{"title":"Supplemental Material for Reversal of Inhibition by No-Modulation Training but Not by Extinction in Human Causal Learning","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xan0000328.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000328.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46694880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although noted as a proponent of associative learning theory, Bob Rescorla acknowledged that other mechanisms might be responsible for the within-event learning produced when two stimuli co-occur. To investigate this possibility, he conducted experiments in which rats experienced a compound of a novel flavor and a palatable nutrient, and demonstrated that a preference for the flavor established by this training did not show the pattern of extinction that might be expected of a preference based on a flavor-nutrient association. A review is presented of subsequent work on the extinction of such conditioned flavor preferences in rats. The results are found to depend on the motivational state of the rat in training and on test, on the match between the procedures on training and test, and on the details of the test procedure (the nature of the choice offered to the rat). When conditions are arranged appropriately, the extinction effect (a loss of the conditioned response) expected by standard associative theory can be obtained. What remains a problem for this theory is the observation (made originally by Rescorla himself) is that the effects of extinguishing a conditioned flavor preference are remarkably persistent. The failure to obtain recovery from the effects of the extinction procedure remains as a signal that this form of learning may involve processes other than the association formation used to explain many other forms of learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
作为联想学习理论的支持者，Bob Rescorla承认，当两种刺激同时出现时，其他机制可能会导致事件内学习。为了研究这种可能性，他进行了一些实验，让老鼠体验一种新味道和一种美味的营养物质的混合物，并证明了通过这种训练建立的对味道的偏好并没有显示出基于味道-营养关联的偏好所预期的灭绝模式。回顾了随后在大鼠中对这种条件风味偏好的灭绝的研究。结果发现，这取决于大鼠在训练和测试中的动机状态，取决于训练和测试过程之间的匹配，以及测试过程的细节(提供给大鼠的选择的性质)。当条件安排得当时，可以获得标准联想理论所期望的消光效应(条件反应的丧失)。这一理论仍然存在的一个问题是，观察到(最初由Rescorla自己提出)，即消除条件偏好的影响是非常持久的。未能从消失过程的影响中获得恢复仍然是一个信号，表明这种形式的学习可能涉及其他过程，而不是用于解释许多其他形式的学习的联想形成。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Extinction of conditioned flavor preferences.","authors":"G. Hall","doi":"10.1037/xan0000326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000326","url":null,"abstract":"Although noted as a proponent of associative learning theory, Bob Rescorla acknowledged that other mechanisms might be responsible for the within-event learning produced when two stimuli co-occur. To investigate this possibility, he conducted experiments in which rats experienced a compound of a novel flavor and a palatable nutrient, and demonstrated that a preference for the flavor established by this training did not show the pattern of extinction that might be expected of a preference based on a flavor-nutrient association. A review is presented of subsequent work on the extinction of such conditioned flavor preferences in rats. The results are found to depend on the motivational state of the rat in training and on test, on the match between the procedures on training and test, and on the details of the test procedure (the nature of the choice offered to the rat). When conditions are arranged appropriately, the extinction effect (a loss of the conditioned response) expected by standard associative theory can be obtained. What remains a problem for this theory is the observation (made originally by Rescorla himself) is that the effects of extinguishing a conditioned flavor preference are remarkably persistent. The failure to obtain recovery from the effects of the extinction procedure remains as a signal that this form of learning may involve processes other than the association formation used to explain many other forms of learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86798122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reports an error in "Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model" by Javier Vila, Eneida Strempler-Rubio and Angélica Alvarado (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2021[Jul], Vol 47[3], 357-363). In the original article, a repeated measure analysis of variance was calculated with incorrect numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, which resulted in incorrect F, MSE, and R² values being reported in the Results section. When calculated correctly, the significant differences found in the new analysis of variance were the same as before. The results and conclusions are unchanged. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2021-92066-011). Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves remembering the what, where, and when (WWW) of an event as a whole, and it can be studied behaviorally. In research regarding this type of memory with children, one experiment proposes a new task adapted from animal foraging studies. A task derived from a foraging model was presented its considers the characteristics required for ELM study in children and employs a single trial presented from an egocentric perspective to avoid memory consolidation. One study compared four-year-old children's choices after being trained with one or three trials using a hide-and-seek task. The consequence size and retention interval between training and test were manipulated. Results showed that children chose the optimal outcome after an immediate or delayed test. The children's choices were conditional on the size of the consequences and the time at retrieval according to the Temporal Weighting Rule (Devenport & Devenport, 1994). The results were similar to those of animal studies and were consistent with a foraging memory model. In discussion, the advantages and limitations of the proposed task for the study of ELM in children are described and explained. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"\"Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model\": Correction.","authors":"J. Vila, E. Strempler-Rubio, Angélica Alvarado","doi":"10.1037/xan0000324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000324","url":null,"abstract":"Reports an error in \"Can we study episodic-like memory in preschoolers from an animal foraging model\" by Javier Vila, Eneida Strempler-Rubio and Angélica Alvarado (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2021[Jul], Vol 47[3], 357-363). In the original article, a repeated measure analysis of variance was calculated with incorrect numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, which resulted in incorrect F, MSE, and R² values being reported in the Results section. When calculated correctly, the significant differences found in the new analysis of variance were the same as before. The results and conclusions are unchanged. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2021-92066-011). Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves remembering the what, where, and when (WWW) of an event as a whole, and it can be studied behaviorally. In research regarding this type of memory with children, one experiment proposes a new task adapted from animal foraging studies. A task derived from a foraging model was presented its considers the characteristics required for ELM study in children and employs a single trial presented from an egocentric perspective to avoid memory consolidation. One study compared four-year-old children's choices after being trained with one or three trials using a hide-and-seek task. The consequence size and retention interval between training and test were manipulated. Results showed that children chose the optimal outcome after an immediate or delayed test. The children's choices were conditional on the size of the consequences and the time at retrieval according to the Temporal Weighting Rule (Devenport & Devenport, 1994). The results were similar to those of animal studies and were consistent with a foraging memory model. In discussion, the advantages and limitations of the proposed task for the study of ELM in children are described and explained. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80434740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The associative learning theory of Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner has been duly celebrated for its 50-year reign as the predominant model in learning science. One special recognition is warranted: its close correspondence with David Hume's associative theory of causality judgment. Hume's rules by which causes come to suggest effects are not only embraced by the Rescorla-Wagner model, but their mechanistic account makes precise quantitative predictions that can be assessed by empirical evidence rather than by speculation and argumentation. Framed in this way, the Rescorla-Wagner model truly represents the scientific culmination of Hume's philosophical theory of causation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
罗伯特·瑞斯科拉和艾伦·瓦格纳的联想学习理论作为学习科学的主导模式统治了50年，受到了应有的赞誉。一个特别的承认是有必要的:它与大卫休谟的因果关系判断的联想理论密切对应。休谟的因果法则不仅被Rescorla-Wagner模型所接受，而且他们的机械解释做出了精确的定量预测，可以通过经验证据来评估，而不是通过猜测和论证。在这种框架下，雷斯科勒-瓦格纳模型真正代表了休谟因果关系哲学理论的科学巅峰。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"The Rescorla-Wagner Model: The culmination of Hume's theory of causation.","authors":"E. Wasserman, Leyre Castro","doi":"10.1037/xan0000325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000325","url":null,"abstract":"The associative learning theory of Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner has been duly celebrated for its 50-year reign as the predominant model in learning science. One special recognition is warranted: its close correspondence with David Hume's associative theory of causality judgment. Hume's rules by which causes come to suggest effects are not only embraced by the Rescorla-Wagner model, but their mechanistic account makes precise quantitative predictions that can be assessed by empirical evidence rather than by speculation and argumentation. Framed in this way, the Rescorla-Wagner model truly represents the scientific culmination of Hume's philosophical theory of causation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81168035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conditioned responding that has been extinguished can spontaneously return when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is first presented after an extended delay. This spontaneous recovery of responding suggests that the memory of nonreinforced experience with the CS is impaired over the delay period. Rescorla (2007) provided evidence that this effect of time on nonreinforcement is not specific to extinction. He showed that a delay period can also reverse the reduction of responding established by a partial reinforcement schedule. Here we describe a series of experiments that attempted to confirm Rescorla's finding and additionally assessed the impact of the delay on another well-known consequence of partial reinforcement-the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). Like Rescorla, we used a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with rats, measuring magazine activity during a CS that signaled food. Unlike Rescorla, we did not find that responding acquired under partial reinforcement spontaneously increased after a delay; however, we did observe a significant reduction in the PREE after that delay. We conclude that the passage of time has a selective effect on the retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement. Therefore, time produces spontaneous recovery by impairing retrieval of extinction memories but also weakens the PREE by impairing retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement that were acquired during partial reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
当条件刺激经过一段时间的延迟后再次出现时，被熄灭的条件反应可以自发地恢复。这种自发的反应恢复表明，非强化经验的记忆在延迟期间受到损害。Rescorla(2007)提供的证据表明，时间对非强化的影响并不局限于灭绝。他表明，延迟期也可以逆转部分强化计划造成的反应减少。在这里，我们描述了一系列的实验，试图证实Rescorla的发现，并额外评估延迟对部分强化的另一个众所周知的后果-部分强化消退效应(PREE)的影响。与Rescorla一样，我们对大鼠使用了巴甫洛夫条件反射程序，测量了在发出食物信号的CS期间杂志的活动。与Rescorla不同，我们没有发现在部分强化下获得的反应在延迟后自发增加;然而，我们确实观察到延迟后PREE显著降低。我们得出结论，时间的流逝对非强化记忆的提取有选择性影响。因此，时间通过削弱消退记忆的检索产生自发恢复，但也通过削弱部分强化过程中获得的非强化记忆的检索而削弱PREE。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Delaying extinction weakens the partial reinforcement extinction effect.","authors":"S. E. Norton, Justin A. Harris","doi":"10.1037/xan0000319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000319","url":null,"abstract":"Conditioned responding that has been extinguished can spontaneously return when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is first presented after an extended delay. This spontaneous recovery of responding suggests that the memory of nonreinforced experience with the CS is impaired over the delay period. Rescorla (2007) provided evidence that this effect of time on nonreinforcement is not specific to extinction. He showed that a delay period can also reverse the reduction of responding established by a partial reinforcement schedule. Here we describe a series of experiments that attempted to confirm Rescorla's finding and additionally assessed the impact of the delay on another well-known consequence of partial reinforcement-the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). Like Rescorla, we used a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with rats, measuring magazine activity during a CS that signaled food. Unlike Rescorla, we did not find that responding acquired under partial reinforcement spontaneously increased after a delay; however, we did observe a significant reduction in the PREE after that delay. We conclude that the passage of time has a selective effect on the retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement. Therefore, time produces spontaneous recovery by impairing retrieval of extinction memories but also weakens the PREE by impairing retrieval of memories of nonreinforcement that were acquired during partial reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74567333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. C. Honey, Dominic Michael Dwyer, Adela F. Iliescu
Robert A. Rescorla changed how Pavlovian conditioning was studied and interpreted. His empirical contributions were fundamental and theoretically driven. One involved testing a central tenet of the model that he developed with Allan R. Wagner. The Rescorla-Wagner learning rule uses a pooled error term to determine changes in a directional association between the representations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). This learning rule predicts that 2 equally salient CSs (A and B) will undergo equivalent associative change when they are conditioned in compound (i.e., AB→US). Rescorla's results suggested that this was not the case (e.g., Rescorla, 2000). Here, we show that these results can be reconciled with a model that uses a learning rule with a pooled error term once that rule is applied equivalently to all of the stimuli presented on a given trial, and the resulting reciprocal associations (directly and indirectly) contribute to performance. This model, called HeiDI, integrates several features of Rescorla's research and theorizing while addressing an issue that he recognized required further analysis: how learning is translated into performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Robert A. Rescorla改变了巴甫洛夫条件反射的研究和解释方式。他的经验性贡献是基础性和理论性的。其中一项涉及测试他与艾伦·r·瓦格纳(Allan R. Wagner)共同开发的模型的核心原则。Rescorla-Wagner学习规则使用汇总误差项来确定条件刺激(CS)和非条件刺激(US)表征之间方向关联的变化。该学习规则预测，当两个同样显著的CSs (A和B)在复合条件下(即AB→US)，它们将经历等效的联想变化。Rescorla的研究结果表明，情况并非如此(例如，Rescorla, 2000)。在这里，我们表明，这些结果可以与一个模型相协调，该模型使用带有汇总误差项的学习规则，一旦该规则等效地应用于给定试验中呈现的所有刺激，并且由此产生的相互关联(直接和间接)有助于表现。这个模型被称为HeiDI，它整合了Rescorla研究的几个特点和理论，同时解决了一个他认为需要进一步分析的问题:学习如何转化为表现。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Associative change in Pavlovian conditioning: A reappraisal.","authors":"R. C. Honey, Dominic Michael Dwyer, Adela F. Iliescu","doi":"10.1037/xan0000318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000318","url":null,"abstract":"Robert A. Rescorla changed how Pavlovian conditioning was studied and interpreted. His empirical contributions were fundamental and theoretically driven. One involved testing a central tenet of the model that he developed with Allan R. Wagner. The Rescorla-Wagner learning rule uses a pooled error term to determine changes in a directional association between the representations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). This learning rule predicts that 2 equally salient CSs (A and B) will undergo equivalent associative change when they are conditioned in compound (i.e., AB→US). Rescorla's results suggested that this was not the case (e.g., Rescorla, 2000). Here, we show that these results can be reconciled with a model that uses a learning rule with a pooled error term once that rule is applied equivalently to all of the stimuli presented on a given trial, and the resulting reciprocal associations (directly and indirectly) contribute to performance. This model, called HeiDI, integrates several features of Rescorla's research and theorizing while addressing an issue that he recognized required further analysis: how learning is translated into performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87693456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inhibitory learning after feature negative training (A+/AB-) is typically measured by combining the Feature B with a separately trained excitor (e.g., C) in a summation test. Reduced responding to C is taken as evidence that B has properties directly opposite to those of C. However, in human causal learning, transfer of B's inhibitory properties to another excitor is modest and depends on individual differences in inferred causal structure. Here we ask whether instead of opposing processes, a summation test might instead be thought of in terms of generalization. Using an allergist task, we tested whether inhibitory transfer would be influenced by similarity. We found that transfer was greater when the test stimuli were from the same semantic category as the training stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2) and when the test excitor had previously been associated with the same outcome (Experiment 3). We also found that the similarity effect applied across all self-reported causal structures. We conclude it may be more helpful to consider transfer of inhibition as a form of conceptual generalization rather than the arithmetic summation of opposing processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
特征负训练(A+/AB-)后的抑制学习通常通过在求和测试中将特征B与单独训练的激励器(例如，C)结合来测量。对C的反应减少被视为B具有与C相反的特性的证据。然而，在人类因果学习中，B的抑制特性向另一个兴奋物的转移是适度的，并且取决于推断因果结构的个体差异。这里我们要问的是，求和检验是否可以从泛化的角度来考虑，而不是相反的过程。使用过敏症专家任务，我们测试了抑制转移是否会受到相似性的影响。我们发现，当测试刺激来自与训练刺激相同的语义类别时(实验1和2)，以及当测试刺激先前与相同的结果相关联时(实验3)，迁移更大。我们还发现，相似性效应适用于所有自我报告的因果结构。我们的结论是，将抑制转移视为一种概念泛化形式而不是对立过程的算术求和可能更有帮助。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Inhibitory summation as a form of generalization.","authors":"Julie Y. L. Chow, Jessica C. Lee, P. Lovibond","doi":"10.1037/xan0000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000320","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibitory learning after feature negative training (A+/AB-) is typically measured by combining the Feature B with a separately trained excitor (e.g., C) in a summation test. Reduced responding to C is taken as evidence that B has properties directly opposite to those of C. However, in human causal learning, transfer of B's inhibitory properties to another excitor is modest and depends on individual differences in inferred causal structure. Here we ask whether instead of opposing processes, a summation test might instead be thought of in terms of generalization. Using an allergist task, we tested whether inhibitory transfer would be influenced by similarity. We found that transfer was greater when the test stimuli were from the same semantic category as the training stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2) and when the test excitor had previously been associated with the same outcome (Experiment 3). We also found that the similarity effect applied across all self-reported causal structures. We conclude it may be more helpful to consider transfer of inhibition as a form of conceptual generalization rather than the arithmetic summation of opposing processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"21 1","pages":"86-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82693033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blocking (i.e., reduced responding to cue X following YX-outcome pairings in Phase 2 as a consequence of cue Y having been paired with the outcome in Phase 1) is one of the signature phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning. Its discovery promoted the development of multiple associative models, most of which viewed blocking as an instance of pure cue competition (i.e., a decrease in responding attributable to training two conditioned stimuli in compound). Two experiments are reported in which rats were examined in a fear conditioning paradigm (i.e., lick suppression), and context dependency of retrieval at test was used as an index of associative cue interference (i.e., a decrease in responding to a target cue as a result of training a second cue with the same outcome but without concurrent presentation of the two cues). Specifically, we observed renewal of forward-blocking which parallels renewal of proactive interference, and renewal of backward-blocking which parallels renewal of retroactive interference. Thus, both backward-blocking (Experiment 1, embedded in a sensory preconditioning design) and forward-blocking (Experiment 2, conducted in first-order conditioning) appear to be influenced by retroactive and proactive interference, respectively, as well as cue competition. Consequently, blocking, long regarded as a benchmark example of pure cue competition, is sometimes a hybrid of cue competition and associative interference. Finally, the Discussion considers whether stimulus competition and associative interference are two independent phenomena or products of a single underlying process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
阻滞(即，由于线索Y与第一阶段的结果配对，在第二阶段对Y -结果配对后对线索X的反应减少)是巴甫洛夫条件反射的标志性现象之一。它的发现促进了多种联想模型的发展，其中大多数将阻滞视为纯粹线索竞争的一个例子(即，由于复合训练两个条件刺激而导致反应减少)。本文报道了两个实验，其中在恐惧条件反射范式(即舔抑制)中对大鼠进行了检查，并使用测试时检索的上下文依赖性作为联想线索干扰的指标(即，由于训练具有相同结果但没有同时呈现两个线索的第二个线索而导致对目标线索的反应减少)。具体来说，我们观察到向前阻断的更新与主动干扰的更新平行，向后阻断的更新与追溯干扰的更新平行。因此，后向阻断(实验1，嵌入感官预处理设计)和前向阻断(实验2，在一阶条件反射中进行)似乎分别受到回溯干扰和主动干扰以及线索竞争的影响。因此，长期以来被视为纯粹球杆竞争的基准例子的阻塞，有时是球杆竞争和联想干扰的混合。最后，讨论考虑刺激竞争和联想干扰是两个独立的现象还是一个单一潜在过程的产物。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Blocking is not 'pure' cue competition: Renewal-like effects in forward and backward blocking indicate contributions by associative cue interference.","authors":"Gonzalo Miguez, Ralph R Miller","doi":"10.1037/xan0000315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blocking (i.e., reduced responding to cue X following YX-outcome pairings in Phase 2 as a consequence of cue Y having been paired with the outcome in Phase 1) is one of the signature phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning. Its discovery promoted the development of multiple associative models, most of which viewed blocking as an instance of pure cue competition (i.e., a decrease in responding attributable to training two conditioned stimuli in compound). Two experiments are reported in which rats were examined in a fear conditioning paradigm (i.e., lick suppression), and context dependency of retrieval at test was used as an index of associative cue interference (i.e., a decrease in responding to a target cue as a result of training a second cue with the same outcome but without concurrent presentation of the two cues). Specifically, we observed renewal of forward-blocking which parallels renewal of proactive interference, and renewal of backward-blocking which parallels renewal of retroactive interference. Thus, both backward-blocking (Experiment 1, embedded in a sensory preconditioning design) and forward-blocking (Experiment 2, conducted in first-order conditioning) appear to be influenced by retroactive and proactive interference, respectively, as well as cue competition. Consequently, blocking, long regarded as a benchmark example of pure cue competition, is sometimes a hybrid of cue competition and associative interference. Finally, the Discussion considers whether stimulus competition and associative interference are two independent phenomena or products of a single underlying process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"48 2","pages":"145-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10259191/pdf/nihms-1899385.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9970546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Müller-Lyer figure consists only of a line and arrowheads located at both ends of the line. Many comparative studies have reported that animals perceive Müller-Lyer illusion as humans, but few have used appropriate experimental designs to verify whether animal subjects actually respond to line length alone. The present study investigated whether budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) can perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion by using a method that addresses this problem. Four budgerigars were trained to select a long or short line (counterbalanced across subjects) from two horizontal lines. Next, the same task was conducted using two lines, one of which was situated between arrowheads pointing either right (>>) or left (<<). In the final training phase, the arrowheads were replaced with those pointing inward (><) or outward (<>). The performance of each subject toward each stimulus set of these trainings suggested that they did not determine the length of the line by including the arrowheads. In the test phase, response tendencies to the four figures were compared. Results suggested that budgerigars perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion in the same direction as humans; however, its magnitude is larger than that of humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
勒-莱尔图仅由一条线和位于线两端的箭头组成。许多比较研究已经报道了动物像人类一样感知勒-莱尔错觉，但很少有适当的实验设计来验证动物受试者是否真的对线长有反应。本研究利用一种解决这一问题的方法，研究了虎牙(Melopsittacus波动)是否能感知勒-莱尔错觉。四只虎皮鹦鹉被训练从两条水平线中选择一条长线或一条短线(在受试者之间平衡)。接下来，使用两条线执行相同的任务，其中一条线位于指向右(>>)或向左()的箭头之间。每个被试对这些训练的每个刺激集的表现表明，他们并没有通过包括箭头来确定线的长度。在测试阶段，比较了四个数字的反应趋势。结果表明，虎牙感知勒-莱尔错觉的方向与人类相同;然而，它的规模比人类更大。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion.","authors":"Sota Watanabe","doi":"10.1037/xan0000321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000321","url":null,"abstract":"A Müller-Lyer figure consists only of a line and arrowheads located at both ends of the line. Many comparative studies have reported that animals perceive Müller-Lyer illusion as humans, but few have used appropriate experimental designs to verify whether animal subjects actually respond to line length alone. The present study investigated whether budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) can perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion by using a method that addresses this problem. Four budgerigars were trained to select a long or short line (counterbalanced across subjects) from two horizontal lines. Next, the same task was conducted using two lines, one of which was situated between arrowheads pointing either right (>>) or left (<<). In the final training phase, the arrowheads were replaced with those pointing inward (><) or outward (<>). The performance of each subject toward each stimulus set of these trainings suggested that they did not determine the length of the line by including the arrowheads. In the test phase, response tendencies to the four figures were compared. Results suggested that budgerigars perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion in the same direction as humans; however, its magnitude is larger than that of humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"17 1","pages":"123-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85984510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In summation experiments, responding to a compound stimulus is assessed after conditioning a response to each of its components. This simple experiment poses significant challenges to models of associative learning because of substantial variability in results. Here, I introduce a new method to quantify generalization from components to compound in summation experiments, which I apply to over 250 measurements of summation in rabbits, pigeons, rats, and humans. The analysis confirms that more summation occurs with stimuli from different rather than from the same sensory modality, although this is not the sole determinant of summation. A theoretical analysis shows that this finding is best accounted for by a model that includes both element sharing (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) and element replacement (Brandon et al., 2000) in stimulus representations. I point out remaining gaps in our empirical and theoretical understanding of summation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
在综合实验中，对复合刺激的反应是在对其每个组成部分的反应进行条件反射后评估的。这个简单的实验对联想学习模型提出了重大挑战，因为结果存在很大的可变性。在这里，我介绍了一种在求和实验中量化从组分到化合物的泛化的新方法，我将其应用于兔子，鸽子，老鼠和人类的250多个求和测量。分析证实，来自不同感官模态的刺激比来自相同感官模态的刺激产生更多的求和，尽管这不是求和的唯一决定因素。理论分析表明，刺激表征中包含元素共享(Rescorla & Wagner, 1972)和元素替换(Brandon et al.， 2000)的模型最能解释这一发现。我指出了我们对求和的经验和理论理解中仍然存在的差距。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
{"title":"Pavlovian summation: Data and theory.","authors":"S. Ghirlanda","doi":"10.1037/xan0000265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000265","url":null,"abstract":"In summation experiments, responding to a compound stimulus is assessed after conditioning a response to each of its components. This simple experiment poses significant challenges to models of associative learning because of substantial variability in results. Here, I introduce a new method to quantify generalization from components to compound in summation experiments, which I apply to over 250 measurements of summation in rabbits, pigeons, rats, and humans. The analysis confirms that more summation occurs with stimuli from different rather than from the same sensory modality, although this is not the sole determinant of summation. A theoretical analysis shows that this finding is best accounted for by a model that includes both element sharing (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) and element replacement (Brandon et al., 2000) in stimulus representations. I point out remaining gaps in our empirical and theoretical understanding of summation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":54259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":"53 1","pages":"75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85731647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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