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An Unforeseen Alliance: The Experience of Mental Health Professionals when Testifying in Sexual Assault Criminal Proceedings 一个意想不到的联盟:心理健康专业人员在性侵刑事诉讼中作证的经验
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221120957
I. Cohen
Introduction: Court testimonies of mental health expert witnesses (MHEWs) received scholarly attention regarding paradigmatic differences, and ethical issues, neglecting the testimony experience. The study examines MHEWs’ testimony experience in sexual assault proceedings in Israel. Methods:16 interviews. MHEW were recruited using chain referral sampling. Interviews were analyzed based on the constructive dialectical model. Results: Three main themes were conceptualized: MHEWs’ initial image of the court, their perception of mental health and legal languages, and their perception of court conduct as a theatrical play. The themes address the experience of tension between law and mental health along with an unprecedented experience of congruence that emerges when: 1. MHEWs based their testimonies on evidence-based tests and therapeutic interventions which value objectivity, as opposed to focusing primarily on the subjective experience, accommodating the evidence-based legal debate; 2. When MHEWs and legal practitioners formed an interpersonal connection, in accordance with key relational therapeutic elements.
摘要心理健康专家证人的法庭证词在范式差异和伦理问题上受到学术界的关注,而忽视了证词经验。该研究考察了MHEWs在以色列性侵犯诉讼中的证词经验。方法:16个面试。采用连锁转诊抽样方法招募MHEW。访谈基于建设性辩证模型进行分析。结果:三个主要主题被概念化:MHEWs对法院的最初形象,他们对心理健康和法律语言的看法,以及他们对法院行为的看法。主题解决了法律和心理健康之间的紧张关系,以及前所未有的一致性经验,出现在:1。MHEWs的证词基于基于证据的测试和重视客观性的治疗干预,而不是主要侧重于主观经验,适应基于证据的法律辩论;2. 当MHEWs和法律从业者形成人际关系时,按照关键的关系治疗要素。
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引用次数: 0
The beyond a reasonable doubt standard of proof: Juror understanding and reform 排除合理怀疑证明标准:陪审员的理解与改革
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221114498
Olivia K. H. Smith
The beyond a reasonable doubt (BARD) standard of proof is the foundation of criminal court proceedings in the U.S. However, both empirical and field studies alike demonstrate that jurors do not correctly interpret and apply the standard. Misinterpretations of the standard can have large implications for criminal defendants on trial. Thus, researchers and legal scholars have attempted to clarify the standard through various methods (e.g. quantification, reasoning, linguistic simplification, and procedural changes), and some of these methods have promising features. The purpose of the current review is to provide a comprehensive overview of these proposals and determine future directions for researchers and legal practitioners.
无合理怀疑(BARD)证明标准是美国刑事法院诉讼的基础。然而,实证研究和实地研究都表明,陪审员没有正确解释和应用该标准。对该标准的错误解释可能会对审判中的刑事被告产生重大影响。因此,研究人员和法律学者试图通过各种方法(如量化、推理、语言简化和程序变更)来澄清标准,其中一些方法具有很好的特点。本次审查的目的是全面概述这些建议,并确定研究人员和法律从业者的未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to Making the case for ECRIS: Post-‘Brexit’ sharing of criminal records information between the European Union and United Kingdom 为ECRIS提供案例的更正:“脱欧”后欧盟和英国之间的犯罪记录信息共享
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221088716
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引用次数: 0
The peculiarity of American evidence law: An outsider's observation and reflection 美国证据法的特殊性:一个局外人的观察与反思
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221104651
Zhuhao Wang
American evidence law is puzzling. It is essentially a large class of exclusionary rules barring certain types of otherwise relevant evidence from reaching the trier of fact at trial, although the same types of evidence would largely be regarded as valuable in the civil law system or simply in everyday life. For outsiders—especially those from civil law countries, which favour the principle of free proof—such peculiarity is difficult to understand. It is not an overstatement to say that the law of evidence simply never developed in civil law countries. As an outsider to the common law system, the author of this article probed into literatures regarding rationales for American evidence law, with a focus on the ‘jury control’ theory raised by James Bradley Thayer, who described evidence law as ‘child of the jury system’ in the late nineteenth century. Taking a close look at the complex, dynamic relationship between the common law jury and American evidence law, the author argues that it is time for the child (evidence law) to grow up by departing from jury thinking. American evidence scholarship should shift at least partially away from jury-based trials and toward other contexts. Such a shift will make evidence law more engaged with today's legal environment and on a global scale.
美国的证据法令人费解。它本质上是一大类排除规则,禁止某些类型的其他相关证据在审判中到达事实审判者,尽管相同类型的证据在大陆法系或仅仅在日常生活中很大程度上被认为是有价值的。对于局外人来说,尤其是那些来自大陆法系国家的人,他们倾向于自由证明原则,这种特殊性很难理解。可以毫不夸张地说,大陆法系国家的证据法根本没有发展起来。作为英美法系的局外人,本文的作者对美国证据法的理论基础进行了研究,重点研究了詹姆斯·布拉德利·塞耶(James Bradley Thayer)在19世纪末提出的“陪审团控制”理论,他将证据法描述为“陪审团制度的产物”。通过对英美法系陪审团制度与美国证据法之间复杂而动态的关系的深入分析,作者认为现在是孩子(证据法)脱离陪审团思维的时候了。美国的证据研究至少应该部分地从以陪审团为基础的审判转向其他背景。这种转变将使证据法更加适应当今的法律环境和全球范围。
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引用次数: 0
When you say nothing at all: Invoking inferences from suspect silence in the police station 当你什么都没说的时候:从警察局嫌疑人的沉默中推断
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221104649
Y. Daly, C. Dowd, Aimee Muirhead
Drawing on qualitative research with criminal justice professionals, this article explores the practical operation of provisions allowing for inferences to be drawn from silence at the point of police questioning in Ireland. The article examines (1) pre-interview disclosure and the timing of the invocation of inferences within the detention period; (2) the manner in which suspects are informed about the possible consequences of any failure to answer questions or mention certain facts; and, (3) the value and impact of inferences at trial. Findings include the need to reconsider the late disclosure approach adopted to police interrogation in Ireland, while maintaining separate inference interviews; difficulties with the current ‘ordinary language’ examples used to explain inference provisions to suspects; and, a notable distinction between the use of inferences in particular courts in the Irish criminal process.
根据对刑事司法专业人员的定性研究,本文探讨了允许在爱尔兰警方询问时从沉默中得出推论的条款的实际操作。这篇文章探讨了(1)面谈前的披露和在拘留期内援引推论的时间;(2) 向嫌疑人告知未回答问题或未提及某些事实可能造成的后果的方式;以及(3)推论在审判中的价值和影响。调查结果包括需要重新考虑爱尔兰警方审讯采用的迟披露方法,同时保持单独的推理访谈;目前用于向嫌疑人解释推理条款的“普通语言”示例存在困难;以及,在爱尔兰刑事诉讼中,在特定法院使用推论之间的显著区别。
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引用次数: 0
Exclusion of evidence in times of mass surveillance. In search of a principled approach to exclusion of illegally obtained evidence in criminal cases in the European Union 在大规模监控期间排除证据。寻求在欧洲联盟刑事案件中排除非法取得证据的原则办法
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221088328
Michele Panzavolta, E. Maes
The article discusses the rationales for excluding illegally obtained evidence in criminal cases starting from two recent judgments of the European Court of Justice on mass data collection. The two decisions concern the exclusion of evidence obtained as a result of the retention of metadata in breach of EU law. According to the ECJ, exclusion may be justified by on the basis of the principle of effectiveness and the consequent need to protect the suspects’ rights (protective principle). Based on its analysis of these recent cases, the article demonstrates how important the choice of a rationale for excluding evidence is. It discusses the different exclusionary principles that could be adopted and illustrates their practical implications. Finally, the article advances a proposal of a cascade system of principles for exclusion of evidence in the context of criminal proceedings in Europe.
本文从欧洲法院最近关于大规模数据收集的两项判决开始,讨论了在刑事案件中排除非法获取证据的理由。这两项裁决涉及排除因违反欧盟法律保留元数据而获得的证据。根据欧洲法院的说法,排除可能是基于有效性原则和因此需要保护嫌疑人的权利(保护原则)。本文在分析这些近期案例的基础上,论证了排除证据的理由选择的重要性,讨论了可以采用的不同排除原则,并说明了其实际意义。最后,文章提出了在欧洲刑事诉讼中排除证据的级联原则体系的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Intermediaries in Chile: Facilitating the right of child victims and witnesses to participate and be heard in criminal trials 智利的中介机构:促进儿童受害者和证人参与刑事审判和听取其意见的权利
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221095885
V. Ulloa, Nicolás Pietrasanta, Rocío Acosta
The intermediary system is a special measure designed to support the participation of vulnerable witnesses in the judicial system. In Chile, this model was initially incorporated in six regions with the application of Law 21.057 in October 2019. The measure establishes that a specially trained professional from the criminal justice system must facilitate communication during a trial between the court and child victims or witnesses of sexual or other serious crimes through the use of a linked room. This study analyses the perceptions of intermediaries and other members of the justice system in relation to the first year of implementation of the intermediary system based on information obtained through the use of focus groups and a survey. The results show an overall positive assessment of the experiences with and functioning of the ‘judicial intermediation’ and portray some of the best practices and facilitating conditions for the correct operation of the scheme as well as the difficulties and challenges for other Chilean regions and countries.
中介制度是一项特殊措施,旨在支持弱势证人参与司法系统。在智利,随着2019年10月第21.057号法律的实施,该模式最初在六个地区被纳入。该措施规定,刑事司法系统的一名受过专门培训的专业人员必须在审判期间通过使用一个相连的房间,促进法院与性犯罪或其他严重犯罪的儿童受害者或证人之间的沟通。本研究根据通过使用焦点小组和调查获得的信息,分析了中间人和司法系统其他成员对中间人制度实施第一年的看法。结果显示,对“司法调解”的经验和运作进行了总体积极的评估,并描述了该计划正确运作的一些最佳做法和便利条件,以及智利其他地区和国家面临的困难和挑战。
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引用次数: 2
Here is a table: A prolegomenon to a future new evidence scholarship in Africa 这是一个表格:未来非洲新证据学术的一个预兆
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221078336
T. Mosaka
While it has revolutionised Evidence scholarship in the Euro-American world (mainly common law jurisdictions), the New Evidence Scholarship (‘NES’) movement is yet to arrive on African shores. African Evidence scholarship still largely reflects the relatively antiquated ‘golden age of doctrinal Evidence scholarship’, anchored by leading figures such as Bentham, Stephen, Thayer and Wigmore. This essay draws from the clarion call made historically by Biko and Sobukwe, among several other Africans, for Africa to avoid occupying a seat at a table that has already been set for it, typically in Europe. Africa approaches NES relatively late in the game, but it is contended in this essay that this presents the continent with an opportunity to draw insights from the developments of NES in the Euro-American world with a view of making its own contribution to this burgeoning field of scholarship. This essay suggests that the recognition of the special relativity of evidential proof may be a useful foundation for much broader theorising about evidence and proof in Africa. The essay concludes by using two models of proving the conduct and unlawfulness elements of the crime of corruption to illustrate the implications of this probative theory of special relativity.
虽然新证据奖学金运动在欧美世界(主要是普通法司法管辖区)已经彻底改变了证据奖学金,但它尚未到达非洲海岸。非洲证据学术在很大程度上仍然反映了相对陈旧的“理论证据学术的黄金时代”,以边沁、斯蒂芬、塞耶和威格莫尔等领军人物为基础。这篇文章的灵感来自于Biko和Sobukwe以及其他几个非洲人在历史上发出的响亮呼吁,他们呼吁非洲不要在已经为非洲(通常是在欧洲)设立的桌子上占据一席之地。非洲在游戏中相对较晚地接近新经济系统,但本文认为,这为非洲大陆提供了一个机会,可以从欧美世界的新经济系统发展中汲取见解,并为这一新兴的学术领域做出自己的贡献。本文认为,对证据证明的狭义相对性的认识可能是对非洲证据和证明进行更广泛的理论化的有用基础。最后,本文用贪污罪的行为要件和非法性要件的两种证明模型来说明狭义相对论证明理论的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Legal advice privilege: The legacy of Three Rivers (No. 5) and the challenge of providing consistent protection to all client types 法律咨询特权:三河律师事务所的遗产(第5位)以及为所有类型的客户提供一致保护的挑战
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221077330
M. Stockdale, R. Mitchell
Legal advice privilege operates in the corporate context subject to a dominant purpose test and an agency-based control mechanism. This mechanism fails to reflect the privilege's rationale and prevents the dominant purpose test from giving corporations the same level of protection that the privilege provides to other client types. Following analysis of approaches in other common law jurisdictions, this article concludes that the optimum control mechanism for English Law is the dominant purpose test unfettered by the agency-based control mechanism and extended to encompass third parties. It is the first significant attempt to consider the merits of the agency-based control mechanism since the operation of the dominant purpose test in this context was confirmed by the Court of Appeal. It rebuts the suggestion by some academics that legal advice privilege should be restricted in the corporate context by asserting that it is by expansion of the privilege's ambit that consistency of protection across client types will be achieved.
法律咨询特权在公司环境下运作,受制于主导目的测试和基于代理的控制机制。这种机制未能反映特权的基本原理,并且阻止了主导目的测试为公司提供与特权为其他客户类型提供的相同级别的保护。本文通过对其他英美法系国家的做法进行分析,认为英国法的最佳控制机制是不受以代理为基础的控制机制约束的主导目的检验,并将其扩展到包括第三方。这是自上诉法院确认在这方面主要目的检验的运作以来,审议以机构为基础的控制机制的优点的第一次重大尝试。它反驳了一些学者的建议,即法律咨询特权应该在公司背景下受到限制,它断言,只有通过扩大特权的范围,才能实现跨客户类型保护的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Turning a graphical method of evidential reasoning into an operational tool for judges? Empirical evidence 将证据推理的图形化方法转化为法官的操作工具?经验证据
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/13657127221076172
O. Leclerc, Etienne Vergès, Géraldine Vial
Research on graphical methods of reasoning has made enormous progress since the pioneering work of Wigmore in the early 20th century and its later rediscovery in the 1980s. While the usefulness of graphical methods for student training and research is widely acknowledged, their use by judges remains marginal, if not non-existent, even though this was Wigmore's objective. This article explores the difficulties that graphical methods of reasoning must overcome if they are to be integrated into the practice of the courts, at a time when courts are faced with ever more pressing imperatives of efficiency. The research is based on a partnership with the French School of Magistrates (Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature) and is informed by training courses given to magistrates on the basis of real cases, during which the authors proposed that they implement what we have called the Orderly Method of Evidence Analysis. Although the research confirms the value of graphical methods in promoting rigour in evidential reasoning, it also reaffirms the already clearly identified limits related to their complexity and time-consuming nature. The article also points out the difficulties that still need to be overcome in order to operationalise graphical methods of evidential reasoning, and the difficulties encountered by these methods in avoiding judgment bias.
自20世纪初Wigmore的开创性工作及其后在20世纪80年代的重新发现以来,对图形推理方法的研究取得了巨大进展。尽管图形方法在学生培训和研究中的有用性得到了广泛认可,但法官对它们的使用即使不是不存在,也是微不足道的,尽管这是Wigmore的目标。本文探讨了在法院面临越来越紧迫的效率要求之际,如果要将图解推理方法融入法院实践,就必须克服这些困难。这项研究是基于与法国治安法官学院(Ecole National de la Magistrature)的合作,并根据真实案例为治安法官提供培训课程,在此期间,作者建议他们实施我们所称的有序证据分析方法。尽管这项研究证实了图形方法在提高证据推理的严谨性方面的价值,但它也重申了与复杂性和耗时性相关的已经明确的限制。文章还指出了实现证据推理的图形化方法仍然需要克服的困难,以及这些方法在避免判断偏差方面遇到的困难。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Evidence & Proof
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