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Anaerobic digestion or composting? Small-scale plants design and holistic evaluations in a Sub-Saharan African context 厌氧消化还是堆肥?撒哈拉以南非洲地区的小型工厂设计和整体评估
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101008
Pietro Castellani , Navarro Ferronato , Jacopo Barbieri , Vincenzo Torretta

In small developing settings, is it worth building anaerobic digestion (AD) or composting plants? This study explores the economic, management, and environmental dimensions of two small-scale alternatives for organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) treatment within the context of Lacor Hospital (Uganda): aerated static pile composting (S1) and AD with digestate composting (S2), both designed to manage approximately 347.5 tOFMSW annually. In the optimistic scenario, S1 achieves a cost savings of about −2.9 USD tOFMSW−1, while S2 incurs costs of 2.1 USD tOFMSW−1. In the pessimistic scenario, S1's costs rise to 3.9 USD tOFMSW−1, while S2 becomes more expensive at 9.5 USD tOFMSW−1. Management analysis underlines S2's complexity due to AD operations and digestate drying. Total normalized environmental impacts of S1 can be quantified with about 0.125 mPt tOFMSW−1, whereas S2 is equal to about −6.163 mPt tOFMSW−1. However, in an optimistic scenario, climate change endpoint category results are similar. On balance, the LCA analysis indicates that AD can be better than standalone composting. However, in developing settings serving approximately 3000 inhabitants, it is crucial to prioritize economic and management sustainability that can be obtained only by small-scale composting plants. These findings provide definite insights for small-scale waste management projects in low-income regions, offering valuable data and references for plant design and their replicability. The study sets the ultimate definition of the most feasible option to treat OFMSW in low-income settings: community composting. Unfortunately, economic barriers remain the main challenge: citizens should pay for the service and landfill management fees should be set by local governments.

在小型发展中环境中,是否值得建造厌氧消化(AD)或堆肥厂?本研究以乌干达拉科尔医院为背景,探讨了处理城市有机固体废弃物(OFMSW)的两种小规模替代方案的经济、管理和环境方面的问题:充气静态堆肥(S1)和厌氧消化与沼渣堆肥(S2),这两种方案的设计目标都是每年处理约 347.5 吨城市有机固体废弃物(OFMSW)。在乐观情况下,S1 可节约成本约 -2.9 美元 tOFMSW-1,而 S2 的成本为 2.1 美元 tOFMSW-1。在悲观情况下,S1 的成本上升到 3.9 美元 tOFMSW-1,而 S2 则变得更加昂贵,达到 9.5 美元 tOFMSW-1。管理分析强调了 S2 因厌氧发酵操作和沼渣干燥而产生的复杂性。S1 对环境的总归一化影响可量化为约 0.125 mPt tOFMSW-1,而 S2 则相当于约 -6.163 mPt tOFMSW-1。不过,在乐观情况下,气候变化终点类别的结果是相似的。总的来说,生命周期评估分析表明,厌氧消化(AD)比独立堆肥更好。不过,在为大约 3000 名居民服务的发展中环境中,必须优先考虑经济和管理的可持续性,而这只有小型堆肥厂才能实现。这些发现为低收入地区的小型废物管理项目提供了明确的见解,为工厂设计及其可复制性提供了宝贵的数据和参考。这项研究最终确定了在低收入环境中处理外源有害物质的最可行方案:社区堆肥。遗憾的是,经济障碍仍是主要挑战:公民应为服务付费,垃圾填埋场管理费应由地方政府制定。
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引用次数: 0
The plural realities of plant invasions in India: A review of impacts to wellbeing 印度植物入侵的多元现实:回顾对福祉的影响
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101003
Ramya Ravi , Ankila J. Hiremath

The ecological impacts of invasive alien species are well known, as are the large-scale economic losses caused by these species. Less well known are the impacts of these species on human wellbeing. In developing countries, like India, where a large proportion of the population is rural and intricately dependent on natural resources for its sustenance, the impacts of invasive species on people's wellbeing are likely to be as important as their ecological impacts. In this paper, we undertake a qualitative review of the literature on impacts of invasive alien species, specifically plants, on human wellbeing in India. Our results show that impacts are diverse across various aspects of wellbeing and are both positive or negative based on local contexts. This plurality is indicative of the need for a more nuanced approach to impact analysis and stakeholder mapping. We use constituents of human wellbeing as outlined in the Socioeconomic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to analyze invasive plant impacts, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss recommendations for future research on impacts of invasive species. Although the widespread natural resource dependency among rural, tribal, and other marginalized communities of India gives biological invasions a socioeconomic dimension (due to impacts of invasion on these resources), the human and social dimensions of species invasions have been neglected compared to their ecological dimension. We suggest that understanding the pluralities of wellbeing circumstances with invasive species could help improve policies for management of invasive species in India.

外来入侵物种对生态的影响众所周知,这些物种造成的大规模经济损失也众所周知。但这些物种对人类福祉的影响却鲜为人知。在印度这样的发展中国家,农村人口占很大比例,他们的生计严重依赖自然资源,因此外来入侵物种对人类福祉的影响可能与其生态影响同样重要。在本文中,我们对有关外来入侵物种(特别是植物)对印度人类福祉影响的文献进行了定性综述。我们的研究结果表明,外来入侵物种对人类福祉各方面的影响是多种多样的,根据当地的具体情况既有积极影响,也有消极影响。这种多样性表明,我们需要一种更加细致入微的方法来进行影响分析和利益相关者绘图。我们利用外来物种社会经济影响分类(SEICAT)和可持续生计框架(SLF)中概述的人类福祉要素来分析入侵植物的影响,找出知识差距,并讨论未来研究入侵物种影响的建议。虽然印度的农村、部落和其他边缘化社区普遍依赖自然资源,这使得生物入侵具有社会经济层面(由于入侵对这些资源的影响),但与生态层面相比,物种入侵的人类和社会层面一直被忽视。我们认为,了解入侵物种所带来的多元化福祉环境有助于改善印度的入侵物种管理政策。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic literature review of sensory-related sustainable product design 与感官相关的可持续产品设计系统文献综述
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.100993
Jing Luo , Leyi Wu , Yan Luximon

Despite the tremendous social development and economic prosperity brought about by technological progress, the environment of our planet is gradually deteriorating. In this context, the peaceful rise of green product consumption offers a practical solution. Consumers are becoming more aware of environmental issues. Among sustainable product studies, we can find that sensory design can impact consumers’ consumption decisions. In this study, we use COOC 13.4 and VOSviewer to map and explore research on sustainable products related to sensory science and consumers. We collected 779 papers as data between 2017 and 2022 from Web of Science, Engineering Village, and Scopus. After literature filtering, the existing studies were divided into four main categories: studies on sustainable design considering visuals with consumption, design studies related to health sustainability, sensory-related sustainable products considering consumer experience design, and design research on fuzzy mathematical methods. In addition, we summarize three elements that represent current research hotspots: the role of the consumer, the focus on sensory-related sustainable design, and the impact of sensory science on sustainable products. Finally, recommendations are offered to inform and enhance this field for future researchers.

尽管科技进步带来了巨大的社会发展和经济繁荣,但我们的地球环境却在逐渐恶化。在这种情况下,绿色产品消费的和平兴起提供了一个切实可行的解决方案。消费者的环保意识越来越强。在可持续产品研究中,我们可以发现感官设计会影响消费者的消费决策。在本研究中,我们使用 COOC 13.4 和 VOSviewer 来绘制和探索与感官科学和消费者相关的可持续产品研究。我们从 Web of Science、Engineering Village 和 Scopus 收集了 2017 年至 2022 年间的 779 篇论文作为数据。经过文献筛选,现有研究被分为四大类:考虑视觉与消费的可持续设计研究、与健康可持续性相关的设计研究、考虑消费者体验设计的感官相关可持续产品以及模糊数学方法的设计研究。此外,我们还总结了代表当前研究热点的三个要素:消费者的作用、对与感官相关的可持续设计的关注以及感官科学对可持续产品的影响。最后,我们为未来的研究人员提供了一些建议,以充实和加强这一领域的研究。
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引用次数: 0
A thorough assessment of various forest management planning initiatives and development of improvement strategies towards an ecosystem-based planning 全面评估各种森林管理规划倡议,并制定改进战略,以实现基于生态系统的规划
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101006
Emin Zeki Baskent

Management planning for forests in Turkey has undergone gradual evolution over the last century. Developing and implementing a comprehensive management planning framework present significant challenges. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of various forest management planning approaches implemented across the country over different time periods, with overarching planning principles. It formulates a robust planning framework and proposes improvements grounded in scientific advancements and international standards. The assessment indicated that the management plans were developed using reputable scientific methods and principles aimed at ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources with certain strengths and opportunities presented by SWOT analysis. All management plans shared a common planning concept primarily focused on maximizing wood production through the area-control harvest scheduling method (except for continuous cover forest, which employed the single tree selection method). Each management plan established its unique vision, targets, policies, objectives, and planning guidelines. Forest inventory data were gathered through a combination of ground surveys and remotely sensed data to characterize and stratify the landscape. A robust in-house management authority and governance system with appropriate technical capacity and guidelines were developed and implemented, fostering a sound common working culture and tools. However, some notable drawbacks were identified, including political pressure, biomass/carbon accounting, growth-yield modelling, economic analysis, limited characterization of the full range of ecosystem services, risk and uncertainty analysis, food security and, particularly, long-term sustainability and scenario analysis with the appropriate decision-making tools and methods. Despite a few strengths, these limitations may raise concerns about the far-sighted design and application, potentially jeopardizing the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Proposed improvement strategies for an efficient forest ecosystem management planning system include characterization of ecosystem services, modelling their productivity, scenario analysis with a decision support system, stakeholder involvement, balancing utilization and conservation targets, conducting risk and uncertainty analysis and economic analysis of management actions.

土耳其的森林管理规划在上个世纪经历了逐步演变。制定和实施全面的管理规划框架是一项重大挑战。本文根据总体规划原则,评估了全国各地在不同时期实施的各种森林管理规划方法的有效性。它制定了一个强有力的规划框架,并根据科学进步和国际标准提出了改进建议。评估结果表明,管理计划的制定采用了著名的科学方法和原则,旨在确保森林资源的可持续管理,并通过 SWOT 分析展现了某些优势和机遇。所有管理计划都有一个共同的规划理念,主要侧重于通过面积控制采伐调度法最大限度地提高木材产量(采用单树选择法的连续覆盖林除外)。每个管理计划都制定了独特的愿景、目标、政策、目的和规划准则。通过地面调查和遥感数据相结合的方式收集森林资源数据,以确定地貌特征并进行分层。制定并实施了具有适当技术能力和指导方针的强有力的内部管理机构和治理系统,培养了良好的共同工作文化和工具。然而,也发现了一些明显的缺点,包括政治压力、生物量/碳核算、增长-产量建模、经济分析、对全部生态系统服务的有限描述、风险和不确定性分析、粮食安全,特别是长期可持续性和采用适当决策工具和方法的情景分析。尽管有一些优点,但这些局限性可能会引起人们对高瞻远瞩的设计和应用的担忧,从而可能危及森林生态系统的可持续管理。高效森林生态系统管理规划系统的拟议改进战略包括生态系统服务特征描述、其生产力建模、利用决策支持系统进行情景分析、利益相关者参与、平衡利用和保护目标、进行风险和不确定性分析以及对管理行动进行经济分析。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts 加利福尼亚近海风力发电场空间规划,调解对渔业和野生动物保护的影响
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101005
Crow White , Yi-Hi Wang , Ryan K. Walter , Benjamin I. Ruttenberg , Danny Han , Eli Newman , Ethan R. Deyle , Sucharita Gopal , Les Kaufman

Achieving a blue economy will require reconciling the value of emerging ocean uses with their impacts on the seascape and sectors with historical access to marine resources and areas. To meet this challenge, we developed an analytical framework for conducting marine spatial planning through tradeoff analysis, and applied it to prospective offshore wind energy development in the ∼974 km2 Morro Bay, California, USA Wind Energy Area (WEA). We generated spatial data layers estimating MW power production and impacts on fisheries value and marine wildlife conservation (seabird and cetacean populations) from wind farm development. We then quantified each sector's response to plans of development across the WEA and inside three leases recently acquired by the energy industry for prospective development. Finally, we integrated the sector response data into an analytical framework for mitigating sector tradeoffs with novel spatial planning solutions (maps of wind farm size, location, and configuration) that optimally maximize value to the emergent energy sector (MW power) while minimizing impacts to historical (fisheries and wildlife) sectors. We found that western sites in the WEA had the highest potential power production concurrent with the lowest impact on the historical sectors, revealing the eastern lease to be less efficient at optimally balancing the sector's objectives relative to the development of the central or western leases or the optimal spatial plans identified in the tradeoff analysis. Within a lease, tradeoff analysis found spatial planning able to generate out-sized savings in fisheries value with only modest losses in MW power – for example, by avoiding development in just 5% of the eastern lease to preserve nearly half its fisheries value and still generate 95% its total power potential. Small-scale development opportunities (e.g., a pilot project) with significant power potential and no fisheries impact were also identified, in this case by placing turbines in an area in the western lease with no fisheries value and high power production potential. These plans would also have a relatively low impact on the wildlife conservation sectors, due to decreases in vulnerability levels of both seabird and cetacean populations to turbines going from east to west across the WEA. Our results can inform site evaluation and permitting processes for wind energy development in the Morro Bay WEA. We also expect the tradeoff analysis framework we developed to provide a simple and actionable analytical tool for supporting marine spatial planning of offshore wind energy and other emerging blue economy activities from a balanced perspective that values emerging uses of marine resources alongside existing socio-economic and conservation interests.

要实现蓝色经济,就必须协调好新兴海洋用途的价值与其对海景和历来可利用海洋资源和海域的部门的影响。为了应对这一挑战,我们开发了一个通过权衡分析进行海洋空间规划的分析框架,并将其应用于美国加利福尼亚州莫罗湾风能区(WEA)974 平方公里的海上风能开发。我们生成了空间数据层,估算风电场开发的兆瓦发电量以及对渔业价值和海洋野生动物保护(海鸟和鲸类种群)的影响。然后,我们量化了各部门对整个 WEA 和能源行业最近获得的三个潜在开发租约内的开发计划的反应。最后,我们将各部门的反应数据整合到一个分析框架中,通过新颖的空间规划解决方案(风电场规模、位置和配置图)来减轻各部门之间的权衡,从而最大限度地提高新兴能源部门(兆瓦电力)的价值,同时最大限度地减少对历史部门(渔业和野生动物)的影响。我们发现,西部经济区的西部地点具有最高的潜在发电量,同时对历史部门的影响最小,这表明相对于中部或西部租借地的开发或权衡分析中确定的最佳空间规划,东部租借地在优化平衡部门目标方面的效率较低。权衡分析发现,在一个租借地内,空间规划能够节省大量渔业价值,而仅损失少量兆瓦电力--例如,通过避免开发东部租借地的5%,可保留近一半的渔业价值,同时仍能产生95%的总电力潜力。此外,还确定了发电潜力大且不影响渔业的小规模开发机会(如试点项目),在这种情况下,可在西部租约中没有渔业价值但发电潜力大的区域安装涡轮机。这些计划对野生动物保护领域的影响也相对较小,因为海鸟和鲸类种群对涡轮机从东向西穿过西部经济区的脆弱性水平都有所降低。我们的研究结果可为莫罗湾 WEA 风能开发的选址评估和许可过程提供参考。我们还希望我们开发的权衡分析框架能够提供一个简单可行的分析工具,从平衡的角度支持海上风能和其他新兴蓝色经济活动的海洋空间规划,在重视海洋资源的新兴用途的同时,重视现有的社会经济和保护利益。
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引用次数: 0
A composite indicator-based method to assess the energy security of Nepal and prospects of cross-border electricity sharing in South Asia 基于综合指标的方法评估尼泊尔的能源安全和南亚跨境电力共享的前景
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101002
Utsav Bhattarai , Tek Maraseni , Laxmi Devkota , Armando Apan

Scholars recommend country (or region) specific energy security indices capable of adequately considering local specificities in the absence of a ‘universal’ index. Such an index is not available for Nepal. Hence, this study is the first to develop the Energy Security Composite Index of Nepal (ESCOIN), applying a comprehensive indicator-based approach to quantify energy security (ES) of Nepal. We build upon the notion that a country is able to trade energy when it is energy secure. We quantify Nepal's energy security and qualitatively assess the prospect for regional power trade in South Asia. A long list of 77 indicators is compiled from an extensive review of international literature. Based on the context, applicability to Nepal, data availability and conditions of multi-collinearity, this list of indicators is narrowed down to 21. Principal Component Analysis is then applied to evaluate the importance of the components for ESCOIN. Our results show that Nepal has consistently held a boundary position between “moderate” to “high” classes of ES in the last decade. We identify key reasons for this. First, the country's domestic sector is over-reliant on traditional fuels (dry-dung, firewood and agricultural residues). Second, Nepal faces a problem of suppressed demand in the absence of energy-intensive development activities in all productive sectors of the economy. Third, the growth in the energy demand is met only marginally by domestic hydropower and other renewables, and largely by increasing imports. Hence, we surmise a ‘pseudo energy secure’ state for Nepal. Although efforts are underway, electricity trade with China, Bangladesh and other South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries is economically difficult and technically challenging. Hence, cross-border electricity trading, particularly with India, can be seen as an opportunity for Nepal provided considerable infrastructural development occurs, institutional capacity is strengthened, and genuine political commitment and trust are sustained. Moreover, Nepal should focus on achieving self-sufficiency in energy through domestic hydropower and renewable sources and aim to stabilize energy consumption rather than being overly ambitious of exports, at least in the near future.

学者们建议,在缺乏 "通用 "指数的情况下,应采用能够充分考虑当地具体情况的国家(或地区)能源安全指数。尼泊尔还没有这样的指数。因此,本研究首次开发了尼泊尔能源安全综合指数(ESCOIN),采用基于指标的综合方法来量化尼泊尔的能源安全(ES)。我们所依据的概念是:当一个国家能源安全时,它就能够进行能源贸易。我们对尼泊尔的能源安全进行量化,并对南亚地区电力贸易的前景进行定性评估。通过广泛查阅国际文献,我们编制了一份长达 77 项指标的清单。根据背景、对尼泊尔的适用性、数据可用性和多重共线性条件,我们将指标清单缩小到 21 个。然后采用主成分分析法来评估这些成分对 ESCOIN 的重要性。我们的结果表明,在过去十年中,尼泊尔的环境质量一直处于 "中等 "到 "高等 "之间。我们找出了其中的主要原因。首先,该国的国内部门过度依赖传统燃料(干粪、木柴和农业残留物)。其次,由于尼泊尔所有经济生产部门都没有开展能源密集型发展活动,尼泊尔面临着需求被抑制的问题。第三,国内水力发电和其他可再生能源只能满足少量的能源需求增长,而大部分能源需求则要依靠不断增加的进口。因此,我们推测尼泊尔将处于 "伪能源安全 "状态。尽管尼泊尔正在努力与中国、孟加拉国和其他南亚区域合作联盟(SAARC)国家开展电力贸易,但这在经济上是困难的,在技术上也是具有挑战性的。因此,跨境电力贸易,尤其是与印度的跨境电力贸易,可以被视为尼泊尔的一个机遇,但前提是必须大力发展基础设施,加强机构能力,并保持真正的政治承诺和信任。此外,尼泊尔应将重点放在通过国内水电和可再生能源实现能源自给自足上,并以稳定能源消耗为目标,而不是过分追求出口,至少在不久的将来是这样。
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引用次数: 0
Agricultural carbon emission efficiency and agricultural practices: Implications for balancing carbon emissions reduction and agricultural productivity increment 农业碳排放效率与农业实践:平衡碳减排与农业增产的意义
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101004
Xueqing Yang , Yang Liu , Alberto Bezama , Daniela Thrän

The current Ukraine War underlines the importance of grain self-sufficiency. After the adoption of the Paris Agreement, two major challenges developing countries are facing in the coming decades are increasing agricultural production to ensure food security and reducing carbon emissions (CE). The key to such an “environment-development dilemma” is to improve agricultural carbon emission efficiency (CEE). Using China as the study site, we systematically analyze the impacts of agricultural management activities on agricultural CEE from 1997 to 2019. Global and local Moran's I index tests provide evidence of a positive spatial dependence of agricultural CEE. Using the LISA cluster map, we observe that high CEE regions tend to be distributed together, dominated by environmental conditions. However, with the promotion of agricultural management activities, such a clustering pattern vanished. Our spatial Durbin model (SDM) estimation results indicate that there are significant nonlinear relationships between agricultural practices and agricultural CEE. While the consumption of fertilizers and pesticides has economies of scale effects, the deployment of agricultural machinery and irrigation have diseconomies of scale effects on local CEE. Based on the SDM results, the direct and indirect effect estimation results suggest that the significant direct and spillover effects of many practices on agricultural CEE have opposite nonlinear shapes, implying a more complicated situation in promoting these activities, as the positive regional effect of an agricultural activity might have a negative impact on adjacent regions. All the results indicate that local policymakers should carefully tailor agricultural development policies based on local environmental conditions.

当前的乌克兰战争凸显了粮食自给自足的重要性。巴黎协定》通过后,发展中国家在未来几十年面临两大挑战,一是增加农业生产以确保粮食安全,二是减少碳排放(CE)。解决这一 "环境-发展两难 "问题的关键在于提高农业碳排放效率(CEE)。我们以中国为研究对象,系统分析了 1997 年至 2019 年农业管理活动对农业碳排放效率的影响。全球和地方莫兰 I 指数检验证明了农业 CEE 的正空间依赖性。利用 LISA 聚类图,我们发现,受环境条件的影响,高 CEE 地区往往分布在一起。然而,随着农业管理活动的推广,这种聚类模式消失了。我们的空间杜宾模型(SDM)估计结果表明,农业实践与农业 CEE 之间存在显著的非线性关系。化肥和农药的消耗具有规模经济效应,而农业机械和灌溉的部署则对当地的 CEE 具有规模不经济效应。基于 SDM 结果,直接效应和间接效应估计结果表明,许多做法对农业 CEE 的显著直接效应和溢出效应具有相反的非线性形状,这意味着促进这些活动的情况更为复杂,因为农业活动的正区域效应可能会对相邻地区产生负面影响。所有这些结果都表明,地方决策者应根据当地的环境条件认真制定农业发展政策。
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引用次数: 0
Can policy instruments enhance the benefits of nature-based solutions and curb green gentrification? The case of Genova, Italy 政策工具能否提高基于自然的解决方案的效益并遏制绿色城市化?意大利热那亚的案例
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.100995
Rita Mendonça , Peter Roebeling , Teresa Fidélis , Miguel Saraiva

New policy solutions are necessary to make cities more liveable in a future that will be hampered by climate change, urbanization, landscape fragmentation and overall overexploitation of limited resources and space. There is an aspiration to continue to integrate Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) into global agendas to cope with climate change and urbanization due to their multiple benefits and co-benefits. Nevertheless, socio-economic and especially negative impacts of NBS are rarely considered and integrated into policy literature. Hence, the objective of this study is to address this gap by simulating three different policy instruments to mitigate green gentrification and enhance the impact of co-designed NBS in Genova. For that purpose, the spatially explicit hedonic pricing simulation model SULD (Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development) was used to simulate a linearly decreasing property tax to high-income households, a property tax subsidy provided to low and middle-income households and a zoning buffer policy around the NBS implementation area. Results show that all policy instruments have the ability to curb green gentrification, however the property tax subsidy led to added urban expansion, fostering urban sprawl. Both the zoning buffer and the property tax had better overall socio-economic and land use impacts by curbing green gentrification, posing little impact on low-income households and maintaining urban contraction, even though this contraction was smaller for the property tax instrument. Hence, it can be concluded that a policy mix including information, planning and economic instruments may be most effective to enhance the impact and mitigate green gentrification of NBS.

未来的城市将受到气候变化、城市化、景观破碎化以及有限资源和空间总体过度开发的阻碍,因此有必要制定新的政策解决方案,使城市更加宜居。人们希望继续将基于自然的解决方案(NBS)纳入全球议程,以应对气候变化和城市化,因为它们具有多重效益和共同效益。然而,NBS 的社会经济影响,尤其是负面影响很少被考虑并纳入政策文献。因此,本研究的目的是通过模拟三种不同的政策工具来缓解绿色绅士化,并增强共同设计的热那亚非核心系统的影响,从而弥补这一不足。为此,我们使用了空间显式享乐主义定价模拟模型 SULD(可持续城市化景观发展)来模拟向高收入家庭征收线性递减的房产税、向中低收入家庭提供房产税补贴以及在 NBS 实施区域周围实施分区缓冲政策。结果表明,所有政策工具都有能力遏制绿色绅士化,但房产税补贴导致了更多的城市扩张,助长了城市无序扩张。分区缓冲和房产税对社会经济和土地使用都有较好的整体影响,它们抑制了绿色绅士化,对低收入家庭的影响很小,并维持了城市收缩,尽管房产税工具的收缩幅度较小。因此,可以得出这样的结论,即包括信息、规划和经济手段在内的政策组合可能最有效地增强北部湾战略的影响并缓解绿色绅士化。
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引用次数: 0
Behind the cattle industry: Modern slave labor used to produce Brazil's beef and leather 养牛业的背后:生产巴西牛肉和皮革所使用的现代奴隶劳动
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101000
Juliana Brandão , Lisa Rausch , Jacob Munger , Lisa Naughton-Treves , Holly K. Gibbs

In this study we investigated the persistent problem of modern slave labor (MSL) in the cattle industry in the state of Pará, Brazil. We identified key characteristics of cattle ranches implicated in MSL and evaluated the efficacy of Zero-Deforestation Agreements in preventing MSL in supply chains. We found properties on the “Dirty List” for MSL tend to be larger, more forested, and faster at deforesting than other ranches. Additionally, we discovered degrading conditions and debt bondage are the predominant MSL types in the cattle sector. Our results show slaughterhouses avoid buying directly from properties with MSL. However, cattle from Dirty List properties continue to enter slaughterhouse supply chains through indirect suppliers, even those committed to Zero-Deforestation Agreements. Overall, our findings reveal the complexity of addressing labor exploitation in opaque cattle supply chains. Expanding monitoring and traceability systems, improving transparency, and providing alternative livelihoods for at-risk workers are urgently needed. Public-private collaborations show promise for strengthening enforcement and improving working conditions in the cattle industry.

在这项研究中,我们调查了巴西帕拉州养牛业长期存在的现代奴工(MSL)问题。我们确定了涉及 MSL 的养牛场的主要特征,并评估了零毁林协议在防止供应链中出现 MSL 方面的功效。我们发现,与其他牧场相比,被列入 MSL "肮脏名单 "的牧场往往规模更大、森林覆盖率更高、毁林速度更快。此外,我们还发现在养牛业中,劣质条件和债役是主要的 MSL 类型。我们的研究结果表明,屠宰场避免直接从存在 MSL 的牧场购买牲畜。然而,来自 "肮脏名单 "牧场的牛继续通过间接供应商进入屠宰场供应链,甚至是那些承诺 "零毁林协议 "的供应商。总之,我们的发现揭示了在不透明的牛供应链中解决劳动剥削问题的复杂性。当务之急是扩大监控和可追溯系统,提高透明度,并为面临风险的工人提供替代生计。公私合作为加强执法和改善养牛业的工作条件带来了希望。
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引用次数: 0
Promoting social justice and women's rights: Mitigating the negative impacts of large hydropower projects on tribal women in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region 促进社会正义和妇女权利:减轻大型水电项目对兴都库什喜马拉雅地区部落妇女的负面影响
IF 5.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101001
Tahira Javed , Xu Zhao , Ali B. Mahmoud , Leonora Fuxman , Roudaina Houjeir

This study highlights the significance of comprehending the region's caste system and cultural norms and their influence on implementing compensation and resettlement programs in hydropower projects to gain social sustainability. By leveraging Social Justice Theory, we examine how systemic inequalities affect tribal women, particularly in the context of large-scale hydropower projects. Tribal women's social and cultural identities expose them to vulnerabilities, leading to negative consequences concerning large-scale hydropower projects. The lack of access to justice and limited participation in decision-making poses social justice challenges, undermining their fundamental rights, such as basic needs, healthcare, and education. Consequently, their well-being and quality of life suffer, impeding support for such projects. The extent of these adverse effects may vary depending on whether women belong to local (Indigenous) or non-local tribes (non-Indigenous). Our analysis reveals the critical role of tribal affiliation in moderating the relationship between social justice dimensions—such as distributive, procedural, substantive, and recognition justice—and social sustainability, offering new insights into Social Justice Theory. This study explores the potential of careful planning that prioritises the needs of tribal women regardless of tribal affiliation to mitigate these negative social consequences. The study employs a social justice framework to address these challenges. Through the analysis of 511 questionnaires using PLS-SEM, the study revealed that tribal affiliation moderates the relationship between social justice and sustainability. This contribution enriches Social Justice Theory by providing empirical evidence of the intersectionality of social justice issues in the context of development projects. The study further identified that social sustainability and community satisfaction mediate the relationship between social justice and support for hydropower projects, while tribal affiliation moderates this relationship.

本研究强调了理解该地区种姓制度和文化规范的重要性,以及它们对在水电项目中实施补偿和重新安置计划以实现社会可持续性的影响。通过利用社会正义理论,我们研究了系统性不平等是如何影响部落妇女的,尤其是在大型水电项目中。部落妇女的社会和文化身份使她们容易受到伤害,从而对大型水电项目造成负面影响。她们无法诉诸司法,参与决策的机会有限,这给社会公正带来了挑战,损害了她们的基本权利,如基本需求、医疗保健和教育。因此,他们的福祉和生活质量受到影响,阻碍了对此类项目的支持。这些不利影响的程度可能因妇女属于本地(土著)部落还是非本地(非土著)部落而有所不同。我们的分析揭示了部落归属在调节社会公正维度(如分配公正、程序公正、实质公正和认可公正)与社会可持续性之间关系的关键作用,为社会公正理论提供了新的见解。本研究探讨了不分部落归属、优先考虑部落妇女需求的精心规划在减轻这些负面社会后果方面的潜力。本研究采用社会公正框架来应对这些挑战。通过使用 PLS-SEM 对 511 份问卷进行分析,该研究揭示了部落隶属关系对社会公正和可持续性之间关系的调节作用。这一贡献丰富了社会公正理论,为发展项目中社会公正问题的交叉性提供了经验证据。研究进一步确定,社会可持续性和社区满意度是社会公正与水电项目支持之间关系的中介,而部落归属则调节这种关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Development
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