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Palaeocene to Miocene southern Tethyan carbonate factories: A meta-analysis of the successions of South-western and Western Central Asia 古新世至中新世德提斯南部碳酸盐岩工厂:西南亚和中西亚演替的荟萃分析
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.204
Giovanni Coletti, Lucrezi Commissario, Luca Mariani, Giulia Bosio, Fabien Desbiolles, Mara Soldi, Or M. Bialik

One hundred and forty-four published successions of shallow-water carbonates, deposited between the Palaeocene and the Miocene, from the Levant to the Himalayas, have been re-analysed using a standardised approach to investigate the distribution of carbonate facies and carbonate-producing organisms. Large benthic foraminifera were found to be the volumetrically most important group of carbonate producers during the whole period, with a peak in abundance during the Eocene. Colonial corals are relatively abundant during the Palaeocene and Miocene, their abundance peaks during the Oligocene and has a minimum during the Eocene. Red calcareous algae have a similar pattern although their peak in abundance covers both the Oligocene and Miocene. Green calcareous algae decrease from the Palaeocene onward. Facies related to very shallow and/or restricted marine conditions peak during the Miocene and in particular during the Aquitanian. Both the pattern of large benthic foraminifera and of colonial corals seems to be related to temperature, with warm periods favouring the former group and cool periods the latter group. Red calcareous algae display a pattern similar to that of colonial corals suggesting that the periods favourable for one group are, on a large scale, also favourable for the other. The progressive decrease of green calcareous alga could be tentatively related to a preservation bias connected to the transition from Palaeogene assemblages that included presumably calcitic taxa of green algae to Neogene assemblages entirely constituted by aragonitic taxa with limited preservation potential. The Aquitanian peak in facies related to very shallow and/or restricted marine conditions is most likely connected to the progressive narrowing of the Tethys related to the collision between Arabia and Eurasia. These results denote an overall agreement between the abundance of the various types of shallow-water carbonate facies and large-scale environmental and geological processes, highlighting the potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction locked in the shallow-water record.

144个已发表的浅水碳酸盐岩序列,沉积于古新世和中新世之间,从黎凡特到喜马拉雅山,用标准化的方法重新分析了碳酸盐岩相和碳酸盐岩生产生物的分布。大型底栖有孔虫是整个时期碳酸盐产量最重要的种群,其丰度在始新世达到峰值。殖民地珊瑚在古新世和中新世相对丰富,其丰度在渐新世达到顶峰,在始新世达到最低点。红钙质藻类的丰度高峰覆盖渐新世和中新世,但它们的丰度模式相似。绿钙质藻类从古新世开始减少。在中新世,特别是在阿基坦期,与极浅和/或有限海洋条件有关的相达到顶峰。大型底栖有孔虫和殖民地珊瑚的模式似乎都与温度有关,温暖时期有利于前者,凉爽时期有利于后者。红色钙质藻类显示出与珊瑚群落相似的模式,这表明对一组有利的时期在很大程度上也对另一组有利。绿钙质藻的逐渐减少可能与一种保存倾向有关,这种保存倾向与古近纪组合(可能包括绿藻的钙质分类群)向新近纪组合(完全由文石分类群组成,保存潜力有限)的过渡有关。与极浅和/或有限的海洋条件有关的阿基坦期相峰最有可能与阿拉伯和欧亚大陆碰撞引起的特提斯的逐渐缩小有关。这些结果表明,各种类型的浅水碳酸盐岩相的丰度与大规模的环境和地质过程之间总体上是一致的,突出了浅水记录中锁定的古环境重建的潜力。
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引用次数: 6
Continental shelves as detrital mixers: U–Pb and Lu–Hf detrital zircon provenance of the Pleistocene–Holocene Bering Sea and its margins 作为碎屑混合物的大陆架:更新世-全新世白令海及其边缘的U–Pb和Lu–Hf碎屑锆石来源
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.203
Matthew A. Malkowski, Samuel A. Johnstone, Glenn R. Sharman, Colin J. White, Daniel S. Scheirer, Ginger A. Barth

Continental shelves serve as critical transfer zones in sediment routing systems, linking the terrestrial erosional and deep-water depositional domains. The degree to which clastic sediment is mixed and homogenised during transfer across broad shelves has important implications for understanding deep sea detrital records. Wide continental shelves are thought to act as capacitors characterised by transient sediment storage during sea-level rise and sediment remobilisation during sea-level fall. This study attempts to test the hypothesis that sea-level lowstand yields more efficient and direct sediment transfer from fluvial sources to deep sea sinks compared to highstand when sediment is sequestered and mixed on the shelf. This hypothesis is tested by evaluating U–Pb and Lu–Hf detrital zircon provenance trends along the vast Bering Sea shelf and deep-marine Beringian continental margin. Presented here are 5884 U–Pb ages and 402 Lu–Hf analyses from 30 samples to characterise the provenance of modern to Pleistocene sediment across the Bering Sea region. Both forward and inverse numerical mixture modelling was used to estimate the abundance of distinct fluvial sources in shelfal and deep-water deposits. These results demonstrate that sediment in the Bering Sea is derived from a mixture of regional fluvial sources, but that the Yukon River is the primary detrital source for sediment throughout the region. Although Yukon River signatures are abundant in all basin samples, the relative proportions of Yukon River versus other sources vary spatially across the shelf. A comparison of Holocene and surficial sediment with Pleistocene deposits shows that sediment across the shelf and in the deep sea remains well-mixed between climate states. Thus, detrital provenance signatures in deep-marine deposits outward of broad transfer zones are likely to represent mixtures of fluvial sources regardless of sea level.

大陆架是沉积物路由系统中的关键转移带,连接陆地侵蚀域和深水沉积域。碎屑沉积物在宽大陆架转移过程中混合和均质的程度对理解深海碎屑记录具有重要意义。宽阔的大陆架被认为是电容器,其特征是海平面上升期间的瞬时沉积物储存和海平面下降期间的沉积物再活化。这项研究试图检验这样一种假设,即当沉积物在陆架上被隔离和混合时,与高位相比,海平面低位能更有效、更直接地将沉积物从河流源转移到深海汇。通过评估广阔的白令海陆架和深海白令大陆边缘的U–Pb和Lu–Hf碎屑锆石来源趋势,验证了这一假设。本文对30个样本进行了5884个U–Pb年龄和402个Lu–Hf分析,以表征白令海地区现代至更新世沉积物的来源。正向和反向数值混合建模均用于估计shelfal和深水矿床中不同河流源的丰度。这些结果表明,白令海的沉积物来源于区域河流的混合来源,但育空河是整个区域沉积物的主要碎屑来源。尽管育空河特征在所有流域样本中都很丰富,但育空河与其他来源的相对比例在整个大陆架的空间上各不相同。全新世和表层沉积物与更新世沉积物的比较表明,大陆架和深海的沉积物在气候状态之间仍然混合良好。因此,无论海平面如何,宽转移带外深海沉积物中的碎屑物源特征都可能代表河流来源的混合物。
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引用次数: 2
Indigenous microbial communities as catalysts for early marine cements: An in vitro study 原生微生物群落作为早期海洋水泥的催化剂:一项体外研究
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.202
Mara R. Diaz, Gregor P. Eberli, Ralf J. Weger

Early marine cementation is a fundamental process for many characteristics of carbonates, like the stabilisation of steep slopes. The genesis of early cements is often attributed to physicochemical processes but there is evidence for microbial mediation. To elucidate the role of microbes and associated organic material, in vitro experiments were undertaken in the presence and absence of indigenous microbiota in ooids from Schooner Cays, Bahamas and compared with native grapestones from Joulter Cays, Bahamas. Microscopic examinations by stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thin section analysis of in vitro incubations with native flora document rapid grain fusion, resulting in the formation of grapestones within 30–60 days. The initial binding of the grains is primarily facilitated by exudates of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities acting as catalysts in the formation of micritic bridges, cements and encrusted aggregates. In vitro grapestones are similar to native grapestones from Joulter Cays with intergranular areas infested with extracellular polymeric substances, microbes, micritic cements, amorphous calcium carbonate nanograins and micritised outer surfaces. These similarities suggest that incubations with native flora follow similar mineralisation mechanisms as in the natural environment. In contrast, sterilised grains remain loose with little crystal formation after 60 days and are devoid of microbes and organic exudates. Owing to the near absence of precipitates, abiotic precipitation is not the driving force promoting early cements. In contrast, grain fusion is microbially mediated via both a passive mechanism, where extracellular polymeric substances and cell surfaces function as templates for crystal nucleation and generation of micritic cements, and through an active mechanism by which biofilm heterotrophs and autotrophs induce chemical alterations of a local environment, facilitating precipitation. This study underscores that microbially mediated cementation can occur at fast rates and that firmground to hardgrounds and slope stabilisation take place shortly after deposition of carbonate grains.

早期海相胶结作用是碳酸盐许多特征的基本过程,如陡坡的稳定。早期胶结物的成因通常归因于物理化学过程,但有证据表明微生物介导。为了阐明微生物和相关有机物质的作用,在巴哈马Schooner Cays的鲕粒中进行了存在和不存在本土微生物群的体外实验,并与来自巴哈马Joulter Cays的本土葡萄石进行了比较。通过体视显微镜、扫描电镜和与本地植物群体外培养的薄片分析,显微镜检查表明葡萄颗粒融合迅速,在30-60天内形成葡萄石。颗粒的初始结合主要是由细胞外聚合物物质和微生物群落的渗出物促进的,微生物群落在形成微晶桥、胶结物和结壳聚集体中起催化剂作用。在体外实验中,葡萄石与来自Joulter Cays的天然葡萄石相似,其粒间区域充满了细胞外聚合物质、微生物、微晶胶结物、无定形碳酸钙纳米颗粒和微晶化的外表面。这些相似性表明,与本地植物群的孵化遵循与自然环境相似的矿化机制。相比之下,无菌的谷物在60天后仍然松散,几乎没有晶体形成,没有微生物和有机渗出物。由于几乎没有沉淀物,非生物沉淀物不是促进早期胶结的驱动力。相比之下,颗粒融合是由微生物介导的,通过两种被动机制,其中细胞外聚合物物质和细胞表面作为晶体成核和生成微晶胶结物的模板,以及通过生物膜异养和自养诱导局部环境的化学改变,促进沉淀的主动机制。这项研究强调,微生物介导的胶结作用可以快速发生,并且在碳酸盐颗粒沉积后不久就会发生硬地到硬地和边坡稳定。
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引用次数: 4
The Marinoan cap carbonate of Svalbard: Syngenetic marine dolomite with 17O-anomalous carbonate-associated sulphate 斯瓦尔巴群岛的Marinoan盖层碳酸盐岩:具有17O异常碳酸盐伴生硫酸盐的同生海相白云岩
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.201
Ian J. Fairchild, Huiming Bao, Richard J. Windmill, Ian Boomer

Two cap carbonates overlying Cryogenian panglacial deposits are found in North-East Svalbard of which the younger (635 Ma) forms the base of the Ediacaran Period. It is represented by a transgressive succession in which laminated dolostone, typically around 20 m thick (Member D1), is succeeded transitionally by a similar thickness of impure carbonates (Member D2). In Spitsbergen, there is evidence of microbially influenced sediment stabilisation and carbonate precipitation in the lower part of D1, whilst the upper part of D1 and D2 show centimetre-decimetre-scale graded units with undulatory lamination interpreted as evidence of storm activity. Carbonate originated as possible freshwater whitings, as well as microbial precipitates. Exhumed and eroded hardgrounds display replacive 10–30 μm dolomite crystals with cathodoluminescence characteristics consistent with early diagenetic manganese and iron reduction. Regionally, carbon isotope values consistently decrease by around 2‰ from around −3‰ over 30 m of section which is both a temporal and a bathymetric signal, but not a global one. An exponential decline in carbonate production predicted by box models is fitted by a semi-quantitative sedimentation model. A mass-anomalous 17O depletion in carbonate-associated sulphate in dolomite, inherited from precursor calcite, decreases from −0.6 to −0.3‰ in the basal 15 m of section and then approaches background values. The post-glacial anomalous 17O depletion in carbonate-associated sulphate and barite elsewhere has been interpreted in terms of ultra-high pCO2 at the onset of deglaciation. Such anomalies, with larger amplitude, have been reported in Svalbard from underlying lacustrine and tufaceous limestones representing a hyperarid glacial environment. The anomalous sulphate could be produced contemporarily, or the internally drained landscape may have continued to release 17O-anomalous sulphate as it was transgressed during cap carbonate deposition. The late Cryogenian to earliest Ediacaran record in Svalbard provides the most complete record of the basal 17O-depletion event in the world.

在斯瓦尔巴群岛东北部发现了两个盖层碳酸盐岩,覆盖着成冰纪的泛冰川沉积物,其中较年轻的(635 Ma)形成了埃迪卡拉纪的基础。它以海侵序列为代表,其中层状白云岩,通常约20 m厚(构件D1)过渡地接着是类似厚度的不纯碳酸盐(构件D2)。在斯匹次卑尔根,有证据表明D1下部存在受微生物影响的沉积物稳定和碳酸盐沉淀,而D1和D2上部则显示出厘米-分米级的分级单元,其波状分层被解释为风暴活动的证据。碳酸盐可能来源于淡水鳕鱼以及微生物沉淀物。渗出和侵蚀的硬地显示出10–30μm的再生白云石晶体,其阴极发光特性与早期成岩锰和铁还原一致。从地区来看,碳同位素值在30年内从−3‰左右持续下降约2‰ m的剖面,这既是时间信号又是测深信号,但不是全局信号。箱型模型预测的碳酸盐产量指数下降由半定量沉降模型拟合。白云岩中碳酸盐相关硫酸盐的17O质量异常贫化,继承自前体方解石,在基底15从-0.6‰降至-0.3‰ m,然后接近背景值。其他地方碳酸盐相关硫酸盐和重晶石的冰川后17O异常消耗已被解释为冰川消退开始时的超高pCO2。据报道,斯瓦尔巴群岛的湖泊和凝灰岩下伏石灰岩代表了极度干旱的冰川环境,出现了振幅更大的异常现象。异常硫酸盐可能是同时产生的,或者内部排水景观可能在盖层碳酸盐沉积期间继续释放17O-异常硫酸盐。斯瓦尔巴群岛的晚成冰纪至最早埃迪卡拉纪记录提供了世界上最完整的17O基底消耗事件记录。
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引用次数: 5
Microbial EPS-mediated amorphous calcium carbonate–monohydrocalcite–calcite transformations during early tufa deposition 早期凝灰岩沉积过程中微生物EPS介导的无定形碳酸钙-单水滑石-方解石转化
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.200
Paul L. Broughton

The Holocene Wolfenden tufa deposit in south-eastern British Columbia, western Canada, preserves a unique record of the earliest stages of calcium carbonate deposition resulting from microbial extracellular polymeric substances-mediated precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) with partial transformation to monohydrocalcite (MHC) and subsequently to nanocrystalline calcite. This is the first documentation of tufa mineralogy involving ACC transformation to MHC. Progressive dehydration triggered ACC–MHC–nanocrystalline calcite transformations on bryophytes, algae and cyanobacteria sheaths. The adsorption of extracellular polymeric substances matrix molecules into the ACC and ACC–MHC structures preserved polymorph mineralogy of incomplete transformation. Unusual concentrations of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances filaments provided nucleation sites for the ACC precipitation. The ACC nucleation calcified extracellular polymeric substances filaments and resulted in partially coalesced arrays of nanoscale ACC spheroids. Mesocrystalline structures of MHC reconfigured the concentric growth layers of ACC precipitate with bulbous ACC–MHC protuberances. Nanocrystalline rhombic faces of calcite developed within and on the surfaces of the ACC–MHC protuberances. Dehydration of these concentric growth layers of ACC–MHC resulted in the transformation into nanocrystalline calcite with substrates coalesced into micrite fabrics. Recrystallisation obliterated evidence of the calcified extracellular polymeric substances filaments and resulted in microcrystalline calcite spar domains as the widespread encrustation fabric. Localised magnesium adsorption during nucleation of the ACC within the biofilms resulted in needle calcite crystals without the precursor ACC–MHC transformation process. Microbial extracellular polymeric substances-mediated precipitation of ACC as a necessarily critical step in the earliest phase of the tufa deposition process, leading to the nucleation of calcite has been underappreciated and generally not considered. These earliest stages of calcium carbonate precipitation are proposed as a possible template for other tufa deposits, where the evidence of microbial extracellular polymeric substances-mediated precipitation of ACC with transformation to MHC and subsequently to nanocrystalline calcite has been obscured by recrystallisation into micrite and spar fabrics.

加拿大西部不列颠哥伦比亚省东南部的全新世沃尔芬登凝灰岩矿床保存了碳酸钙沉积最早阶段的独特记录,这是由微生物胞外聚合物介导的无定形碳酸钙(ACC)沉淀引起的,部分转化为单水滑石(MHC),随后转化为纳米晶体方解石。这是第一份涉及ACC转化为MHC的凝灰岩矿物学文件。渐进脱水触发了苔藓植物、藻类和蓝藻鞘上ACC–MHC–纳米晶体方解石的转化。胞外聚合物基质分子在ACC和ACC–MHC结构中的吸附保留了不完全转化的多晶型矿物学。异常浓度的生物膜胞外聚合物细丝为ACC沉淀提供了成核位点。ACC成核使细胞外聚合物细丝钙化,并导致纳米级ACC球体的部分聚结阵列。MHC的中结晶结构重新配置了ACC沉淀物的同心生长层,并具有球状的ACC–MHC突起。ACC–MHC突起内部和表面发育有方解石的纳米晶菱形面。ACC–MHC的这些同心生长层的脱水导致转变为纳米晶体方解石,基质聚结为微晶晶组构。再结晶消除了钙化的细胞外聚合物细丝的证据,并导致微晶方解石-晶石结构域作为广泛的结垢织物。ACC在生物膜内成核过程中的局部镁吸附导致针状方解石晶体,而没有前体ACC–MHC转化过程。微生物胞外聚合物介导的ACC沉淀是凝灰岩沉积过程最早阶段的一个必要关键步骤,导致方解石成核,但这一点未得到充分重视,通常未被考虑。碳酸钙沉淀的这些最早阶段被认为是其他凝灰岩矿床的可能模板,其中微生物胞外聚合物介导的ACC沉淀转化为MHC并随后转化为纳米晶体方解石的证据已被再结晶为微晶和晶石组构所掩盖。
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引用次数: 3
Petrographic and geochemical constraints on the formation of gravity-defying speleothems 抗重力洞穴形成的岩石学和地球化学约束
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.199
Adrian Immenhauser, Rene Hoffmann, Sylvia Riechelmann, Mathias Mueller, Dennis Scholz, Stefan Voigt, Stefan Niggemann, Dieter Buhl, Maximilian Dornseif, Alexander Platte

Cave carbonates, seemingly growing in defiance of gravity, have attracted the community's interest for more than a century. This paper focusses on ‘helictites’, contorted vermiform speleothems with central capillaries. Petrographic, crystallographic and geochemical data of calcitic and aragonitic helictites (recent to 347 ka) from three caves in Western Germany are placed in context with previous work. Aragonitic helictites from one site, the Windloch Cave, form exceptionally large and complex structures that share similarities with the celebrated helictite arrays in the Asperge Cave in France. Aragonitic and calcitic helictites differ significantly in their crystal fabrics and internal geometry. Calcitic helictites are best described as a composite crystal fabric consisting of fibrous mesocrystals. Aragonite helictites display a complex fabric of acicular to platy crystals, some of which show evidence for growth-twinning and perhaps crystallisation via a monoclinal precursor stage. The micro-tomographic characterisation of several orders of channels and their complex architecture raises important questions regarding fluid migration and helictite architecture. In terms of their isotope geochemistry, helictites are depleted in 13C to various degrees, isotope values that are controlled by the mixing of fluids and mineralogy-related fractionation. Regarding their δ18O values, most helictites overlap with other calcitic and aragonitic speleothems. Previous models explaining the twisted morphology of helictites are discussed from the viewpoint of fluid migration and CO2 degassing rates, mineralogy and helictite petrography. For the complex aragonitic helicities documented here, the most likely mechanisms to explain the contorted growth forms include the internal capillary network combined with localised (sector) growth at the helictite tip. The morphologically simpler calcitic helictites are best explained by capillary and surface flow. Future work should include geomicrobiology to assess the significance of induced mineralisation and transmission electron microscopy analysis to more quantitatively assign crystallographic properties.

洞穴碳酸盐岩似乎是在无视重力的情况下生长的,一个多世纪以来一直吸引着社区的兴趣。本文主要研究“螺旋体”,即具有中心毛细血管的扭曲的蠕虫状洞穴。钙质和文石螺旋岩的岩石学、晶体学和地球化学数据(最近至347 ka)与之前的工作放在一起。Windloch洞穴中的Aragonic螺旋岩形成了异常巨大和复杂的结构,与法国Asperge洞穴中著名的螺旋岩阵列有相似之处。Aragonic和钙化螺旋岩在晶体结构和内部几何形状方面有显著差异。煅烧螺旋岩最好被描述为由纤维状中晶组成的复合晶体结构。Aragonite螺旋岩显示出针状到片状晶体的复杂结构,其中一些显示出生长孪晶的证据,可能通过单斜前体阶段结晶。几个通道阶数及其复杂结构的显微断层特征提出了关于流体迁移和螺旋岩结构的重要问题。就其同位素地球化学而言,螺旋岩在不同程度上贫含13C,同位素值受流体混合和矿物学相关分馏的控制。就其δ18O值而言,大多数螺旋岩与其他钙质和文石质洞穴岩重叠。从流体迁移和CO2脱气速率、矿物学和螺旋岩岩石学的角度讨论了解释螺旋岩扭曲形态的先前模型。对于这里记录的复杂文石螺旋,解释扭曲生长形式的最可能机制包括内部毛细管网络与螺旋岩尖端的局部(扇形)生长相结合。形态较简单的钙化螺旋岩最好用毛细管和表面流来解释。未来的工作应包括地质微生物学,以评估诱导矿化的重要性,以及透射电子显微镜分析,以更定量地分配晶体性质。
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引用次数: 1
Pioneer species of Cyanobacteria in hot springs and their role to travertine formation: The case of Aedipsos hot springs, Euboea (Evia), Greece 温泉中蓝藻的先锋物种及其对石灰华形成的作用:希腊Euboea (Evia)的Aedipsos温泉的案例
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.198
Christos Kanellopoulos, Vasiliki Lamprinou, Artemis Politi, Panagiotis Voudouris, Athena Economou-Amilli

Cyanobacteria are considered to be among the first microorganisms to settle in hot springs where they form a favourable environment for further biological establishment. Nevertheless, the exact pioneer species and how early they start participating in the biomineralisation processes remain unknown. The aim of the present study was twofold, that is, to identify the pioneer Cyanobacteria in hot springs (i.e. Aedipsos area, Greece) and to record their early biomineralisation processes. The in situ experimental approach included the setup of sterile glass and/or plexiglass slides in several locations to facilitate colonisation by Cyanobacteria, and removal of slides for study after 48–202 h. Synechococcales (37%) and Oscillatoriales (33%) were the dominant orders, followed by Chroococcales (15%) and Spirulinales (11%); whereas Chroococcidiopsidales (4%) was found only in a few sites. The order Nostocales was not observed at the early stages of colonisation although it was present in mature stages. Forty-three species of Cyanobacteria were identified as pioneer microorganisms, with Spirulina subtilissima being the most frequently found. The most common pioneers were multicellular filamentous Cyanobacteria, that is, organisms with a large surface area able to form significant amounts of extracellular polymeric substances. Among the pioneers, thermophilic species of Cyanobacteria were typical such as Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, Chroococcus thermalis, Leptolyngbya thermalis, S. subtilissima and Symploca thermalis, as well as typical limestone substrate species such as Chroococcus lithophilus and Leptolyngbya laminosa. Temperature seems to affect biodiversity. Also, pioneers were found to contribute to the biomineralisation processes from their first appearance. In the studied samples, three biomineralisation processes were identified, that is, (i) calcification of cyanobacterial sheaths, (ii) trapping of carbonate crystals on a crystal retention lattice formed by extracellular polymeric substances and filaments and (iii) trapping and confinement of carbonate crystals around filamentous Cyanobacteria.

蓝藻被认为是最早在温泉中定居的微生物之一,它们为进一步的生物建立形成了有利的环境。然而,确切的先驱物种以及它们开始参与生物矿化过程的时间仍然未知。本研究的目的是双重的,即识别温泉(即希腊Aedipsos地区)中的先驱蓝藻,并记录它们的早期生物矿化过程。原位实验方法包括在几个位置设置无菌玻璃和/或有机玻璃载玻片,以促进蓝藻的定植,并在48-202小时后取出载玻片进行研究。聚球菌目(37%)和振荡球菌目(33%)是优势目,其次是藻球菌目(15%)和螺旋藻目(11%);而Chroococcidiopsidales(4%)仅在少数地点发现。在殖民化的早期阶段,虽然在成熟阶段存在,但未观察到该目。43种蓝藻被确定为先驱微生物,其中最常见的是枯草螺旋藻。最常见的先驱是多细胞丝状蓝藻,即具有较大表面积的生物体,能够形成大量的细胞外聚合物质。其中,蓝藻属的嗜热菌属是典型的热球藻属、热双球菌属、热嗜瘦菌属、枯草葡萄球菌属和热共菌属,以及典型的石灰石底物属,如嗜石双球菌属和薄层瘦菌属。温度似乎影响生物多样性。此外,发现先驱者从第一次出现起就对生物矿化过程做出了贡献。在研究的样品中,确定了三种生物矿化过程,即(i)蓝藻鞘的钙化,(ii)碳酸盐晶体在细胞外聚合物物质和细丝形成的晶体保留晶格上的捕获,以及(iii)碳酸盐晶体在丝状蓝藻周围的捕获和限制。
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引用次数: 3
Neogene history of fluvial to shallow marine successions in the Kendari Basin, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia 印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东南部肯达里盆地河流至浅海序列的第三纪历史
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.196
Abang Mansyursyah Surya Nugraha, Robert Hall, Marcelle BouDagher-Fadel, Jonathan A. Todd, Adam D. Switzer

Collision between Australia and SE Asia began in Sulawesi, the world's eleventh-largest island, in the Early Miocene and subsequently Neogene sediments were deposited largely in coastal to shelf environments throughout the island. These sediments have been assigned to the Celebes Molasse, previously considered as a single post-orogenic unit deposited unconformably on pre-Neogene sedimentary, metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks. The most complete and extensive sequences of Neogene sediments are in the Kendari Basin, situated at the southern end of the SE Arm of Sulawesi, where an outcrop-based sedimentological study was undertaken to interpret depositional environments, palaeogeography and stratigraphy. The oldest Neogene sediments are shallow marine carbonates and deltaic siliciclastics of the Bungku Formation. They are unconformably overlain by the Upper Miocene Pandua Formation which consists of sediments deposited in a variety of environments including braided river channels, fluvio-tidal channels, tidal flats, mouth bar complex and shoreface deposits. A Mio-Pliocene subaerial unconformity separates the marginal marine serpentinite-rich sediments of the Pandua Formation from the overlying fluviatile quartz-rich Langkowala Formation. The sediments of the lower part of the Langkowala Formation include conglomeratic channel fill, while the sediments of the upper part are transgressive deposits decreasing in maximum grain-size, marked by a reduction in channel/overbank ratio and increasing tidal influence. The transgressive Pliocene Eemoiko Formation is characterised by transgressive lags or onlap shell beds and deposits of a landwards-backstepping carbonate platform. The improved understanding of the Kendari Basin will aid the interpretation of the sedimentation history of frontier basins surrounding SE Sulawesi, many of which have not yet been drilled.

澳大利亚和东南亚之间的碰撞始于中新世早期的世界第十一大岛苏拉威西岛,随后新第三纪沉积物主要沉积在整个岛屿的海岸到陆架环境中。这些沉积物被归属于Celebes Molasse,以前被认为是一个单一的后造山单元,不整合地沉积在前新近纪沉积岩、变质岩和蛇绿岩上。最完整和最广泛的第三纪沉积物序列位于苏拉威西岛东南臂南端的Kendari盆地,在那里进行了基于露头的沉积学研究,以解释沉积环境、古地理和地层学。最古老的上第三纪沉积物是Bungku组的浅海碳酸盐岩和三角洲硅化碎屑岩。它们不整合地覆盖着上中新世Pandua组,该组由沉积在各种环境中的沉积物组成,包括辫状河道、河潮河道、潮坪、河口坝复合体和滨岸沉积物。中新世-上新世陆上不整合将Pandua组的边缘富含海蛇纹岩的沉积物与上覆富含河流石英的Langkowala组分离。Langkowala组下部的沉积物包括砾岩河道填充物,而上部的沉积物是海侵沉积物,最大粒度减小,其特征是河道/河岸比降低,潮汐影响增加。海侵上新世Eemoiko组的特征是海侵滞后或上超壳床和陆向后退碳酸盐岩平台的沉积物。对肯达里盆地的进一步了解将有助于解释苏拉威西岛东南部边界盆地的沉积历史,其中许多尚未钻探。
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引用次数: 4
Neogene history of fluvial to shallow marine successions in the Kendari Basin, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia 印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东南部肯达里盆地河流-浅海演替的新近纪历史
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.196
A. M. S. Nugraha, R. Hall, M. BouDagher-Fadel, J. Todd, A. Switzer
Collision between Australia and SE Asia began in Sulawesi, the world's eleventh‐largest island, in the Early Miocene and subsequently Neogene sediments were deposited largely in coastal to shelf environments throughout the island. These sediments have been assigned to the Celebes Molasse, previously considered as a single post‐orogenic unit deposited unconformably on pre‐Neogene sedimentary, metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks. The most complete and extensive sequences of Neogene sediments are in the Kendari Basin, situated at the southern end of the SE Arm of Sulawesi, where an outcrop‐based sedimentological study was undertaken to interpret depositional environments, palaeogeography and stratigraphy. The oldest Neogene sediments are shallow marine carbonates and deltaic siliciclastics of the Bungku Formation. They are unconformably overlain by the Upper Miocene Pandua Formation which consists of sediments deposited in a variety of environments including braided river channels, fluvio‐tidal channels, tidal flats, mouth bar complex and shoreface deposits. A Mio‐Pliocene subaerial unconformity separates the marginal marine serpentinite‐rich sediments of the Pandua Formation from the overlying fluviatile quartz‐rich Langkowala Formation. The sediments of the lower part of the Langkowala Formation include conglomeratic channel fill, while the sediments of the upper part are transgressive deposits decreasing in maximum grain‐size, marked by a reduction in channel/overbank ratio and increasing tidal influence. The transgressive Pliocene Eemoiko Formation is characterised by transgressive lags or onlap shell beds and deposits of a landwards‐backstepping carbonate platform. The improved understanding of the Kendari Basin will aid the interpretation of the sedimentation history of frontier basins surrounding SE Sulawesi, many of which have not yet been drilled.
澳大利亚和东南亚之间的碰撞始于中新世早期的世界第11大岛苏拉威西岛,随后新近纪的沉积物主要沉积在整个岛屿的沿海和陆架环境中。这些沉积物属于Celebes Molasse,以前被认为是一个单一的造山后单元,不整合沉积在前新近纪沉积、变质和蛇绿岩上。新近纪沉积序列最完整和最广泛的是位于苏拉威西岛东南支南端的Kendari盆地,在这里进行了基于露头的沉积学研究,以解释沉积环境、古地理和地层学。最古老的新近纪沉积为盆古组浅海碳酸盐和三角洲硅屑。它们被上中新统潘杜瓦组不整合覆盖,潘杜瓦组由多种环境沉积的沉积物组成,包括辫状河道、潮汐河道、潮滩、河口坝复合体和滨面沉积物。一个中新世-上新世的陆上不整合将边缘的潘多瓦组海相蛇纹岩沉积物与上覆的兰科瓦拉组流质石英沉积物分开。Langkowala组下部沉积物为砾岩河道填充物,上部沉积物为海侵沉积,最大粒径减小,河道/岸比减小,潮汐影响增大。上新世伊莫伊科组的海侵特征是海侵滞后或上覆壳层和向陆后退的碳酸盐岩台地沉积。对Kendari盆地的进一步了解将有助于解释苏拉威西东南部周边边界盆地的沉积史,其中许多盆地尚未钻探。
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引用次数: 4
Insights on the biomineralisation processes and related diversity of cyanobacterial microflora in thermogenic travertine deposits in Greek hot springs (North-West Euboea Island) 希腊温泉(Euboea岛西北部)产热石灰华矿床中生物矿化过程及相关蓝藻菌群多样性的研究
IF 2.4 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/dep2.197
Christos Kanellopoulos, Vasiliki Lamprinou, Artemis Politi, Panagiotis Voudouris, Athena Economou-Amilli

The aim of this study is to identify the biomineralisation processes in hot springs of North-West Euboea Island by assessing the physico-chemical parameters of the hot water, the travertine mineralogical composition and facies, and the cyanobacterial microflora. In the studied area, the main mineral phases are calcite and aragonite, creating laminated and shrub facies of travertine deposits in close association with the cyanobacterial microflora. Microscopic analysis of fresh and cultured field samples shows the presence of 81 taxa of Cyanobacteria belonging to six orders, that is, Oscillatoriales, Synechococcales, Spirulinales, Chroococcales, Nostocales and Chroococcidiopsidales with the main factors controlling biodiversity being temperature, salinity and access to sunlight. No Cyanobacteria species were identified in areas with temperatures over 65oC. In areas with high salinity (27–37‰), the order Oscillatoriales predominates. On the other hand, in areas with high temperatures (63oC), fewer orders were observed, usually only Synechococcales and Spirulinales. In areas with lower temperatures (37oC), larger numbers of Cyanobacteria orders were identified. Additionally, salinity seems to regulate the presence of the Nostocales order. The combined geobiological study revealed the presence of four biomineralisation processes involving calcium carbonate minerals, that is, (i) filamentous Cyanobacteria and extracellular polymeric substances trapping calcium carbonate crystals, (ii) extracellular polymeric substances acting as a template favouring mineral precipitation for crystal nucleation, (iii) formation of calcified Cyanobacteria sheaths and (iv) alteration of calcium carbonate crystals by endolithic Cyanobacteria. The identified biomineralisation processes suggest that the formation of calcium carbonate crystals is due to the metabolic activity of Cyanobacteria, or that the Cyanobacteria favour the deposition or the alteration of already existing crystals. The combination of these processes and the non-biotic (abiotic) mineralisation result in the formation of hybrid carbonates in the study area.

本研究的目的是通过评估热水的物理化学参数、石灰华矿物组成和相以及蓝藻菌群,来确定Euboea岛西北温泉的生物矿化过程。研究区主要矿物相为方解石和文石,形成与蓝藻菌群密切相关的层状和灌木状钙华矿床。对野外新鲜和培养样品的显微分析表明,该海域存在蓝藻目81个分类群,分属振荡菌目、聚藻球菌目、螺旋藻目、Chroococcales、Nostocales和Chroococcidiopsidales 6目,控制生物多样性的主要因素是温度、盐度和光照条件。在温度超过65℃的地区没有发现蓝藻物种。高盐度地区(27 ~ 37‰)以振荡目为主。另一方面,在高温地区(63℃),观察到的目较少,通常只有聚球菌和螺旋藻。在温度较低(37℃)的地区,发现了大量的蓝藻目。此外,盐度似乎调节了Nostocales目的存在。联合地球生物学研究揭示了涉及碳酸钙矿物的四种生物矿化过程的存在,即:(i)丝状蓝藻和捕获碳酸钙晶体的细胞外聚合物物质,(ii)细胞外聚合物物质作为模板,有利于晶体成核的矿物沉淀,(iii)钙化蓝藻鞘的形成和(iv)内生蓝藻对碳酸钙晶体的改变。已确定的生物矿化过程表明,碳酸钙晶体的形成是由于蓝藻的代谢活动,或者蓝藻有利于沉积或改变已经存在的晶体。这些作用与非生物(非生物)矿化作用共同作用,形成了研究区内的杂化碳酸盐。
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引用次数: 3
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Depositional Record
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