Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.238
Yuxin Wang , Yanliang Huang , Xiaoyu Hou , Fanfan Cai , Jiayan Pu , Yu Xin
This study elucidates the mechanisms by which macrofouling organisms influence the corrosion behaviour and hydrogen permeation of high-strength steels, employing field exposure experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion-product characterisation and microbial community analysis. The results show that dynamic biofouling shifts corrosion from uniform to localised, with pit morphology varying according to fouling type, while enriching the rust layer with conductive Fe3O4 and anaerobic FeS. Fouling also promotes microbial diversification, markedly increasing the abundance of microbes within the inner rust regions. Hydrogen permeation is enhanced by microbial metabolism, corrosion-product hydrolysis, oxygen concentration cells and occlusive effects, thereby heightening the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for corrosion management and macrofouling protection in marine environments.
{"title":"Influence of macrofouling on the corrosion and hydrogen permeation behaviour of high-strength steel","authors":"Yuxin Wang , Yanliang Huang , Xiaoyu Hou , Fanfan Cai , Jiayan Pu , Yu Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study elucidates the mechanisms by which macrofouling organisms influence the corrosion behaviour and hydrogen permeation of high-strength steels, employing field exposure experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion-product characterisation and microbial community analysis. The results show that dynamic biofouling shifts corrosion from uniform to localised, with pit morphology varying according to fouling type, while enriching the rust layer with conductive Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and anaerobic FeS. Fouling also promotes microbial diversification, markedly increasing the abundance of microbes within the inner rust regions. Hydrogen permeation is enhanced by microbial metabolism, corrosion-product hydrolysis, oxygen concentration cells and occlusive effects, thereby heightening the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for corrosion management and macrofouling protection in marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 1079-1091"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.130
Jiaxuan Chi , Guanda Qu , Jie Ding , Hongyu Zhang , Wenting He , Dongsheng He , Hongqiang Zhang , Wei Guo
Laser additive manufacturing has been employed to repair titanium alloy aero blades and blisks due to its low heat input and narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ). However, laser additive repaired (LAR) specimens exhibit weak tensile and fatigue properties due to coarse microstructure and tensile residual stresses. In this study, laser shock peening (LSP) was applied to the LARed Ti17 titanium samples. The present study systematically compared the microstructural responses to LSP between the LDZ and WSZ. Results showed that the highest dislocation density was found in the wrought substrate zone (WSZ) with a value of 19.01 × 1014 m−2, accompanied by stacking faults (SFs) distributed within grain boundaries of α phase. Unlike the dislocation proliferation observed in the WSZ, the LSP-treated laser deposited zone (LDZ) exhibits a distinct deformation mechanism: obstruction of dislocation glide triggers phase transformation from hexagonal-close-packed Ti (HCP–Ti) to face-centered-cubic Ti (FCC–Ti), with extensive twinning within the resultant FCC-Ti accommodating additional plastic strain. The orientation relationship between HCP-Ti and FCC-Ti was (0002)HCP//( 1)FCC and [2 0]HCP//[ 0]FCC. Interactions between dislocations, twins and SFs fragmented the coarse microstructure into refined structures. Besides, a high-pressure laser shock wave induced compressive residual stress on the surface. Consequently, the synergistic contributions from both the LDZ and WSZ, which included grain refinement and induced compressive residual stress, resulted in an extension of fatigue life.
{"title":"Microstructural responses and strengthening mechanism in different zones of laser additive repaired Ti17 titanium alloy via laser shock peening","authors":"Jiaxuan Chi , Guanda Qu , Jie Ding , Hongyu Zhang , Wenting He , Dongsheng He , Hongqiang Zhang , Wei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser additive manufacturing has been employed to repair titanium alloy aero blades and blisks due to its low heat input and narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ). However, laser additive repaired (LAR) specimens exhibit weak tensile and fatigue properties due to coarse microstructure and tensile residual stresses. In this study, laser shock peening (LSP) was applied to the LARed Ti17 titanium samples. The present study systematically compared the microstructural responses to LSP between the LDZ and WSZ. Results showed that the highest dislocation density was found in the wrought substrate zone (WSZ) with a value of 19.01 × 10<sup>14</sup> m<sup>−2</sup>, accompanied by stacking faults (SFs) distributed within grain boundaries of α phase. Unlike the dislocation proliferation observed in the WSZ, the LSP-treated laser deposited zone (LDZ) exhibits a distinct deformation mechanism: obstruction of dislocation glide triggers phase transformation from hexagonal-close-packed Ti (HCP–Ti) to face-centered-cubic Ti (FCC–Ti), with extensive twinning within the resultant FCC-Ti accommodating additional plastic strain. The orientation relationship between HCP-Ti and FCC-Ti was (0002)<sub>HCP</sub>//(<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 1<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>)<sub>FCC</sub> and [2 <span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 0]<sub>HCP</sub>//[<span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 0]<sub>FCC</sub>. Interactions between dislocations, twins and SFs fragmented the coarse microstructure into refined structures. Besides, a high-pressure laser shock wave induced compressive residual stress on the surface. Consequently, the synergistic contributions from both the LDZ and WSZ, which included grain refinement and induced compressive residual stress, resulted in an extension of fatigue life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 1066-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.173
Siwei Zhang , Yuhang Li , Shunshuo Cai , Zhe Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang , Haiyan Shi , Misheng Liang , Rui You , Yiling Lian , Yu Hou , Zichen Zhang
Femtosecond laser processing allows controlled modification of the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of silicon microstructures, expanding their functional range. However, the fabrication of high–aspect ratio features remain difficult due to incomplete understanding of the interaction between laser parameters and material response. Herein, we processed silicon using femtosecond lasers at different fluences (2.32, 5.03, and 10.06 J/cm2) and repetition rates (1, 10, and 50 kHz). The optimal condition of 10 kHz and 2.32 J/cm2 enabled significant structural improvement, multiple scans increased groove depth from 4 μm to 18 μm relative to a single scan, while simultaneously enhancing edge sharpness and suppressing recast layer formation. Transient reflectivity and plasma emission analyses revealed that material removal at a laser fluence of 2.32 J/cm2 proceeds via a non-thermal phase transition, whereas higher fluences trigger pronounced phase explosion. Morphological evolution of the processed surfaces further suggests that at 10 kHz, cumulative thermal effects enhance ablation efficiency without inducing the plasma shielding observed at higher repetition rates. Under the proposed parameter conditions, repeated scanning increases the contact angle from 126° to 136°, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in tailoring surface functionality. This study provides a systematic understanding of silicon structuring dynamics and establishes a practical strategy for fabricating high-quality, application-relevant structures.
{"title":"Optimizing repetition rate and fluence for improved groove depth in femtosecond laser processing of silicon","authors":"Siwei Zhang , Yuhang Li , Shunshuo Cai , Zhe Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang , Haiyan Shi , Misheng Liang , Rui You , Yiling Lian , Yu Hou , Zichen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Femtosecond laser processing allows controlled modification of the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of silicon microstructures, expanding their functional range. However, the fabrication of high–aspect ratio features remain difficult due to incomplete understanding of the interaction between laser parameters and material response. Herein, we processed silicon using femtosecond lasers at different fluences (2.32, 5.03, and 10.06 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) and repetition rates (1, 10, and 50 kHz). The optimal condition of 10 kHz and 2.32 J/cm<sup>2</sup> enabled significant structural improvement, multiple scans increased groove depth from 4 μm to 18 μm relative to a single scan, while simultaneously enhancing edge sharpness and suppressing recast layer formation. Transient reflectivity and plasma emission analyses revealed that material removal at a laser fluence of 2.32 J/cm<sup>2</sup> proceeds via a non-thermal phase transition, whereas higher fluences trigger pronounced phase explosion. Morphological evolution of the processed surfaces further suggests that at 10 kHz, cumulative thermal effects enhance ablation efficiency without inducing the plasma shielding observed at higher repetition rates. Under the proposed parameter conditions, repeated scanning increases the contact angle from 126° to 136°, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in tailoring surface functionality. This study provides a systematic understanding of silicon structuring dynamics and establishes a practical strategy for fabricating high-quality, application-relevant structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 799-807"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.077
Timothy K. Mulenga , Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa , Chin Wei Lai , Khairul Anam , Marta M. Moure , Suchart Siengchin
Natural fiber composites (NFCs) reinforced with a variety of fillers are widely being explored for extended applications. The reinforcement of NFCs with fillers improves functionalities such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, and weathering properties. In this review, the impact of hybridization on the mechanical, thermal, and weathering properties of composites, reinforced by various natural fiber/synthetic fibers/fillers, is examined. This review provides a summary of the use of various fillers, both organic and inorganic, including substances like clay, carbon, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, cellulose, plant nanofibers, and agricultural waste. The paper also explores the current challenges, and future perspectives of these composites. The effectiveness of fillers in NFC for industrial use is contingent on the amount and quality of raw materials, as well as the reliability of supply and adaptability of processes.
{"title":"Synergistic performance in natural fiber hybrid composites: A review of weathering, thermal, and mechanical properties through filler integration","authors":"Timothy K. Mulenga , Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa , Chin Wei Lai , Khairul Anam , Marta M. Moure , Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fiber composites (NFCs) reinforced with a variety of fillers are widely being explored for extended applications. The reinforcement of NFCs with fillers improves functionalities such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, and weathering properties. In this review, the impact of hybridization on the mechanical, thermal, and weathering properties of composites, reinforced by various natural fiber/synthetic fibers/fillers, is examined. This review provides a summary of the use of various fillers, both organic and inorganic, including substances like clay, carbon, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, cellulose, plant nanofibers, and agricultural waste. The paper also explores the current challenges, and future perspectives of these composites. The effectiveness of fillers in NFC for industrial use is contingent on the amount and quality of raw materials, as well as the reliability of supply and adaptability of processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 662-678"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.207
Jiale Li , Chaolei Zhang , Yong Wang , Gengyi Dong , Lie Chen , Shengyong Huang , Hongliang Chen , Jiansheng Yan , Shuize Wang , Xinping Mao
To meet the urgent demand for high strength and high impact toughness in mining ring chain steels for deep well coal mining, this study developed a new type of high-strength and tough steel based on 23MnNiMoCr54 steel through V–N microalloying. The microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms were systematically studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical property testing. The results show that V–N microalloying combined with optimized heat treatment promoted the precipitation of high-density, nano-sized MC-type carbonitrides, effectively suppressing the formation of coarse M23C6 and M7C3 phases. This led to a 29.7 % refinement in the size of the precipitates compared to the base steel and significantly increased the high-angle grain boundary fraction to 73.9 %. The dispersed nano-sized precipitates promoted grain refinement and significantly increased dislocation density through the pinning effect, leading to an increase of approximately 150 MPa in dislocation strengthening compared to 23MnNiMoCr54 steel. Meanwhile, the fine grains and dispersed small precipitates facilitated uniform stress distribution during impact testing and delayed the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations. The high fraction of HAGBs effectively suppressed crack initiation and propagation, significantly improving the impact toughness of the new steel. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the composition design and microstructure control of high-strength and tough low-alloy martensitic chain ring steels.
{"title":"Mechanisms of strength and toughness enhancement in 23MnNiMoCr54 chain ring steel through V–N microalloying and heat treatment optimization","authors":"Jiale Li , Chaolei Zhang , Yong Wang , Gengyi Dong , Lie Chen , Shengyong Huang , Hongliang Chen , Jiansheng Yan , Shuize Wang , Xinping Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the urgent demand for high strength and high impact toughness in mining ring chain steels for deep well coal mining, this study developed a new type of high-strength and tough steel based on 23MnNiMoCr54 steel through V–N microalloying. The microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms were systematically studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical property testing. The results show that V–N microalloying combined with optimized heat treatment promoted the precipitation of high-density, nano-sized MC-type carbonitrides, effectively suppressing the formation of coarse M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> and M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> phases. This led to a 29.7 % refinement in the size of the precipitates compared to the base steel and significantly increased the high-angle grain boundary fraction to 73.9 %. The dispersed nano-sized precipitates promoted grain refinement and significantly increased dislocation density through the pinning effect, leading to an increase of approximately 150 MPa in dislocation strengthening compared to 23MnNiMoCr54 steel. Meanwhile, the fine grains and dispersed small precipitates facilitated uniform stress distribution during impact testing and delayed the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations. The high fraction of HAGBs effectively suppressed crack initiation and propagation, significantly improving the impact toughness of the new steel. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the composition design and microstructure control of high-strength and tough low-alloy martensitic chain ring steels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 903-915"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.167
Xinhai Zhang , Haoran Zhang , Tao Wang , Xiaomiao Niu , Dongping He , Dayong Hao , Qingxue Huang
T2 copper/304 stainless steel (Cu/SS) composite thin strips are considered promising materials for applications in flexible electronics and aerospace industries. The forming limit diagram (FLD), which serves as a comprehensive indicator of material formability, allows for rapid assessment of the deformation state—whether safe, critical, or failed—based on the major and minor strains in the formed sheet. This study examines the effect of annealing temperature on the double-sided stamping behavior of Cu/SS composite thin strips by systematically evaluating the interfacial bonding strength, strain hardening exponent (n-value), and bending stress distribution. Results show that annealing at 400 °C provides adequate interfacial bonding strength to prevent interface cracking during stamping. Moreover, higher annealing temperatures significantly modify the n-value through microstructural evolution. As the annealing temperature increases from 400 °C to 900 °C, the n-value rises from 0.042 to 0.253, resulting in a marked upward shift of the forming limit curve and optimal formability at 900 °C. A notable asymmetry in double-sided forming limits is also revealed: at 800–900 °C, the higher n-value of the steel side, combined with non-uniform bending stress distribution and a shift of the neutral layer toward the steel side, leads to superior stamping performance on the steel side. In contrast, at 400–700 °C, the lower n-value of the steel side reduces its resistance to plastic deformation, rendering the copper side more formable. By adopting the FLD as a principal formability metric, this work offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing the forming processes of Cu/SS composite thin strips.
{"title":"Effects of annealing temperature on the forming limits of T2 copper/304 stainless steel composite thin strips under double-sided stamping","authors":"Xinhai Zhang , Haoran Zhang , Tao Wang , Xiaomiao Niu , Dongping He , Dayong Hao , Qingxue Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>T2 copper/304 stainless steel (Cu/SS) composite thin strips are considered promising materials for applications in flexible electronics and aerospace industries. The forming limit diagram (FLD), which serves as a comprehensive indicator of material formability, allows for rapid assessment of the deformation state—whether safe, critical, or failed—based on the major and minor strains in the formed sheet. This study examines the effect of annealing temperature on the double-sided stamping behavior of Cu/SS composite thin strips by systematically evaluating the interfacial bonding strength, strain hardening exponent (n-value), and bending stress distribution. Results show that annealing at 400 °C provides adequate interfacial bonding strength to prevent interface cracking during stamping. Moreover, higher annealing temperatures significantly modify the n-value through microstructural evolution. As the annealing temperature increases from 400 °C to 900 °C, the n-value rises from 0.042 to 0.253, resulting in a marked upward shift of the forming limit curve and optimal formability at 900 °C. A notable asymmetry in double-sided forming limits is also revealed: at 800–900 °C, the higher n-value of the steel side, combined with non-uniform bending stress distribution and a shift of the neutral layer toward the steel side, leads to superior stamping performance on the steel side. In contrast, at 400–700 °C, the lower n-value of the steel side reduces its resistance to plastic deformation, rendering the copper side more formable. By adopting the FLD as a principal formability metric, this work offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing the forming processes of Cu/SS composite thin strips.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 926-943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.151
Dayanne Santos Silva , Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques , Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos , Sergio Neves Monteiro
Shear thickening fluids (STFs) and shear thickening gels (STGs) are smart materials that undergo a reversible, rapid transition from a low-viscosity state to a highly viscous or quasi-solid phase when subjected to shear rates above a critical threshold. This dynamic thickening behavior enables efficient dissipation of impact energy, making these materials promising candidates for applications in ballistic protection, shock absorption and vibration mitigation. This review provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of STF- and STG-based reinforcement strategies for high-performance fabrics used in flexible armor systems. It examines how these materials enhance inter-yarn friction, restrict yarn pull-out, and improve load transfer, thereby increasing the mechanical robustness, durability and energy-absorption capacity of ballistic textiles. Recent advances from the past decade, particularly from 2021 to 2024, are synthesized to compare formulation approaches, rheological behavior, microstructural mechanisms, and ballistic performance. Critical challenges related to environmental stability, long-term durability, large-scale processing, and compliance with ballistic standards are also discussed. By integrating current knowledge and identifying unresolved research gaps, this review highlights the growing potential of STFs and STGs to advance next-generation personal protective equipment and to significantly improve the performance and reliability of flexible ballistic body armor.
{"title":"Shear thickening fluids and gels as reinforcement in ballistic vest: an update review","authors":"Dayanne Santos Silva , Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques , Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos , Sergio Neves Monteiro","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear thickening fluids (STFs) and shear thickening gels (STGs) are smart materials that undergo a reversible, rapid transition from a low-viscosity state to a highly viscous or quasi-solid phase when subjected to shear rates above a critical threshold. This dynamic thickening behavior enables efficient dissipation of impact energy, making these materials promising candidates for applications in ballistic protection, shock absorption and vibration mitigation. This review provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of STF- and STG-based reinforcement strategies for high-performance fabrics used in flexible armor systems. It examines how these materials enhance inter-yarn friction, restrict yarn pull-out, and improve load transfer, thereby increasing the mechanical robustness, durability and energy-absorption capacity of ballistic textiles. Recent advances from the past decade, particularly from 2021 to 2024, are synthesized to compare formulation approaches, rheological behavior, microstructural mechanisms, and ballistic performance. Critical challenges related to environmental stability, long-term durability, large-scale processing, and compliance with ballistic standards are also discussed. By integrating current knowledge and identifying unresolved research gaps, this review highlights the growing potential of STFs and STGs to advance next-generation personal protective equipment and to significantly improve the performance and reliability of flexible ballistic body armor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 547-576"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.171
M. Torabi Parizi, H.R. Ezatpour
In this study, we explore the mechanical behavior and wear mechanisms in the hierarchical heterogeneous structured AlCr1.3TiNi2 MEA. Tailoring the hierarchy of a heterogeneous structure is affected by eutectic composition, high negative enthalpy and fabrication process (mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). These heterogeneities can be considered by bimodal distribution of grain size, microscale and sub-microscale B2 particles, tiny Ti rich-BCC phase and L21 phase, nano-scaled L12 and some L21 phases as well as chemical heterogeneity. The AlCr1.3TiNi2 MEA exhibits the highest compressive yield and ultimate compressive strengths which are about 2280 MPa and 2480 MPa at 400 °C. The yield and ultimate compressive strengths are about 2170 MPa and 2296 MPa, as well as 879 MPa and 1060 MPa at RT and 600 °C, respectively. At RT, the specific yield strength value of the alloy is 360 MPa cm3/g. The synergy of high hardness and low friction coefficient ( 0.31) values is achieved for the alloy as a friction-reduced material at RT. Friction coefficient gradually increases to 0.46 at 400 °C and then 0.5 at 600 °C. Specific wear rate increases from 8.8 ∗ 10−5 mm3/N.m at RT to 17.8 ∗ 10−5 mm3/N.m at 400 °C and suddenly decreases to 2.2 ∗ 10−5 mm3/N.m at 600 °C (75 % lower than one at RT). Creation of dense oxide layer can cause higher friction coefficient whereas simultaneously decreases the specific wear rate. The superior synergy of anti-wear and friction-reduced abilities of the AlCr1.3TiNi2 MEA across a wide temperature range results from low friction coefficient and specific wear rate.
{"title":"Hierarchical heterostructure AlCr1.3TiNi2 medium entropy alloy with exceptional strength and wear performance at low and intermediate temperatures fabricated by spark plasma sintering","authors":"M. Torabi Parizi, H.R. Ezatpour","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we explore the mechanical behavior and wear mechanisms in the hierarchical heterogeneous structured AlCr<sub>1.3</sub>TiNi<sub>2</sub> MEA. Tailoring the hierarchy of a heterogeneous structure is affected by eutectic composition, high negative enthalpy and fabrication process (mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). These heterogeneities can be considered by bimodal distribution of grain size, microscale and sub-microscale B2 particles, tiny Ti rich-BCC phase and L2<sub>1</sub> phase, nano-scaled L1<sub>2</sub> and some L2<sub>1</sub> phases as well as chemical heterogeneity. The AlCr<sub>1.3</sub>TiNi<sub>2</sub> MEA exhibits the highest compressive yield and ultimate compressive strengths which are about 2280 MPa and 2480 MPa at 400 °C. The yield and ultimate compressive strengths are about 2170 MPa and 2296 MPa, as well as 879 MPa and 1060 MPa at RT and 600 °C, respectively. At RT, the specific yield strength value of the alloy is 360 MPa cm<sup>3</sup>/g. The synergy of high hardness and low friction coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.31) values is achieved for the alloy as a friction-reduced material at RT. Friction coefficient gradually increases to 0.46 at 400 °C and then 0.5 at 600 °C. Specific wear rate increases from 8.8 ∗ 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N.m at RT to 17.8 ∗ 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N.m at 400 °C and suddenly decreases to 2.2 ∗ 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N.m at 600 °C (75 % lower than one at RT). Creation of dense oxide layer can cause higher friction coefficient whereas simultaneously decreases the specific wear rate. The superior synergy of anti-wear and friction-reduced abilities of the AlCr<sub>1.3</sub>TiNi<sub>2</sub> MEA across a wide temperature range results from low friction coefficient and specific wear rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 469-487"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.168
Yiming Ning , Yan Zhao , Xue Zhang , Huan Zhang , Yahang Mu , Jingjing Liang , Jinguo Li , Jianjun Guan , Yanhong Yang
The ZGH452 alloy possesses outstanding high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability, offering strong potential for aerospace and energy applications. However, its high crack sensitivity limits widespread use. To address this issue, the present work examines the effects of annealing temperature from 500 to 1300 °C on the microstructural evolution and residual stress relaxation of the alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. The results reveal that no γ′ precipitates form below 800 °C, while fine coherent γ′ particles with an average size of about 115 nm emerge at 900 °C and coarsen to approximately 300 nm at 1000 °C, where crack density reaches its maximum. Further heating promotes γ′ coarsening, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, producing a uniform equiaxed morphology of around 198 nm and pronounced crack healing at 1300 °C. Residual stresses decrease sharply with increasing temperature and nearly vanish above 1200 °C due to diffusion- and recrystallization-assisted relaxation. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis confirms a transition from partial recrystallization of about 25 % to nearly complete recrystallization of approximately 90 % between 1100 and 1300 °C. The hardness evolution follows three distinct regimes: stress-relaxation softening, γ′-strengthening, and recrystallization recovery. These findings provide important references for optimizing post-annealing treatments and enhancing the structural integrity of selective laser melted ZGH452 alloy.
{"title":"Effect of annealing treatment on microstructure and residual stress evolution in a selective laser melted Ni-based superalloy","authors":"Yiming Ning , Yan Zhao , Xue Zhang , Huan Zhang , Yahang Mu , Jingjing Liang , Jinguo Li , Jianjun Guan , Yanhong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ZGH452 alloy possesses outstanding high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability, offering strong potential for aerospace and energy applications. However, its high crack sensitivity limits widespread use. To address this issue, the present work examines the effects of annealing temperature from 500 to 1300 °C on the microstructural evolution and residual stress relaxation of the alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. The results reveal that no γ′ precipitates form below 800 °C, while fine coherent γ′ particles with an average size of about 115 nm emerge at 900 °C and coarsen to approximately 300 nm at 1000 °C, where crack density reaches its maximum. Further heating promotes γ′ coarsening, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, producing a uniform equiaxed morphology of around 198 nm and pronounced crack healing at 1300 °C. Residual stresses decrease sharply with increasing temperature and nearly vanish above 1200 °C due to diffusion- and recrystallization-assisted relaxation. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis confirms a transition from partial recrystallization of about 25 % to nearly complete recrystallization of approximately 90 % between 1100 and 1300 °C. The hardness evolution follows three distinct regimes: stress-relaxation softening, γ′-strengthening, and recrystallization recovery. These findings provide important references for optimizing post-annealing treatments and enhancing the structural integrity of selective laser melted ZGH452 alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 280-294"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.156
Obieda R. Altarawneh , Jakia Sharmin Mim , Omar Movil , Pawel Kazanowski , Aidan Din , Lucas Eddy , James M. Tour , Rudolph Olson III , Frank Kraft , Yahya Al-Majali
The rising demand for efficient energy transmission, driven by the electrification of buildings and transportation, highlights the need for lightweight, cost-effective conductors with improved electrical performance and reduced environmental impact. Aluminum, widely adopted in power transmission applications for its low density, favorable specific conductivity (i.e., conductivity per unit weight), and cost advantages, remains limited by its lower bulk electrical conductivity relative to copper. While prior studies have demonstrated improvements in aluminum conductivity using high-cost carbon nanomaterials such as CVD graphene, their scalability remains a critical barrier to commercial viability. This study explores the potential of coal-derived graphite and graphene as low-cost, scalable additives to enhance the bulk electrical conductivity of aluminum. Carbon-aluminum composite (CAC) 12 AWG wires with varying carbon content and carbon type were fabricated using a commercially mature solid-phase hot extrusion process. The wires were characterized by their microstructure, electrical, and mechanical properties. The best-performing CAC wire, containing 0.05 wt% coal-derived graphene, exhibited an electrical conductivity of 61.8 % IACS, corresponding to a 2.8 % increase over commercial AA1100 wire (60.1 % IACS) and a 2.5 % increase over a control wire (60.3 % IACS). Notably, this enhancement exceeds the highest conductivity improvements previously reported for aluminum composites fabricated with expensive commercial graphene. This work presents the first systematic validation of coal-derived carbons as effective and scalable additives for enhancing electrical conductivity, offering a promising and economically viable route for the development of next-generation conductive materials in energy infrastructure.
{"title":"Hot-extruded ultra-conductive carbon aluminum composites for efficient power transmission","authors":"Obieda R. Altarawneh , Jakia Sharmin Mim , Omar Movil , Pawel Kazanowski , Aidan Din , Lucas Eddy , James M. Tour , Rudolph Olson III , Frank Kraft , Yahya Al-Majali","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for efficient energy transmission, driven by the electrification of buildings and transportation, highlights the need for lightweight, cost-effective conductors with improved electrical performance and reduced environmental impact. Aluminum, widely adopted in power transmission applications for its low density, favorable specific conductivity (i.e., conductivity per unit weight), and cost advantages, remains limited by its lower bulk electrical conductivity relative to copper. While prior studies have demonstrated improvements in aluminum conductivity using high-cost carbon nanomaterials such as CVD graphene, their scalability remains a critical barrier to commercial viability. This study explores the potential of coal-derived graphite and graphene as low-cost, scalable additives to enhance the bulk electrical conductivity of aluminum. Carbon-aluminum composite (CAC) 12 AWG wires with varying carbon content and carbon type were fabricated using a commercially mature solid-phase hot extrusion process. The wires were characterized by their microstructure, electrical, and mechanical properties. The best-performing CAC wire, containing 0.05 wt% coal-derived graphene, exhibited an electrical conductivity of 61.8 % IACS, corresponding to a 2.8 % increase over commercial AA1100 wire (60.1 % IACS) and a 2.5 % increase over a control wire (60.3 % IACS). Notably, this enhancement exceeds the highest conductivity improvements previously reported for aluminum composites fabricated with expensive commercial graphene. This work presents the first systematic validation of coal-derived carbons as effective and scalable additives for enhancing electrical conductivity, offering a promising and economically viable route for the development of next-generation conductive materials in energy infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 325-337"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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