Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0007
L. Wijnroks
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on “Exploring new ways of thinking about and developing staff practice: the role of modes of thinking” written by Roy Deveau, John Ockenden and Petra Bjorne. Design/methodology/approach The commentary considers the consistency of Kahneman’s model of thinking fast and slow with brain research. Findings The thinking styles of staff undoubtedly influence their responses to people with learning disabilities. Although Kahneman’s model provides a heuristic approach to tackling prejudicial and biased thinking, it risks incomplete solutions through bypassing some of the factors contributing to staff behaviour. Originality/value This commentary concludes that Kahneman’s model is not completely consistent with knowledge about how the brain is organized. This should be regarded as a limitation of any model seeking to explain decision-making.
{"title":"Commentary on “Exploring new ways of thinking about and developing staff practice: the role of modes of thinking”","authors":"L. Wijnroks","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on “Exploring new ways of thinking about and developing staff practice: the role of modes of thinking” written by Roy Deveau, John Ockenden and Petra Bjorne.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The commentary considers the consistency of Kahneman’s model of thinking fast and slow with brain research.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The thinking styles of staff undoubtedly influence their responses to people with learning disabilities. Although Kahneman’s model provides a heuristic approach to tackling prejudicial and biased thinking, it risks incomplete solutions through bypassing some of the factors contributing to staff behaviour.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This commentary concludes that Kahneman’s model is not completely consistent with knowledge about how the brain is organized. This should be regarded as a limitation of any model seeking to explain decision-making.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48692391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0006
Matthew Potocnik
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article ‘‘Participation of Learning Disabled People in the Parliamentary Election of 2019 in the United Kingdom’’. Design/methodology/approach Personal experience of advocating in Australia for the rights of people with learning disabilities to vote and to receive the necessary support to do so. Findings People with learning disabilities have persistently been excluded from political participation. This is an abuse of their human rights. Originality/value There are many barriers to the political participation of people with learning disabilities, and advocacy on a number of fronts will be necessary to achieve change.
{"title":"Commentary on “Participation of learning disabled people in the parliamentary election of 2019 in the United Kingdom”","authors":"Matthew Potocnik","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-03-2021-0006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article ‘‘Participation of Learning Disabled People in the Parliamentary Election of 2019 in the United Kingdom’’.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Personal experience of advocating in Australia for the rights of people with learning disabilities to vote and to receive the necessary support to do so.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000People with learning disabilities have persistently been excluded from political participation. This is an abuse of their human rights.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000There are many barriers to the political participation of people with learning disabilities, and advocacy on a number of fronts will be necessary to achieve change.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49601586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0038
M. Waltz
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article “Political engagement in the 2019 UK general election of patients with autism and/or a learning disability detained in a psychiatric hospital”. Design/methodology/approach This paper considers the wider issue of political participation by persons with disabilities, especially those whose freedom is restricted. Findings Access to voting rights remains problematic for many disabled people. It is crucial that this basic form of political participation is ensured, but there is further to go. Originality/value This paper suggests the need for greater attention to and support for disabled peoples’ right to political participation, including people with learning disabilities and autism.
{"title":"Commentary on “Political engagement in the 2019 UK general election of patients with autism and/or a learning disability detained in a psychiatric hospital”","authors":"M. Waltz","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article “Political engagement in the 2019 UK general election of patients with autism and/or a learning disability detained in a psychiatric hospital”.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This paper considers the wider issue of political participation by persons with disabilities, especially those whose freedom is restricted.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Access to voting rights remains problematic for many disabled people. It is crucial that this basic form of political participation is ensured, but there is further to go.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This paper suggests the need for greater attention to and support for disabled peoples’ right to political participation, including people with learning disabilities and autism.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45139064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-10-2020-0029
R. Forrester-Jones
Purpose Amongst other actions the Care Act 2014 emphasised the duties of local authorities (LA) to assess the needs of carers, as well as those they care for and to meet all eligible needs for support. This paper aims to report the findings of a study which explored the experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities as they navigated LA assessment processes and personnel. Design/methodology/approach Using an explorative design, 21 older carers were interviewed about their experiences. Interview transcripts were qualitatively analysed. Findings Three main themes were identified, namely, needs assessments as ambitions, not outcomes; the effects of funding-cuts projected onto carers; and challenges with social care personnel. Originality/value The study findings attracted a high level of engagement with public awareness and mainstream news and social media. The LA also immediately responded with interventions to address some of the findings, including carer “drop-in” sessions. They are also adapting their carer’s needs assessment processes as a result of the study. It is hoped that the issues raised will be of interest to other social care providers and practitioners.
{"title":"Older carers of people with learning disabilities: their experiences with local authority assessment processes and personnel","authors":"R. Forrester-Jones","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-10-2020-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-10-2020-0029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Amongst other actions the Care Act 2014 emphasised the duties of local authorities (LA) to assess the needs of carers, as well as those they care for and to meet all eligible needs for support. This paper aims to report the findings of a study which explored the experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities as they navigated LA assessment processes and personnel.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Using an explorative design, 21 older carers were interviewed about their experiences. Interview transcripts were qualitatively analysed.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Three main themes were identified, namely, needs assessments as ambitions, not outcomes; the effects of funding-cuts projected onto carers; and challenges with social care personnel.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The study findings attracted a high level of engagement with public awareness and mainstream news and social media. The LA also immediately responded with interventions to address some of the findings, including carer “drop-in” sessions. They are also adapting their carer’s needs assessment processes as a result of the study. It is hoped that the issues raised will be of interest to other social care providers and practitioners.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47993053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-06-2020-0012
Agnieszka Pytlowana, B. Kroese
Purpose It has been recommended that social, health and other relevant professionals work collaboratively to support parents with learning disabilities (LD) and their children. A number of qualitative studies have investigated the experiences of professionals who work with parents with LD. A synthesis of these experiences has not as yet been produced, and therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review how professionals experience working with parents with LD to inform practice guidelines on how parents with LD can be supported most effectively. Design/methodology/approach A systematic search took place using five databases and 15 peer-reviewed papers were identified based on the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of each included paper was systematically evaluated. Meta-ethnography was used to synthesise the qualitative data from the identified studies. Findings The synthesis offered six themes: concerns about knowledge and experience, the importance of and difficulties with available support, the importance of and challenges with liaison with and between professionals, differences in power, conflicting priorities – parents or children?, the personal impact on professionals. Originality/value The results are discussed in the context of previous research. Recommendations for future research and practice innovation are made.
{"title":"What are the experiences of professionals working with parents with learning disabilities? A meta-ethnography","authors":"Agnieszka Pytlowana, B. Kroese","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-06-2020-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-06-2020-0012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000It has been recommended that social, health and other relevant professionals work collaboratively to support parents with learning disabilities (LD) and their children. A number of qualitative studies have investigated the experiences of professionals who work with parents with LD. A synthesis of these experiences has not as yet been produced, and therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review how professionals experience working with parents with LD to inform practice guidelines on how parents with LD can be supported most effectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A systematic search took place using five databases and 15 peer-reviewed papers were identified based on the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of each included paper was systematically evaluated. Meta-ethnography was used to synthesise the qualitative data from the identified studies.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The synthesis offered six themes: concerns about knowledge and experience, the importance of and difficulties with available support, the importance of and challenges with liaison with and between professionals, differences in power, conflicting priorities – parents or children?, the personal impact on professionals.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The results are discussed in the context of previous research. Recommendations for future research and practice innovation are made.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-11-2020-0037
J. Sunman
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article by Rachel Forrester-Jones on the experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities. Design/methodology/approach The commentary reflects on the themes identified in the original article, comparing its findings to the lived experiences of those taking part in older carers’ projects in Oxfordshire, England. Findings Similar broad themes were identified in both samples. Given these findings, the extent to which matters have changed, since the Valuing People work on older carers is considered. Originality/value The paper discusses policy and practice implications to improve the quality of life of older carers and their families and explores how the voice of older carers can be strengthened to enable them to shape practice and policy.
{"title":"Commentary on “The experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities: ‘I just carry on with it’”","authors":"J. Sunman","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-11-2020-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-11-2020-0037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article by Rachel Forrester-Jones on the experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The commentary reflects on the themes identified in the original article, comparing its findings to the lived experiences of those taking part in older carers’ projects in Oxfordshire, England.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Similar broad themes were identified in both samples. Given these findings, the extent to which matters have changed, since the Valuing People work on older carers is considered.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The paper discusses policy and practice implications to improve the quality of life of older carers and their families and explores how the voice of older carers can be strengthened to enable them to shape practice and policy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48100802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0039
Gillian MacIntyre, Ailsa E. Stewart
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on Pytlowana and Stenfert Kroese’s article on the experiences of professionals working with parents with learning disabilities by exploring challenges and good practice in this area. Design/ methodology/ approach: Key areas of practice were identified for further exploration by drawing on research studies with parents with learning disabilities. Findings: While there is growing evidence of good practice around working with parents with learning disabilities, a number of challenges around communication and relationship-based practice remain. The paper recommends further training and education for those working in this complex area of practice. Originality/ Value: The paper adds value by bringing together evidence from across a number of studies to highlight good practice.
{"title":"Commentary on “What are the experiences of professionals working with parents with learning disabilities? A meta-ethnography”","authors":"Gillian MacIntyre, Ailsa E. Stewart","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on Pytlowana and Stenfert Kroese’s article on the experiences of professionals working with parents with learning disabilities by exploring challenges and good practice in this area. Design/ methodology/ approach: Key areas of practice were identified for further exploration by drawing on research studies with parents with learning disabilities. Findings: While there is growing evidence of good practice around working with parents with learning disabilities, a number of challenges around communication and relationship-based practice remain. The paper recommends further training and education for those working in this complex area of practice. Originality/ Value: The paper adds value by bringing together evidence from across a number of studies to highlight good practice.","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46316053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-08-2020-0018
R. Forrester-Jones
Purpose Because people with learning disabilities (LD) are living longer, their family carers are likely to continue their caring role for longer. This study aims to explore the experiences of older carers of people with LD. Design/methodology/approach In total, 16 interviews with older carers were carried out and analysed qualitatively. Findings Three main themes emerged from the data: “transition to retirement is a misnomer”; “impact of caring role”; and “fears for the future”. Originality/value Previous studies have not focussed on the specific experiences of “older” carers and their situation risks going unnoticed. Their experiences should be acknowledged by services and society and meaningful support provided.
{"title":"The experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities: “I just carry on with it”","authors":"R. Forrester-Jones","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-08-2020-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-08-2020-0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Because people with learning disabilities (LD) are living longer, their family carers are likely to continue their caring role for longer. This study aims to explore the experiences of older carers of people with LD.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000In total, 16 interviews with older carers were carried out and analysed qualitatively.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Three main themes emerged from the data: “transition to retirement is a misnomer”; “impact of caring role”; and “fears for the future”.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Previous studies have not focussed on the specific experiences of “older” carers and their situation risks going unnoticed. Their experiences should be acknowledged by services and society and meaningful support provided.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48812845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-07-2020-0017
L. Hume, N. Khan, M. Reilly
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the development and piloting of a training intervention for social care staff that uses a capable environments framework to improve the quality of staff support. Design/methodology/approach A single case study was used to evaluate changes in the quality of staff support and in levels of engagement and challenging behaviour for one of the individuals supported. Findings The case study demonstrates the usefulness of the capable environments framework as a model for training and development of support planning. Staff provided more positive interaction and support to the individual, who displayed increased participation in activities and reductions in the occurrence and episodic severity of challenging behaviour. Originality/value Capable environments is a systematic, theoretically-driven approach, which is focussed on the quality of support design and provision for people with intellectual disability. The use of such a framework as an intervention assists staff in the provision of effective personalised supports, a foundation for positive behaviour support.
{"title":"Building capable environments using practice leadership","authors":"L. Hume, N. Khan, M. Reilly","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-07-2020-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-07-2020-0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to outline the development and piloting of a training intervention for social care staff that uses a capable environments framework to improve the quality of staff support.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A single case study was used to evaluate changes in the quality of staff support and in levels of engagement and challenging behaviour for one of the individuals supported.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The case study demonstrates the usefulness of the capable environments framework as a model for training and development of support planning. Staff provided more positive interaction and support to the individual, who displayed increased participation in activities and reductions in the occurrence and episodic severity of challenging behaviour.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Capable environments is a systematic, theoretically-driven approach, which is focussed on the quality of support design and provision for people with intellectual disability. The use of such a framework as an intervention assists staff in the provision of effective personalised supports, a foundation for positive behaviour support.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46390289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0040
E. Jones
Purpose This paper aims to present a conceptual viewpoint highlighting the utility of active support in implementing capable environments and to extend this by presenting a three-tiered preventative model of positive behavioural support (PBS) in UK health and social care. Design/methodology/approach Provision of a commentary on “Building capable environments using practice leadership” by Linda Hume, Nadia Khan and Martin Reilly. Findings Capable environments and active support should be key, universal and essential PBS tier one supports in UK health and social care. Training staff in Active Support and developing practice leadership help implement capable environments. Originality/value The three-tiered PBS model was recently proposed by Leitch et al. (2020) and is worthy of further debate and refinement with the involvement of stakeholders. It has several practical implications including refocussing efforts on early intervention to get tier one supports implemented effectively in recognition that PBS is much wider than intense tier three supports. It could reinforce and motivate existing providers of quality support and indicate where and how other providers can commence the process of implementing PBS. Future research could consider the effectiveness of applying implementation science to the field of learning disabilities and PBS in particular.
{"title":"Commentary on “Building capable environments using practice leadership”","authors":"E. Jones","doi":"10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-12-2020-0040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to present a conceptual viewpoint highlighting the utility of active support in implementing capable environments and to extend this by presenting a three-tiered preventative model of positive behavioural support (PBS) in UK health and social care.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Provision of a commentary on “Building capable environments using practice leadership” by Linda Hume, Nadia Khan and Martin Reilly.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Capable environments and active support should be key, universal and essential PBS tier one supports in UK health and social care. Training staff in Active Support and developing practice leadership help implement capable environments.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The three-tiered PBS model was recently proposed by Leitch et al. (2020) and is worthy of further debate and refinement with the involvement of stakeholders. It has several practical implications including refocussing efforts on early intervention to get tier one supports implemented effectively in recognition that PBS is much wider than intense tier three supports. It could reinforce and motivate existing providers of quality support and indicate where and how other providers can commence the process of implementing PBS. Future research could consider the effectiveness of applying implementation science to the field of learning disabilities and PBS in particular.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54179,"journal":{"name":"Tizard Learning Disability Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41668439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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