Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0304
Alberto García-Collado, Pablo Eduardo Romero-Carrillo, Rubén Dorado-Vicente, Munish Kumar Gupta
Along with the characteristic staircase effect, short carbon fibers, added to reinforce Fused Filament Fabrication parts, can significantly worsen the resulting surface finishing. Concerning this topic, the present work intends to improve the existing knowledge by analyzing 2400 measurements of arithmetic mean roughness Ra corresponding to different combinations of six process parameters: the content by weight of short carbon fibers in polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) filaments f, layer height h, surface build angle θ, number of walls w, printing speed s, and extruder diameter d. The collected measurements were represented by dispersion and main effect plots. These representations indicate that the most critical parameters are θ, f, and h. Besides, up to a carbon fiber content of 12%, roughness is mainly affected by the staircase effect. Hence, it would be likely to obtain reinforced parts with similar roughness to unreinforced ones. Different machine learning methods were also tested to extract more information. The prediction model of Ra using the Random Forest algorithm showed a correlation coefficient equal to 0.94 and a mean absolute error equal to 2.026 μm. In contrast, the J48 algorithm identified a combination of parameters (h = 0.1 mm, d = 0.6 mm, and s = 30 mm/s) that, independent of the build angle, provides a Ra < 25 μm when using a 20% carbon fiber PETG filament. An example part was printed and measured to check the models. As a result, the J48 algorithm correctly classified surfaces with low roughness (Ra < 25 μm), and the Random Forest algorithm predicted the Ra value with an average relative error of less than 8%.
除了特有的阶梯效应外，短碳纤维被添加到熔融长丝制造部件中进行加固，也会显著恶化所产生的表面光洁度。关于这一主题，本研究旨在通过分析以下六个工艺参数的不同组合所对应的 2400 个算术平均粗糙度 Ra 测量值来完善现有知识：聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PETG）长丝中短碳纤维的重量含量 f、层高 h、表面成型角 θ、壁数 w、印刷速度 s 和挤出机直径 d。此外，在碳纤维含量达到 12% 时，粗糙度主要受阶梯效应的影响。因此，有可能获得粗糙度与非强化部件相似的强化部件。为了提取更多信息，还测试了不同的机器学习方法。使用随机森林算法建立的 Ra 预测模型的相关系数为 0.94，平均绝对误差为 2.026 μm。相比之下，J48 算法确定了一个参数组合（h = 0.1 mm、d = 0.6 mm 和 s = 30 mm/s），该组合与构建角度无关，在使用 20% 碳纤维 PETG 长丝时，Ra < 25 μm。为了检查模型，我们打印并测量了一个示例零件。结果，J48 算法正确地对粗糙度低（Ra < 25 μm）的表面进行了分类，而随机森林算法预测的 Ra 值平均相对误差小于 8%。
{"title":"Studying the Effect of Short Carbon Fiber on Fused Filament Fabrication Parts Roughness via Machine Learning.","authors":"Alberto García-Collado, Pablo Eduardo Romero-Carrillo, Rubén Dorado-Vicente, Munish Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2021.0304","DOIUrl":"10.1089/3dp.2021.0304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Along with the characteristic staircase effect, short carbon fibers, added to reinforce Fused Filament Fabrication parts, can significantly worsen the resulting surface finishing. Concerning this topic, the present work intends to improve the existing knowledge by analyzing 2400 measurements of arithmetic mean roughness <i>R</i><sub>a</sub> corresponding to different combinations of six process parameters: the content by weight of short carbon fibers in polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) filaments <i>f</i>, layer height <i>h</i>, surface build angle <i>θ</i>, number of walls <i>w</i>, printing speed <i>s</i>, and extruder diameter <i>d</i>. The collected measurements were represented by dispersion and main effect plots. These representations indicate that the most critical parameters are <i>θ</i>, <i>f</i>, and <i>h</i>. Besides, up to a carbon fiber content of 12%, roughness is mainly affected by the staircase effect. Hence, it would be likely to obtain reinforced parts with similar roughness to unreinforced ones. Different machine learning methods were also tested to extract more information. The prediction model of <i>R</i><sub>a</sub> using the Random Forest algorithm showed a correlation coefficient equal to 0.94 and a mean absolute error equal to 2.026 μm. In contrast, the J48 algorithm identified a combination of parameters (<i>h</i> = 0.1 mm, <i>d</i> = 0.6 mm, and <i>s</i> = 30 mm/s) that, independent of the build angle, provides a <i>R</i><sub>a</sub> < 25 μm when using a 20% carbon fiber PETG filament. An example part was printed and measured to check the models. As a result, the J48 algorithm correctly classified surfaces with low roughness (<i>R</i><sub>a</sub> < 25 μm), and the Random Forest algorithm predicted the <i>R</i><sub>a</sub> value with an average relative error of less than 8%.</p>","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"10 6","pages":"1336-1346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10726178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138809889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Bedarf, Anna Szabo, Michele Zanini, B. Dillenburger
{"title":"Robotic 3D Printing of Geopolymer Foam for Lightweight and Insulating Building Elements","authors":"P. Bedarf, Anna Szabo, Michele Zanini, B. Dillenburger","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139243835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Directed Energy Deposition Simulation Results to Aluminum Material Properties","authors":"A. Flood, Frank Liou","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139253618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Varadharajan, Kirthanashri S. Vasanthan, Prachi Agarwal
{"title":"Application of Reversible Four-Dimensional Printing of Shape Memory Alloys and Shape Memory Polymers in Structural Engineering: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"S. Varadharajan, Kirthanashri S. Vasanthan, Prachi Agarwal","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2022.0376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2022.0376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"35 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuheng Wang, Luping Wang, Nicolas Soro, Pascal R. Buenzli, Zhiyong Li, Nicholas Green, Kevin Tetsworth, Deniz Erbulut
The utilization of bone scaffold implants represents a promising approach for repairing substantial bone defects. In recent years, various traditional scaffold structures have been developed and, with advances in materials biology and computer technology, novel scaffold designs are now being evaluated. This study investigated the effects of a novel scaffold unit cell design (Hexanoid) through a computational framework, comparing its performance to that of four well-known scaffold designs. A finite element analysis numerical simulation and mechanical testing were conducted to analyze the dynamic bone ingrowth process and the mechanical strength of the different scaffold designs. Bone formation within the Ti-6Al-4V metal scaffolds was simulated based on the theory of bone remodeling. The outcomes of the study reveal that the novel scaffold design (Hexanoid) attains a notably elevated ultimate bone volume fraction (∼27%), it outperformed conventional unit-cell designs found in extant literature, such as cubic design with 19.1% and circular design with 16.9% in relation to the bone-to-cavity volume ratio. This novel structure also has comparable mechanical strength to that of human compact bone tissue. While the design was not optimal in every category, it provided a very satisfactory overall performance regarding certain key aspects of bone performances in comparison with the five scaffold structures evaluated. Although limitations exist in this project, similar methodologies can also be applied in the primary evaluation of new scaffold structures, resulting in improved efficiency and effectiveness. In future research, the results of this project may be integrated with clinical rehabilitation processes to offer a critical evaluation for optimization of additional novel scaffold unit-cell structure designs.
{"title":"Bone Ingrowth Simulation Within the Hexanoid, a Novel Scaffold Design","authors":"Yuheng Wang, Luping Wang, Nicolas Soro, Pascal R. Buenzli, Zhiyong Li, Nicholas Green, Kevin Tetsworth, Deniz Erbulut","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0113","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of bone scaffold implants represents a promising approach for repairing substantial bone defects. In recent years, various traditional scaffold structures have been developed and, with advances in materials biology and computer technology, novel scaffold designs are now being evaluated. This study investigated the effects of a novel scaffold unit cell design (Hexanoid) through a computational framework, comparing its performance to that of four well-known scaffold designs. A finite element analysis numerical simulation and mechanical testing were conducted to analyze the dynamic bone ingrowth process and the mechanical strength of the different scaffold designs. Bone formation within the Ti-6Al-4V metal scaffolds was simulated based on the theory of bone remodeling. The outcomes of the study reveal that the novel scaffold design (Hexanoid) attains a notably elevated ultimate bone volume fraction (∼27%), it outperformed conventional unit-cell designs found in extant literature, such as cubic design with 19.1% and circular design with 16.9% in relation to the bone-to-cavity volume ratio. This novel structure also has comparable mechanical strength to that of human compact bone tissue. While the design was not optimal in every category, it provided a very satisfactory overall performance regarding certain key aspects of bone performances in comparison with the five scaffold structures evaluated. Although limitations exist in this project, similar methodologies can also be applied in the primary evaluation of new scaffold structures, resulting in improved efficiency and effectiveness. In future research, the results of this project may be integrated with clinical rehabilitation processes to offer a critical evaluation for optimization of additional novel scaffold unit-cell structure designs.","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"61 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135092986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rolando Salazar, Dreidy Vasquez, Gabriel Hermosilla, Eva Rajo-Iglesias, Francisco Pizarro
This article presents a high-frequency characterization from 1 up to 10 GHz of electroplated conductive filaments in 3D printed microwave topologies. This study implements different microstrip lines and antennas to compare their performance as-is and with the electroplating process. The results for the microstrip lines show a significant decrease in losses for the electroplated devices, even reaching loss levels of pure copper devices. In addition, considerations about the required thickness for the conductor are analyzed by considering the skin depth requirement for nonideal conductors. The results for a patch antenna measurement confirm that the antenna height can be reduced to extremely low levels.
{"title":"High-Frequency Parametric Study of Electroplated Conductive Filaments in 3D Printed Microwave Topologies","authors":"Rolando Salazar, Dreidy Vasquez, Gabriel Hermosilla, Eva Rajo-Iglesias, Francisco Pizarro","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0074","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a high-frequency characterization from 1 up to 10 GHz of electroplated conductive filaments in 3D printed microwave topologies. This study implements different microstrip lines and antennas to compare their performance as-is and with the electroplating process. The results for the microstrip lines show a significant decrease in losses for the electroplated devices, even reaching loss levels of pure copper devices. In addition, considerations about the required thickness for the conductor are analyzed by considering the skin depth requirement for nonideal conductors. The results for a patch antenna measurement confirm that the antenna height can be reduced to extremely low levels.","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"10 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135431526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fused-filament fabrication (FFF) is an extremely popular additive manufacturing process due to its affordability, relative ease to operate, and wide range of possible materials. It is also notorious for the hundreds of different process variables, which often are overlooked in favor of parameters considered to be more relevant for mechanical performance, such as printing and bed temperatures, printing speed, and layer height. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating some of the less frequently studied process variables, namely raster orientation angles (and their stacking sequence) and feeding rate. Based on this, the influence of these variables on the tensile and flexural properties of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide printed by FFF was assessed. The study concluded that stacking layers with raster angles of 0°/90° and +30°/−30° resulted in the best trade-off between tensile and bending properties, with the former reaching ultimate tensile and flexural strengths of 111 ± 1 and 137 ± 5 MPa, respectively. The study also found that there was no increase in part density or mechanical properties when the volumetric flow was increased up to 120% of the intended road volume. Therefore, the hypothesis that an increase in flow rate would result in less inter-road gaps could not be confirmed with the current setup.
{"title":"Influence of Raster Orientation and Feeding Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide Printed by Fused-Filament Fabrication","authors":"Carlos Belei, Sergio T. Amancio-Filho","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0173","url":null,"abstract":"Fused-filament fabrication (FFF) is an extremely popular additive manufacturing process due to its affordability, relative ease to operate, and wide range of possible materials. It is also notorious for the hundreds of different process variables, which often are overlooked in favor of parameters considered to be more relevant for mechanical performance, such as printing and bed temperatures, printing speed, and layer height. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating some of the less frequently studied process variables, namely raster orientation angles (and their stacking sequence) and feeding rate. Based on this, the influence of these variables on the tensile and flexural properties of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide printed by FFF was assessed. The study concluded that stacking layers with raster angles of 0°/90° and +30°/−30° resulted in the best trade-off between tensile and bending properties, with the former reaching ultimate tensile and flexural strengths of 111 ± 1 and 137 ± 5 MPa, respectively. The study also found that there was no increase in part density or mechanical properties when the volumetric flow was increased up to 120% of the intended road volume. Therefore, the hypothesis that an increase in flow rate would result in less inter-road gaps could not be confirmed with the current setup.","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"22 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julio Cesar Serafim Casini, Isolda Costa, Rubens Nunes de Faria
This study describes a 3D fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process using a graphene-impregnated polylactic acid (G-PLA) filament to create a new type of rigid, plastic, nonconductive, and anticorrosion layer. Therefore, the possibility of 3D printing a plastic layer using FDM methods is demonstrated herein. A commercial magnet such as N35 NdFeB can be used to produce an efficient shielding film by additive manufacturing. As the coating layer thickness increases, the remanence decreases from 1.17 to 1.01 T for the G-PLA coating. Visual tests were performed after exposure to all aqueous NaCl test solutions (0.5 and 1 M), and no evidence of corrosion of the coating was obtained.
{"title":"Effect of Graphene-Based Coating 3D Printing Process on the Remanence and Corrosion of Sintered NdFeB Magnets","authors":"Julio Cesar Serafim Casini, Isolda Costa, Rubens Nunes de Faria","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0151","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes a 3D fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process using a graphene-impregnated polylactic acid (G-PLA) filament to create a new type of rigid, plastic, nonconductive, and anticorrosion layer. Therefore, the possibility of 3D printing a plastic layer using FDM methods is demonstrated herein. A commercial magnet such as N35 NdFeB can be used to produce an efficient shielding film by additive manufacturing. As the coating layer thickness increases, the remanence decreases from 1.17 to 1.01 T for the G-PLA coating. Visual tests were performed after exposure to all aqueous NaCl test solutions (0.5 and 1 M), and no evidence of corrosion of the coating was obtained.","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"22 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Connor Quigley, Shah M. Limon, Rokeya Sarah, Ahasan Habib
Due to its inbuilt ability to release biocompatible materials encapsulating living cells in a predefined location, 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for regenerating patient-specific tissues and organs. Among various 3D bioprinting techniques, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting ensures a higher percentage of cell release, ensuring suitable external and internal scaffold architectures. Scaffold architecture is mainly defined by filament geometry and width. A systematic selection of a set of process parameters, such as nozzle diameter, print speed, print distance, extrusion pressure, and material viscosity, can control the filament geometry and width, eventually confirming the user-defined scaffold porosity. For example, carefully selecting two sets of process parameters can result in a similar filament width (FW). However, the lack of availability of sufficient analytical relationships between printing process parameters and FW creates a barrier to achieving defined scaffold architectures with available resources. In this article, the factorial design of experiment (DoE) method has been adopted to obtain a relationship among scaffold properties that is, FW with 3D printing process parameters. The FW was determined using an image processing technique and an analytical relationship was developed, including various process parameters to maintain defined FW variation for different hydrogels within an acceptable range to confirm the overall geometric fidelity of the scaffold. The validation experiment results showed that our analytical relationship obtained from the DoE effectively predicts the scaffold's architectural property. Furthermore, the proposed analytical relationships can help achieve defined scaffold architectures with available resources.
{"title":"Factorial Design of Experiment Method to Characterize Bioprinting Process Parameters to Obtain the Targeted Scaffold Porosity","authors":"Connor Quigley, Shah M. Limon, Rokeya Sarah, Ahasan Habib","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0138","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its inbuilt ability to release biocompatible materials encapsulating living cells in a predefined location, 3D bioprinting is a promising technique for regenerating patient-specific tissues and organs. Among various 3D bioprinting techniques, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting ensures a higher percentage of cell release, ensuring suitable external and internal scaffold architectures. Scaffold architecture is mainly defined by filament geometry and width. A systematic selection of a set of process parameters, such as nozzle diameter, print speed, print distance, extrusion pressure, and material viscosity, can control the filament geometry and width, eventually confirming the user-defined scaffold porosity. For example, carefully selecting two sets of process parameters can result in a similar filament width (FW). However, the lack of availability of sufficient analytical relationships between printing process parameters and FW creates a barrier to achieving defined scaffold architectures with available resources. In this article, the factorial design of experiment (DoE) method has been adopted to obtain a relationship among scaffold properties that is, FW with 3D printing process parameters. The FW was determined using an image processing technique and an analytical relationship was developed, including various process parameters to maintain defined FW variation for different hydrogels within an acceptable range to confirm the overall geometric fidelity of the scaffold. The validation experiment results showed that our analytical relationship obtained from the DoE effectively predicts the scaffold's architectural property. Furthermore, the proposed analytical relationships can help achieve defined scaffold architectures with available resources.","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"17 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135270785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanical Characterization of Polylactic Acid Composite Scaffolds Formed in Different Lattice Structures by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing","authors":"Bora Uzun","doi":"10.1089/3dp.2023.0188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2023.0188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54341,"journal":{"name":"3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing","volume":"98 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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