了上帝在末世的承诺。事实上,这种想法在自认为是基督徒的超人类主义者中很常见。*在赖因克的改革宗观点中,这样的希望偏离了人生的目的,我们的主要目的:荣耀上帝。相反,人类自给自足的梦想倾向于盲目崇拜。神嫉妒他自己的荣耀,把这个目标放在我们无法企及的地方,在我们对神的悖逆中,无情的追求只会显示我们的败坏。是的,但即使是这种观点也需要界限。 我们对自给自足的误入歧途的追求在哪里结束?值得信赖的善行从哪里开始?难道圣经不授权发展和使用技术来减少痛苦和爱我们的邻居吗?我们能在多大程度上享受发明而不把它们变成偶像?不幸的是,Reinke并没有回答这些问题;恰恰相反。他批评纠结于这些问题的基督徒使用描述性的标签(例如,科学主义),因为在他看来,这些标签限制了“关于技术的深思熟虑的对话”(第29页),然而他毫不含糊地反对宣布“技术福音”(第163-73页)。但是,基督徒应该如何在神的统治下找到我们的界限呢?对赖因克来说,这个问题似乎不那么重要,重要的是相信上帝会充分利用所发生的一切。*是的,最后一章强调了使用技术时智慧的必要性,这种智慧只能从上帝那里获得。神不是叫众人都有聪明吗?我们是否可以合理地将科学和技术视为共同恩典的证据,但否认共同恩典可以影响社会的组织和运作方式?Reinke赞扬了阿米什人在技术方面深思熟虑的决定,暗示所有基督徒都应该做得很好,但我们应该选择什么标准呢?*最终,赖因克把所有的大问题都留给了上帝。基督徒对神充满信心,应该尽自己所能,然后对结果感到满足。毕竟,他们是上帝命定的。当然,这在某种程度上是正确的,但这让赖因克的“圣经技术神学”暴露在对改革宗思想的经典批评之下:在它的旗帜下,基督徒并不完全为他们行为的结果负责。*在这一点上,Reinke和其他基督教技术发展观察家之间出现了深刻的分歧。例如,在《工程师和设计师的基督教技术现场指南》中,Ethan J. Brue, Derek C. Schuurman和Steven H. VanderLeest认为,与其他人相比,基督教创新者承担着比其他人更大的责任。根据圣经的伦理和智慧,他们必须超越最小的成功措施。工程领导意味着忠实地遵守规则,等等;重叠是必要条件。但最终,传达的信息是一样的:遵循政策或经文中表达的规则,结果肯定会很好。历史揭示了这种想法的局限性。再一次,判断是必要的。我们不仅要认识到道德选择塑造了技术及其使用,还要避免空洞和无知的技术道德主义。*我们可能想要在技术上明确区分善与恶,但无论是赖因克还是其他基督教作家都无法提供这样的界限。但公平地说,人们在多大程度上注意到并遵守了神在十诫、登山宝训和许多其他经文中给我们的清晰线条?很明显,在我们离开这个混乱的世界之前,我们必须凭信心行事,而不是凭眼见。因此,当我们走过这个充斥着技术科学的世界时,赖因克和其他持圣经观点的基督徒很好地服务于教会。当然,许多来自不同神学传统的ASA成员会发现上帝、技术和基督徒生活很有趣——要么令人兴奋,要么令人沮丧——同时也有助于在圣经的光照下进一步探索技术。*由David C. Winyard Sr.审核,Grace College & Seminary, Winona Lake, IN 46590工程系。
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引用次数: 0
The Life We're Looking For: Reclaiming Relationship in a Technological World 我们正在寻找的生活:在一个技术世界中恢复关系
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23crouch
A. Crouch
THE LIFE WE'RE LOOKING FOR: Reclaiming Relationship in a Technological World by Andy Crouch. New York: Convergent Books, 2022. 226 pages, including notes. Hardcover; $25.00. ISBN: 9780593237342. *In The Life We're Looking For, subtitled Reclaiming Relationship in a Technological World, author Andy Crouch examines modern Western life given the ubiquity of and our dependence on technology. This is not a book about technology--you will not learn anything new about the Internet, your cellphone, or AI. Instead, you will be asked to examine life in this modern age rife with loneliness, how we got here, and what we can do about it. *The book is divided into three sections: six chapters identifying the problems of the modern age, a one-chapter "intermission," and five chapters identifying solutions to the problems. The problems of this world can be summarized by the subtitles of the first six chapters: "The Loneliness of a Personalized World," "What We've Forgotten about Being a Person," "How We Trade Personhood for Effortless Power," "The Ancient Roots of Our Tech Obsession," "How Impersonal Power Rules Our World," and "Why the Next Tech Revolution Will Succeed--and Also Fail." *One of Crouch's major themes is that our modern conveniences promise us superpowers. This sounds like a good thing, but in reality it is not. Cars, trains, and planes allow us to move great distances quickly with little effort. Our cell phones give us the ability to translate languages, access vast amounts of information, and communicate almost instantaneously with people around the world. Even our household devices allow us to clean our house without any effort. How these devices work is, for most of us, indistinguishable from magic. Yet, having these abilities leaves us without the need for relationships, and without the need for long-term investment in a project or craft--such as learning a foreign language or learning to play an instrument. We lack the need (and ability?) to love with our full heart, soul, mind, and strength. We are allowed to skim across the surface of life instead of diving deep into it. *Another major theme of the book is Crouch's definition of Mammon. In Matthew 6:24, Jesus says, "You cannot serve both God and Mammon." Crouch expands Mammon from a concept to a being. Mammon is the demonic creature that rules the world. "… What [Mammon] wants, above all, is to separate power from relationship, abundance from dependence, and being from personhood" (p. 76). Mammon and money are closely related, for money makes possible "the ability to get things done, often by means of other persons, without the entanglements of friendship" (p. 72). Crouch then ties in technology: "What technology wants is really what Mammon wants: a world of context-free, responsibility-free, dependence-free power measured out in fungible, storable units of value" (p. 78). *In the "intermission" chapter, Crouch takes us to the table of Gaius, in Corinth, in the second century AD. Around th
克劳奇更进一步,建议我们应该停止追求“有福”的生活,他把这种生活重新命名为“有魅力”的生活,没有痛苦和负担。相反,我们应该把“无用”的人包括在我们的社区中——那些由于年龄、(残疾)或健康原因不能为社区的经济支持做出同样多贡献的人。这样做会改变我们的心,从渴望一个迷人的生活变成渴望成为一个祝福。此外,它将从根本上承认这些其他人的完整人格。*安迪·克劳奇给出了令人信服的证据,证明他认为当今西方社会的生活是错误的。这本书充满了明智的观察——我在大多数页面上都标出了一两句话,如果不是一整段话的话。我发现他关于积极影响我们的世界的建议是令人信服和实用的。他解决孤独的“治疗方案”对我来说是最具挑战性的。作为一个内向的人,我喜欢也需要独处的时间。我不确定我能不能和许多不相关的人住在一个屋檐下。尽管对很多人来说可能不切实际,但这个想法还是很高尚的。我强烈推荐这本书。它很容易读,更重要的是,它会让你思考。*由加尔文大学计算机科学副教授Victor Norman审阅,大急流城,密歇根州49546。
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引用次数: 0
The Soul of Desire: Discovering the Neuroscience of Longing, Beauty, and Community 欲望的灵魂:发现渴望、美丽和社区的神经科学
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23thompson
C. Thompson
THE SOUL OF DESIRE: Discovering the Neuroscience of Longing, Beauty, and Community by Curt Thompson. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2021. 238 pages. Hardcover; $27.00. ISBN: 1514002108. *The Soul of Desire sparks the reader's curiosity with the title. Often we relate desire to things we want but view as shameful or dysfunctional in life, such as sex, money and power. Although briefly addressing those things, this book takes the reader to a deeper level of understanding and applying God's definition of desire. Thompson uses art and personal narratives with the integration of theology, psychology, psychiatry and interpersonal neurobiology to help the reader see God's intent for beauty out of brokenness. *The first section of the book outlines the concept of desire. Thompson defines desires as what we want and long for. It is primal for humans to desire although we often don't understand why. It is innate but also must be cultivated and pruned. It is shaped by the practices and habits we develop: the expressions of our intention. Often our desires have less to do with what God longs for us to desire, himself, and more to do with being able to compete in the world--to be adequate and acceptable in the eyes of others (p. 13). He goes on to emphasize Jesus's interest in our desires. Jesus asks us to name our desires in John 1:38, "What do you want?" He argues that, often, we do not name our desires because we fear they may fall outside of the boundary of what God or others see as acceptable. But in not naming our desires, we become bored and depressed (p. 191). We are not living to our full potential. *God's intent is for beauty out of brokenness which we are able to see only when we allow ourselves to be vulnerable. How the brain processes interactions is based on past experiences, which often include trauma and shame. In Thompson's first book, The Soul of Shame, he unpacks this concept of shame and how it affects every aspect of our personal and vocational endeavors. It seeks to destroy our identity in Christ. Within this second book, he goes on to elaborate how beauty begins and ends with God, our relationship with God, and with each other. Our primal desire is not only to be known, but also to be curators and creators of beauty (p. 33). He emphasizes that in order to do this, we must learn to think of our story in a different way. God does not point out our sin merely in order to forgive us so we will go to heaven, nor does he identify our trauma and shame in order to heal them simply that we might feel better about ourselves. Instead, "he is transforming us--creating us anew--to recommission us to do the work of new creation along with him. In this sense, God sees us not as problems to be solved or broken objects to be repaired but as beauty on the way to being formed. Sin, then, is what keeps us in a posture of resisting God's desire for creating beauty in, with, and through us" (p. 45). *Throughout a large portion of the book, Thompson i
《欲望的灵魂:发现渴望、美丽和社区的神经科学》,作者:科特·汤普森。沮丧的格罗夫,伊利诺伊州:校际出版社,2021。238页。精装书;27.00美元。ISBN: 1514002108。*《欲望的灵魂》的标题激发了读者的好奇心。我们经常把欲望与我们想要的东西联系起来,但在生活中却被视为可耻或不正常的东西,比如性、金钱和权力。虽然简短地提到了这些事情,但这本书将读者带入更深层次的理解和应用上帝对欲望的定义。汤普森运用艺术和个人叙事,结合神学、心理学、精神病学和人际神经生物学,帮助读者看到上帝在破碎中创造美丽的意图。*本书的第一部分概述了欲望的概念。汤普森将欲望定义为我们想要和渴望的东西。欲望是人类的天性,尽管我们常常不明白其中的原因。它是天生的,但也必须培养和修剪。它是由我们养成的实践和习惯塑造的:我们意图的表达。通常,我们的愿望与上帝希望我们渴望的东西关系不大,而更多的是与能够在世界上竞争有关——在别人眼中是足够的和可接受的(第13页)。他继续强调耶稣对我们欲望的兴趣。耶稣在约翰福音1章38节要求我们说出我们的愿望:“你要什么?”他认为,我们常常不说出自己的欲望,因为我们担心它们可能超出了上帝或其他人认为可以接受的范围。但是,如果不说出我们的欲望,我们就会感到无聊和沮丧。我们没有充分发挥自己的潜力。*上帝的意图是在破碎中创造美丽,只有当我们允许自己脆弱时,我们才能看到美丽。大脑如何处理互动是基于过去的经历,其中通常包括创伤和羞耻。在汤普森的第一本书《羞耻的灵魂》中,他揭示了羞耻的概念,以及它如何影响我们个人和职业努力的方方面面。它试图摧毁我们在基督里的身份。在第二本书中,他继续阐述了美是如何从上帝开始和结束的,我们与上帝的关系,以及彼此之间的关系。我们最初的愿望不仅是为人所知,而且是成为美的管理者和创造者(第33页)。他强调,为了做到这一点,我们必须学会以不同的方式思考我们的故事。神指出我们的罪,不是为了赦免我们,让我们上天堂,也不是为了医治我们的创伤和羞愧,让我们自我感觉更好。相反,“他正在改变我们——重新创造我们——重新委托我们与他一起做新的创造工作。”从这个意义上说,上帝不把我们看作是需要解决的问题,也不把我们看作是需要修复的破碎的物体,而是把我们看作是正在形成的美。因此,罪使我们保持一种抗拒上帝在我们里面、与我们一起、并通过我们创造美的愿望的姿态”(第45页)。*汤普森在书中用了很大一部分篇幅阐述了如何借助人际神经生物学,从创伤和羞耻转向新的创造。这成为忏悔社区参与者的一种生活体验。这些社区被设计用来加强大脑九个功能活动领域的整合。“这导致了获得性安全依恋的发展,主要是通过为参与者提供被看到、安慰、安全和有保障的机会,并在使参与者扩大他们的宽容窗口的同时,支持社会参与系统,从而防止他们进入亢奋或低觉醒阶段。”这些过程取决于参与一个环境,在这个环境中,深刻的被认识的愿望得到满足”(第40页)。*为了帮助读者想象这些社区是如何运作的,他将来自不同参与者的故事交织在一起来展示这个过程。每个参与者在讲述他们的故事时,目标是说出他们的欲望和悲伤,并将哀叹作为创造美的手段,以达到成圣(第97页)。为了经历这些阶段,参与者必须愿意思考、花时间思考这些问题:“我在哪里?”与思想、思想和情感有关;“我和谁生活在一起?”指的是还有谁消耗了我们的思想。*汤普森做了一项出色的工作,帮助读者处理社区参与者为了实现他们的愿望而必须经历的每个阶段(想象,居住,凝视和询问),同时将每个阶段连接回成圣的过程,以便更接近新的创造。他用复活节的故事来帮助读者理解。没有复活节就没有故事,“……看到美丽如何找到你,在你悲伤,创伤,瓦解的生活中呼唤你,以便将你灵魂的十字架变成复活的美丽”(第90页)。
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引用次数: 1
Re-ordering Faith and Science: Tyson's Project to Reverse the Great Reversal 重新排序信仰与科学:泰森扭转大逆转的计划
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23barrigar
C. Barrigar
Theologian Paul Tyson has published a new theology of science. His concern is to address "the great reversal," whereby the early figures in natural philosophy held Christian faith as "first truth" and their scientific findings as "second truth," but over the course of two-and-a-half centuries these became reversed—the findings of science became society's "first truth" and Christian faith became privatized "second truth." Some Christians, particularly those in science-and-religion discussions today, have succumbed to this reversal, making reductionist-materialist science their operational first truth. Tyson critiques the latter, keying on proposals to reinterpret the Fall as nonhistorical. This review summarizes Tyson's argument, identifies valuable aspects to his proposal, and then offers a number of constructive critiques.
神学家保罗·泰森出版了一本新的科学神学。他关注的是解决“大逆转”,即早期自然哲学人物将基督教信仰视为“第一真理”,将他们的科学发现视为“第二真理”,但在两个半世纪的过程中,这两者发生了逆转——科学发现成为社会的“第一真理”,基督教信仰成为私有化的“第二真理”。一些基督徒,特别是那些今天在科学与宗教讨论中的基督徒,已经屈服于这种逆转,使简化-唯物主义科学成为他们操作的第一真理。泰森对后者进行了批评,重点是将堕落重新解释为非历史性的提议。这篇综述总结了泰森的论点,确定了他的建议中有价值的方面,然后提出了一些建设性的批评。
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引用次数: 0
Generations of Reason: A Family's Search for Meaning in Post-Newtonian England 《一代又一代的理性:一个家庭在后牛顿时代的英国寻找意义
Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf3-23richards
Joan L. Richards
GENERATIONS OF REASON: A Family's Search for Meaning in Post-Newtonian England by Joan L. Richards. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021. 456 pages, with 21 b/w illustrations, 1,218 endnotes, and a 35-page index. Hardcover; $45.00. ISBN: 9780300255492. *The title gives no clue who this book is about. Nor does the publisher's description on its website, the abbreviated blurb inside the book jacket, the four endorsements posted on the jacket's back ("beautifully written," "epic masterpiece," "magnificent study," "compelling and wide-ranging"), or even the chapter titles. The reader first learns whom the book is about and how it came into focus in the author's Acknowledgments. In studying the divergent interests of Augustus De Morgan and his wife, Sophia, the importance of De Morgan's father-in-law William Frend's thinking became apparent. This is turn led Richards to delve into the lives and beliefs of two ancestors from the previous generation, Francis Blackburne and Theophilus Lindsey, who felt compelled by their commitment to "reasoned conclusions about matters of faith" (p. x) to move away from orthodox Anglicanism and establish the first Unitarian church in England. Thus the book eventually evolved into chronicling the lives of three generations over a century and a half during (roughly) the Enlightenment era. *A central motif running through the experiences, beliefs, and work of these families was their steadfast commitment to a form of enlightened rationality that provided coherence and foundational meaning for their lives. Reason informed their ecclesiastical commit-ment to Unitarianism, their views of science and mathematics, and their public activity favoring social and educational reforms. But also, paradoxically, their search for reason led to the beliefs and practices (of some family members) that today would be considered pseu-do-scientific--mesmerism, phrenology, and spiritism, among others. *As Richards notes in the book's opening sentence, for her, Generations of Reason is "the culmination of a life devoted to understanding the place of mathematics in modern European cultural and intellectual history." The mathematics and logic of early- to mid-nineteenth-century Britain has been an ongoing research interest for Richards during her forty-year tenure as a historian of mathematics at Brown Universi-ty. It is this that largely drew me to the book and which I will focus on here: it climaxes in a substantive treatment of the progressive mathematics of De Morgan, whose work contributed to transforming British algebra and logic. This is in stark contrast with the radical ideas of Frend, who refused to admit negative numbers into mathematics. *A central figure behind the developments under investigation is John Locke, whose Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) and The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures (1695) exercised a tremendous influence over and challenge for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
理查兹的处理让读者对德·摩根的逻辑有了一个大致的了解,虽然没有进行详细的比较,但读者可以开始看到德·摩根的系统与亚里士多德逻辑、布尔的逻辑代数和当代数学逻辑的比较。然而,正如开头所指出的,探索德摩根的代数和逻辑工作只是理查兹故事的一个次要情节。她的书主要简要介绍了一个三代人的大家庭中几位重要思想家的工作和生活是如何以理性为基础的。当她把各种线索联系在一起时,读者偶尔会觉得她的陈述可能过于整齐,在截然不同的发展之间画出相似之处,使它们看起来像是一体的,所有这些都是由同样的理性驱动力驱动的。然而,理查兹的叙述迫使读者不断地在脑海中保持更大的画面,并将演员生活和工作的各个方面与他们对理性的更深层次的承诺联系起来。因此,她的书为数学的技术趋势如何与更广泛的文化和哲学问题联系在一起提供了一个值得称赞的案例研究。*由卡尔文Jongsma,数学名誉教授,多特大学,苏中心,IA 51250审查。
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引用次数: 0
Transitions 过渡
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf12-22peterson
J. Peterson
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引用次数: 0
An Anatomist Considers Overflow at the Boundaries of Being a Person 一个解剖学家认为溢出在作为一个人的边界
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf12-22jones
D. Jones
In dealing with the body of a deceased individual, the anatomist has to decide whether this individual is to be treated as a person. One approach is to gain insights from those who are definitely persons--healthy children and adults--and work toward those in which there is uncertainty and ambiguity, in this instance, the deceased. The same applies at the other end of life when dealing with embryos and fetuses. In both cases, marginal persons are given the benefit of the doubt, using the concept of "overflow." *An analysis is undertaken of the treatment of the deceased: initially, of the recently deceased; then assessing approaches to human remains from the remote past; and finally, the troubling status of dissected plastinated bodies, "plastinates." Against this background, attention moves to ways of approaching embryos. Following an overview of a range of theological insights into embryonic existence, attention is paid to the heterogeneity of blastocysts, the significance of their immediate environment, and their place within the broader human community. Reference is also made to the advent of synthetic embryos and the challenge they will present for a notion of personhood. An attempt is made to assess where these ambiguous versions of ourselves fit into the priorities of the human community, and whether an approach based on the notion of "overflow" will provide helpful pointers.
在处理一个死者的尸体时,解剖学家必须决定这个人是否被当作一个人来对待。一种方法是从那些绝对是人的人——健康的儿童和成年人——那里获得见解,并向那些不确定和模棱两可的人努力,在这种情况下,死者。在处理胚胎和胎儿时,同样适用于生命的另一端。在这两种情况下,使用“溢出”的概念,边缘人被给予了怀疑的好处。*对死者的治疗进行分析:首先是对最近死亡的人进行分析;然后评估从遥远的过去人类遗骸的方法;最后,解剖的塑化尸体令人不安的状态,“塑化”。在这种背景下,人们的注意力转向了接近胚胎的方法。在概述了一系列关于胚胎存在的神学见解之后,我们将关注囊胚的异质性,它们的直接环境的重要性,以及它们在更广泛的人类社会中的地位。书中还提到了合成胚胎的出现,以及它们将对人格概念提出的挑战。我们试图评估这些模棱两可的自我版本在哪里适合人类社会的优先事项,以及基于“溢出”概念的方法是否会提供有用的指示。
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引用次数: 0
Discussions about Dispersals: Questions Rising from the Search for Historical Adam 关于流散的讨论:寻找历史上的亚当所引发的问题
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.56315/pscf12-22koenig
Sara M. Koenig, C. Wall-Scheffler
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith
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