Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.118
Mimi Huang , Yong Xia , Xiangguang Han , Yi Gao , Shuai Chen , Zeyu Cui , Cheng Zhang , Yushan Gao , Zhixia Qiao , Yang Lv , Xiaowei Hou , Chenying Wang , Ping Yang , Libo Zhao
With the development of intelligent and integrated electronic devices, leadless integrated sensors have a broad development. One of the most critical processes in TSV (Through Silicon Via) leadless packaging is Au–Au bonding, which the bond strength determines the success or failure of sensor preparation. In this research, the effect of the bonding temperature on the bonding strength was studied for the designed the temperature and pressure integrated sensor. To further increase the bonding strength, plasma treatment of the metal surface was applied. The influence of various plasma atmospheres and treatment times on the surface morphology, surface hydrophilicity, chemical state and the bonding rate were studied. And bonding interfaces under different bonding conditions were characterized. Finally, after 120 s of O2 plasma treatment and bonding for 1 h at 450 °C and 4000 mbar, the bond strength was increased by 68%, reaching 27 MPa, which enhances the feasibility of the preparation of temperature and pressure integrated sensors.
{"title":"High-strength Au–Au bonding for temperature and pressure integrated sensor","authors":"Mimi Huang , Yong Xia , Xiangguang Han , Yi Gao , Shuai Chen , Zeyu Cui , Cheng Zhang , Yushan Gao , Zhixia Qiao , Yang Lv , Xiaowei Hou , Chenying Wang , Ping Yang , Libo Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of intelligent and integrated electronic devices, leadless integrated sensors have a broad development. One of the most critical processes in TSV (Through Silicon Via) leadless packaging is Au–Au bonding, which the bond strength determines the success or failure of sensor preparation. In this research, the effect of the bonding temperature on the bonding strength was studied for the designed the temperature and pressure integrated sensor. To further increase the bonding strength, plasma treatment of the metal surface was applied. The influence of various plasma atmospheres and treatment times on the surface morphology, surface hydrophilicity, chemical state and the bonding rate were studied. And bonding interfaces under different bonding conditions were characterized. Finally, after 120 s of O<sub>2</sub> plasma treatment and bonding for 1 h at 450 °C and 4000 mbar, the bond strength was increased by 68%, reaching 27 MPa, which enhances the feasibility of the preparation of temperature and pressure integrated sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1239-1249"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.108
Z.L. Li , D.D. Cui , Y.S. Zhang , D. Chen , L. Gao , X.Q. Wang , X.W. Li
The low-density δ-quenching and partitioning (δ-QP) steels have been developed, showcasing excellent strength and ductility. However, studies on the fracture toughness related to practical applications still remain relatively scarce. In this work, the fracture toughness of 1180 MPa grade δ-QP steels was investigated using double edge notched tension (DENT) tests. The tempering treatment at 350 °C promotes carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite and ferrite, enhancing microstructural uniformity and reducing stress concentration, which significantly improve the fracture toughness of the QP1180 sample. In contrast, higher annealing temperatures for the QP1280 sample bring about a lower fraction of austenite at the final microstructure and consequently a reduced microstructural uniformity, and there also exists a greater hardness difference between martensite/austenite islands and ferrite; therefore, a lower fracture toughness is obtained compared to the QP1180 sample. On the whole, the QP1180 sample exhibits the highest fracture toughness across different ligament lengths, primarily due to its uniform microstructure and more remarkable transformation-induced plasticity effect. Finite element simulation further verifies the strain distribution characteristics during deformation. This study provides valuable insights into the fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of low-density δ-QP steels; it is of significant importance for their practical applications.
{"title":"Investigation on the fracture toughness of a low-density δ-quenching and partitioning steel sheet","authors":"Z.L. Li , D.D. Cui , Y.S. Zhang , D. Chen , L. Gao , X.Q. Wang , X.W. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low-density δ-quenching and partitioning (δ-QP) steels have been developed, showcasing excellent strength and ductility. However, studies on the fracture toughness related to practical applications still remain relatively scarce. In this work, the fracture toughness of 1180 MPa grade δ-QP steels was investigated using double edge notched tension (DENT) tests. The tempering treatment at 350 °C promotes carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite and ferrite, enhancing microstructural uniformity and reducing stress concentration, which significantly improve the fracture toughness of the QP1180 sample. In contrast, higher annealing temperatures for the QP1280 sample bring about a lower fraction of austenite at the final microstructure and consequently a reduced microstructural uniformity, and there also exists a greater hardness difference between martensite/austenite islands and ferrite; therefore, a lower fracture toughness is obtained compared to the QP1180 sample. On the whole, the QP1180 sample exhibits the highest fracture toughness across different ligament lengths, primarily due to its uniform microstructure and more remarkable transformation-induced plasticity effect. Finite element simulation further verifies the strain distribution characteristics during deformation. This study provides valuable insights into the fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of low-density δ-QP steels; it is of significant importance for their practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1170-1177"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.113
Yuhang Du , Pubo Li , Hao Ning , Tianle Zou , Yongqiang Zhang , Bintao Wu
With the need for energy saving and emission reduction, the process of wire arc directed energy deposition (WADED) of large-scale, high-precision Mg alloy parts is becoming more widely recognized. However, the poor deformation ability remains a significant challenge that limits its wide application. In this work, the solidification rate and supercooling degree of Mg alloy during WADED process were increased by controlling the interlayer cooling time, and the dispersed micrometer and nanometer dual-scale Al8Mn5 phases were successfully precipitated. The formation mechanism of dual-scale Al8Mn5, microstructural evolution, and their effect on the deformation behavior were comprehensively investigated. The mechanical properties were essentially the same in the build direction and the travel direction, with an average ultimate tensile strength of 236.9 MPa and an elongation of 30.52%. The distribution of double-scale Al8Mn5 impedes the dislocation movement, stimulates the opening of non-basal slip systems, and promotes slip-twinning interactions during plastic deformation. This study offers insights into the design and enhancement of high-performance Mg alloy.
{"title":"Effect of dual-scale precipitates on the deformation behavior of AZ41 magnesium alloy via wire-arc directed energy deposition","authors":"Yuhang Du , Pubo Li , Hao Ning , Tianle Zou , Yongqiang Zhang , Bintao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the need for energy saving and emission reduction, the process of wire arc directed energy deposition (WADED) of large-scale, high-precision Mg alloy parts is becoming more widely recognized. However, the poor deformation ability remains a significant challenge that limits its wide application. In this work, the solidification rate and supercooling degree of Mg alloy during WADED process were increased by controlling the interlayer cooling time, and the dispersed micrometer and nanometer dual-scale Al<sub>8</sub>Mn<sub>5</sub> phases were successfully precipitated. The formation mechanism of dual-scale Al<sub>8</sub>Mn<sub>5</sub>, microstructural evolution, and their effect on the deformation behavior were comprehensively investigated. The mechanical properties were essentially the same in the build direction and the travel direction, with an average ultimate tensile strength of 236.9 MPa and an elongation of 30.52%. The distribution of double-scale Al<sub>8</sub>Mn<sub>5</sub> impedes the dislocation movement, stimulates the opening of non-basal slip systems, and promotes slip-twinning interactions during plastic deformation. This study offers insights into the design and enhancement of high-performance Mg alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1226-1238"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.110
Yeongjin Jun , Yongsug Chung , Sungjin Park , Suchang Kang , Min-Kyu Paek , Joo Hyun Park
The cleanliness of Ti-containing ferritic stainless steel (Ti-FSS) has been improved via vacuum-oxygen-decarburization (VOD) and ladle treatment (LT) processes. However, the reoxidation phenomena inevitably occur during melt transfer from ladle to continuous casting tundish, resulting in a loss of titanium yield in conjunction with the formation of reoxidative inclusions. Hence, the present work aims to systematically investigate the combinational effect of different tundish fluxes on the reoxidation behavior of Al-killed Ti-FSS melt. Rice husk ash (RHA) and MgO (M) insulation powders, and calcium aluminate, CaO–Al2O3 (CA) based flux were used for the experiments. When the molten steel was covered by M + CA fluxes, the average size of inclusions decreased. On the other hand, when the RHA + CA fluxes were added, the average size of inclusion decreased, whereas total number of inclusions significantly increased due to a reoxidation reaction by SiO2 in RHA. When the M + RHA + CA combinative fluxes were added, the size of inclusion decreased, and the number of inclusions exhibited a value between the M + CA and RHA + CA conditions. Consequently, a decrease in total oxygen content in Ti-FSS was most effective in the M + CA flux combination.
{"title":"Influence of tundish flux on reoxidation behavior of Al-killed Ti-containing stainless steel","authors":"Yeongjin Jun , Yongsug Chung , Sungjin Park , Suchang Kang , Min-Kyu Paek , Joo Hyun Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cleanliness of Ti-containing ferritic stainless steel (Ti-FSS) has been improved via vacuum-oxygen-decarburization (VOD) and ladle treatment (LT) processes. However, the reoxidation phenomena inevitably occur during melt transfer from ladle to continuous casting tundish, resulting in a loss of titanium yield in conjunction with the formation of reoxidative inclusions. Hence, the present work aims to systematically investigate the combinational effect of different tundish fluxes on the reoxidation behavior of Al-killed Ti-FSS melt. Rice husk ash (RHA) and MgO (M) insulation powders, and calcium aluminate, CaO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (CA) based flux were used for the experiments. When the molten steel was covered by M + CA fluxes, the average size of inclusions decreased. On the other hand, when the RHA + CA fluxes were added, the average size of inclusion decreased, whereas total number of inclusions significantly increased due to a reoxidation reaction by SiO<sub>2</sub> in RHA. When the M + RHA + CA combinative fluxes were added, the size of inclusion decreased, and the number of inclusions exhibited a value between the M + CA and RHA + CA conditions. Consequently, a decrease in total oxygen content in Ti-FSS was most effective in the M + CA flux combination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1250-1264"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.098
Jing Wen, Guoliao Sun, Jinyang Su, Yi Fan, Linzheng Fu, Zhuo Chen, Wenhui Zhu
Indium (In) has been extensively used as a thermal interface material (TIM1) between the die and lid in high-power central processing units (CPUs) to enhance heat dissipation. However, organic flux residues trapped within the In solder during indium reflow process can outgas during subsequent solder ball reflow cycles, leading to the formation of significant voids (up to 35% void fraction) in the In TIM1. This issue limits the application of In in advanced ball grid array (BGA) packages. In this study, for the first time, varying thicknesses Ag coatings were electroplated onto the surfaces of thick In TIM1 to form a non-oxidizing AgIn2 layer (In@xAgIn2, where x = 0.4, 1, 3, 6 μm) to protects the inner In from oxidation and enables fluxless reflow. Joints prepared with In or In@xAgIn2 underwent indium reflow and three solder ball reflow cycles to simulate the reflow processes typical of BGA packages. A clear AgIn2 thickness effect on solder wettability, microstructure, intermetallic compound (IMC) growth, joint thermal and mechanical properties were found. The results showed that [email protected]₂; had a contact angle of 26.2°, which was 2.6° lower than that of pure In solder. Joints prepared with [email protected]₂; also exhibited the lowest void fraction (≤2%), which contributed to better heat dissipation. During reflow, the Ag atoms from the AgIn2 protective layer altered the morphology and reduced the thickness of the Ni3In7 IMC layer. After reflow, the Ag atoms either solubilized in In or formed AgIn2 IMC with distinct distribution characteristics in the solder layer, which increased the shear strength of the joints by 81.5%. The fracture mode of the joints also changed from ductile to ductile-brittle, and ultimately to brittle.
{"title":"AgIn2 thickness on void rate, microstructure, IMC growth, thermal and mechanical properties of fluxless In@AgIn2 joint","authors":"Jing Wen, Guoliao Sun, Jinyang Su, Yi Fan, Linzheng Fu, Zhuo Chen, Wenhui Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium (In) has been extensively used as a thermal interface material (TIM1) between the die and lid in high-power central processing units (CPUs) to enhance heat dissipation. However, organic flux residues trapped within the In solder during indium reflow process can outgas during subsequent solder ball reflow cycles, leading to the formation of significant voids (up to 35% void fraction) in the In TIM1. This issue limits the application of In in advanced ball grid array (BGA) packages. In this study, for the first time, varying thicknesses Ag coatings were electroplated onto the surfaces of thick In TIM1 to form a non-oxidizing AgIn2 layer (In@<em>x</em>AgIn2, where <em>x</em> = 0.4, 1, 3, 6 μm) to protects the inner In from oxidation and enables fluxless reflow. Joints prepared with In or In@<em>x</em>AgIn2 underwent indium reflow and three solder ball reflow cycles to simulate the reflow processes typical of BGA packages. A clear AgIn2 thickness effect on solder wettability, microstructure, intermetallic compound (IMC) growth, joint thermal and mechanical properties were found. The results showed that [email protected]₂; had a contact angle of 26.2°, which was 2.6° lower than that of pure In solder. Joints prepared with [email protected]₂; also exhibited the lowest void fraction (≤2%), which contributed to better heat dissipation. During reflow, the Ag atoms from the AgIn2 protective layer altered the morphology and reduced the thickness of the Ni3In7 IMC layer. After reflow, the Ag atoms either solubilized in In or formed AgIn2 IMC with distinct distribution characteristics in the solder layer, which increased the shear strength of the joints by 81.5%. The fracture mode of the joints also changed from ductile to ductile-brittle, and ultimately to brittle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1072-1089"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.103
Jieyu Li , Shengwen Bai , Zhihua Dong , Yan Yang , Jiangfeng Song , Weijun He , Guangsheng Huang , Bin Jiang
In this study, the extrusion welding behavior of dissimilar Mg alloys, specifically Mg–Al–Zn and Mg–Gd, was investigated. Extrusion welding experiments were conducted using three combinations: AZ31 and Mg-1.5Gd (AG), AZ31 and AZ31 (AA), and Mg-1.5Gd and Mg-1.5Gd (GG), at different temperatures, accompanied by finite element (FE) simulations. The microstructures of the welding interfaces of the three types of sheets were examined, and the extrusion welding behavior of the AG sheets was analyzed by integrating the experimental and simulation results. The findings revealed that, as the extrusion temperature increased, the shear strength of all three types of sheets first increased and then decreased. The maximum shear strength of the AG sheets (120 MPa) was attained at 350 °C, whereas that of the AA (126 MPa) and GG (133 MPa) sheets was reached at 300 °C. Furthermore, the welding interface in the AG sheets induces shear strain, leading to the formation of fine grain bands near the interface and a gradient in the grain size in the Mg–Gd layer. These results offer new insights into the extrusion welding mechanisms of dissimilar Mg alloys.
{"title":"Research on extrusion welding of dissimilar magnesium alloys: Mg–Al–Zn and Mg–Gd","authors":"Jieyu Li , Shengwen Bai , Zhihua Dong , Yan Yang , Jiangfeng Song , Weijun He , Guangsheng Huang , Bin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the extrusion welding behavior of dissimilar Mg alloys, specifically Mg–Al–Zn and Mg–Gd, was investigated. Extrusion welding experiments were conducted using three combinations: AZ31 and Mg-1.5Gd (AG), AZ31 and AZ31 (AA), and Mg-1.5Gd and Mg-1.5Gd (GG), at different temperatures, accompanied by finite element (FE) simulations. The microstructures of the welding interfaces of the three types of sheets were examined, and the extrusion welding behavior of the AG sheets was analyzed by integrating the experimental and simulation results. The findings revealed that, as the extrusion temperature increased, the shear strength of all three types of sheets first increased and then decreased. The maximum shear strength of the AG sheets (120 MPa) was attained at 350 °C, whereas that of the AA (126 MPa) and GG (133 MPa) sheets was reached at 300 °C. Furthermore, the welding interface in the AG sheets induces shear strain, leading to the formation of fine grain bands near the interface and a gradient in the grain size in the Mg–Gd layer. These results offer new insights into the extrusion welding mechanisms of dissimilar Mg alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1296-1310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.107
Lihui Zhu , Weiwei Zhang , Ruiyun Shi , Guoliang Wang
The plastic deformation, crack initiation, crack propagation behaviors of M2 high speed steel were investigated by means of in-situ SEM observation during tensile. The effect of tempered martensite, retained austenite and carbides on the deformation and fracture of M2 steel was discussed. Results show that crack initiation initially takes place in the matrix, at the interface of carbide and matrix. After almost all the plasticity deformation capability is exhausted, the cracks begin to initiate in the carbides. The matrix helps to impede the crack propagation, since some cracks initiated in the carbides or at the interface either stop or get deflected in the matrix. The crack branching and crack deflection in the carbides are beneficial to slow down the crack propagation. Most matrix-related cracks are involved in blocky retained austenite. The crack initiation and propagation are affected by the type, shape and size of carbides. Primary carbides and those carbides with large size and sharp edges promote the crack initiation and propagation. Among all the carbides, primary M6C is the most harmful. To improve the toughness of M2 steel, it is suggested that the number and size of blocky retained austenite should be decreased. Meanwhile, reducing the number of primary M6C, decreasing the size of carbides and modifying the shape of angular carbides are favorable. Our investigation offers valuable insights for the toughness improvement of M2 steel.
{"title":"In-situ SEM analysis of plastic deformation, crack initiation, crack propagation behaviors in M2 high speed steel","authors":"Lihui Zhu , Weiwei Zhang , Ruiyun Shi , Guoliang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The plastic deformation, crack initiation, crack propagation behaviors of M2 high speed steel were investigated by means of in-situ SEM observation during tensile. The effect of tempered martensite, retained austenite and carbides on the deformation and fracture of M2 steel was discussed. Results show that crack initiation initially takes place in the matrix, at the interface of carbide and matrix. After almost all the plasticity deformation capability is exhausted, the cracks begin to initiate in the carbides. The matrix helps to impede the crack propagation, since some cracks initiated in the carbides or at the interface either stop or get deflected in the matrix. The crack branching and crack deflection in the carbides are beneficial to slow down the crack propagation. Most matrix-related cracks are involved in blocky retained austenite. The crack initiation and propagation are affected by the type, shape and size of carbides. Primary carbides and those carbides with large size and sharp edges promote the crack initiation and propagation. Among all the carbides, primary M<sub>6</sub>C is the most harmful. To improve the toughness of M2 steel, it is suggested that the number and size of blocky retained austenite should be decreased. Meanwhile, reducing the number of primary M<sub>6</sub>C, decreasing the size of carbides and modifying the shape of angular carbides are favorable. Our investigation offers valuable insights for the toughness improvement of M2 steel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1265-1282"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.100
Qicong Chen , Yupeng Yin , Wentuo Han , Xiaoou Yi , Pingping Liu , Qian Zhan , Somei Ohnuki , Farong Wan
Anomalous exothermic phenomenon (AEP) under bubble irradiation in solids has captured widespread interest in the energy field. AEP was discovered during the transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of deuterium-implanted aluminum. Under the irradiation of TEM electron beam, deuterium (D) bubbles led to AEP, causing the surrounding single-crystal aluminum to instantaneously transform into polycrystalline. The released heat was estimated as about 160 MeV. AEP has been discovered in different gas bubbles such as hydrogen, helium, argon, and neon. The influencing factors of AEP can be summarized as the bubble morphology and pressure, gas type and density, electron beam energy, and irradiation time. The factor interrelationships and the AEP threshold are discussed. In conjunction with experimental phenomena and simulation, the mechanism of AEP is speculated to be the plasma formation within the gas bubble. The generation of this substantial energy only requires the irradiation of bubbles with a beam of energetic particle. Such convenient, efficient, and controllable energy source is attractive. AEP may provide a potent new energy form.
{"title":"A review on the anomalous exothermic behavior of bubbles in aluminum induced by electron irradiation","authors":"Qicong Chen , Yupeng Yin , Wentuo Han , Xiaoou Yi , Pingping Liu , Qian Zhan , Somei Ohnuki , Farong Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anomalous exothermic phenomenon (AEP) under bubble irradiation in solids has captured widespread interest in the energy field. AEP was discovered during the transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of deuterium-implanted aluminum. Under the irradiation of TEM electron beam, deuterium (D) bubbles led to AEP, causing the surrounding single-crystal aluminum to instantaneously transform into polycrystalline. The released heat was estimated as about 160 MeV. AEP has been discovered in different gas bubbles such as hydrogen, helium, argon, and neon. The influencing factors of AEP can be summarized as the bubble morphology and pressure, gas type and density, electron beam energy, and irradiation time. The factor interrelationships and the AEP threshold are discussed. In conjunction with experimental phenomena and simulation, the mechanism of AEP is speculated to be the plasma formation within the gas bubble. The generation of this substantial energy only requires the irradiation of bubbles with a beam of energetic particle. Such convenient, efficient, and controllable energy source is attractive. AEP may provide a potent new energy form.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1283-1295"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.099
K.A. Habib , D.L. Cano , Emilo Rayón , J. Serrano-Mira , José V. Abellán-Nebot , I. Cervera
This study investigated nanostructured Al2O3 and Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings (e.g., 3, 13 and 40% TiO2, mass fraction) deposited by the oxygen fuel (OF) spraying technique. The coatings exhibited varying hardness values, ranging from 705 HV0.2 for Al2O3-40%T to 1317.9 HV0.2 for Al2O3. To compare the behaviours of the coated specimens, the mechanical properties and effects of hardness ratio on the lubrication regimes were studied using the Stribeck curve. The higher TiO2 content contained in the Al2O3–TiO2 coating system yielded relatively inferior mechanical properties but lower porosity (ranged between from 18.3% A to 0%T to 1.64% A-40%T) and initial and final hardness ratio (16.2% Al2O3 to 9.2% Al2O3–40%TiO2). Microstructural and phase analyses showed that this finding can be attributed to the special phase, Al2TiO5, and to the pre-existing microcracks in the coating. Thus, Al2O3–13%TiO2 exhibited better characteristics for mechanical applications and oil film stability as compared with pure Al2O3 and 3% and 40% TiO2 coatings. This study provides a reference for the design of Al2O3–TiO2 ceramics with good wear resistance and a minimal friction coefficient under lubrication conditions. The strain hardening produced on the surfaces of the worn discs and the hardness ratio determined the tribological properties of the friction pairs. In summary, this work analysed the friction and wear properties of four ceramic coatings and their counterpart metallic discs under lubrication conditions using Stribeck curve, to provide an experimental basis for screening optimal materials for the key friction and wear pairs of industrial design and applications. The proposed methodology may assist in predicting variations in lubrication regime parameters (Stribeck curve) by controlling the hardness ratio.
{"title":"Systematic approach to paired ceramic coatings deposited by oxygen fuel and metal in a tribological application","authors":"K.A. Habib , D.L. Cano , Emilo Rayón , J. Serrano-Mira , José V. Abellán-Nebot , I. Cervera","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated nanostructured Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> composite coatings (e.g., 3, 13 and 40% TiO<sub>2</sub>, mass fraction) deposited by the oxygen fuel (OF) spraying technique. The coatings exhibited varying hardness values, ranging from 705 HV<sub>0.2</sub> for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-40%T to 1317.9 HV<sub>0.2</sub> for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. To compare the behaviours of the coated specimens, the mechanical properties and effects of hardness ratio on the lubrication regimes were studied using the Stribeck curve. The higher TiO<sub>2</sub> content contained in the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> coating system yielded relatively inferior mechanical properties but lower porosity (ranged between from 18.3% A to 0%T to 1.64% A-40%T) and initial and final hardness ratio (16.2% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to 9.2% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–40%TiO<sub>2</sub>). Microstructural and phase analyses showed that this finding can be attributed to the special phase, Al<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>5</sub>, and to the pre-existing microcracks in the coating. Thus, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–13%TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited better characteristics for mechanical applications and oil film stability as compared with pure Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3% and 40% TiO<sub>2</sub> coatings. This study provides a reference for the design of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> ceramics with good wear resistance and a minimal friction coefficient under lubrication conditions. The strain hardening produced on the surfaces of the worn discs and the hardness ratio determined the tribological properties of the friction pairs. In summary, this work analysed the friction and wear properties of four ceramic coatings and their counterpart metallic discs under lubrication conditions using Stribeck curve, to provide an experimental basis for screening optimal materials for the key friction and wear pairs of industrial design and applications. The proposed methodology may assist in predicting variations in lubrication regime parameters (Stribeck curve) by controlling the hardness ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 1141-1156"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.101
Zhihui Chen , Xiaolong Gan , Man Liu , Zhengliang Xue , Hao Tian , Desheng Li , Guang Xu
Effects of deformation strains on the microstructure and mechanical properties of bearing steel for new energy vehicles were investigated by combining thermal simulation testing machine with optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction technology, scanning transmission electron microscopy and hardness tests, etc. The results show that the warm deformation of the undercooled austenite at temperatures close to Ar1 induced the γ-Fe to pearlite transformation. With the increase of deformation strain from 20% to 75%, the volume fraction of deformation-induced pearlite increased gradually, the spheroidization of cementite occurred, and the hardness of the tested steel decreased from 720 HV to 361 HV. When the deformation strain reached 75%, the micron ferrite grains with average size of 2.46 μm and nano-sized spherical carbides of 81 nm formed. EBSD results show that with increasing the deformation strain, the size of pearlite colony decreased, the size of pearlite nodules, and the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries decreased first and then increased. Moreover, the kinetic curve of the deformation-induced pearlite was fitted and the strengthening mechanism of the tested steel was analyzed. The theoretical calculation results of yield strength were in good agreement with the experimental data.
{"title":"Deformation-induced pearlite transformation and spheroidization of bearing steel for new energy vehicles","authors":"Zhihui Chen , Xiaolong Gan , Man Liu , Zhengliang Xue , Hao Tian , Desheng Li , Guang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effects of deformation strains on the microstructure and mechanical properties of bearing steel for new energy vehicles were investigated by combining thermal simulation testing machine with optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction technology, scanning transmission electron microscopy and hardness tests, etc. The results show that the warm deformation of the undercooled austenite at temperatures close to A<sub>r1</sub> induced the γ-Fe to pearlite transformation. With the increase of deformation strain from 20% to 75%, the volume fraction of deformation-induced pearlite increased gradually, the spheroidization of cementite occurred, and the hardness of the tested steel decreased from 720 HV to 361 HV. When the deformation strain reached 75%, the micron ferrite grains with average size of 2.46 μm and nano-sized spherical carbides of 81 nm formed. EBSD results show that with increasing the deformation strain, the size of pearlite colony decreased, the size of pearlite nodules, and the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries decreased first and then increased. Moreover, the kinetic curve of the deformation-induced pearlite was fitted and the strengthening mechanism of the tested steel was analyzed. The theoretical calculation results of yield strength were in good agreement with the experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 942-952"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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