Kevin Berend, K. Amatangelo, D. Weihrauch, C. Norment
ABSTRACT. In northeastern North America, alpine snowbank (snowbed) communities are rare, highly diverse plant assemblages. They form in sheltered sites above treeline where late-lying snow provides insulation from late-season frosts and a longer-lasting source of water. We studied the effects of snowmelt timing and cumulative temperature on the vegetative and flowering phenology of seven common, alpine snowbank species on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. We observed snowmelt date and plant phenology at 14 alpine snowbank sites over one growing season and collected temperature data using automated dataloggers. We used Pearson correlations to analyze the relationships between snowmelt timing and temperature (i.e., growing degree days) and plant phenology. Snowmelt date was positively correlated with the dates of peak phenophases, and lag time (time between snowmelt and peak phenophase) was negatively correlated with snowmelt date. Snowmelt timing consistently delayed the onset of phenological stages, but later snowmelt had a less-pronounced delay. Plants at later-melting sites experienced higher mean daily temperatures and accumulated growing degree days more quickly, leading to a shorter phenological cycle. Continued monitoring of snowmelt timing, temperature, and the phenology of alpine snowbank plants may provide clues to how climate change will affect alpine areas of northeastern North America, especially in terms of diversity, pollination, and abiotic interactions.
{"title":"Effects of Snow and Temperature on the Phenology of Alpine Snowbank Plants on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire","authors":"Kevin Berend, K. Amatangelo, D. Weihrauch, C. Norment","doi":"10.3119/19-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/19-22","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. In northeastern North America, alpine snowbank (snowbed) communities are rare, highly diverse plant assemblages. They form in sheltered sites above treeline where late-lying snow provides insulation from late-season frosts and a longer-lasting source of water. We studied the effects of snowmelt timing and cumulative temperature on the vegetative and flowering phenology of seven common, alpine snowbank species on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. We observed snowmelt date and plant phenology at 14 alpine snowbank sites over one growing season and collected temperature data using automated dataloggers. We used Pearson correlations to analyze the relationships between snowmelt timing and temperature (i.e., growing degree days) and plant phenology. Snowmelt date was positively correlated with the dates of peak phenophases, and lag time (time between snowmelt and peak phenophase) was negatively correlated with snowmelt date. Snowmelt timing consistently delayed the onset of phenological stages, but later snowmelt had a less-pronounced delay. Plants at later-melting sites experienced higher mean daily temperatures and accumulated growing degree days more quickly, leading to a shorter phenological cycle. Continued monitoring of snowmelt timing, temperature, and the phenology of alpine snowbank plants may provide clues to how climate change will affect alpine areas of northeastern North America, especially in terms of diversity, pollination, and abiotic interactions.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46132066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carex bushii Mack. (section Porocystis) is generally rare in the northeastern United States. It is currently ranked as S3 and special concern in Connecticut, SH from Maine, S1 and endangered in Massachusetts, S3 in New York, and S1 in Vermont. On 12 July 2018, I discovered a population of Carex bushii in a clayplain old field in West Haven, Rutland County, Vermont. Subsequent surveying of the property revealed 11 subpopulations of this plant, with a total estimated 58 genets with 685 ramets. As recently as Gilman’s 2015 New Flora of Vermont, this plant was considered state historic in Vermont, with no populations or voucher specimens known after 1964 (Gilman 2015). Since 2015, two populations were discovered in the Champlain Valley by the Vermont Department of Fish & Wildlife: one large population of approximately 50 genets and 265 ramets in Swanton, Franklin County; and a single genet in Cornwall, Addison County (R. Popp, pers. comm.). The West Haven population constitutes not only a new species record for Rutland County, but also now the largest known population of the species in the state of Vermont. Another interesting, recent expansion of its known range in New England was noted in 2012, when Lisa Standley discovered the first state record of Carex bushii in New Hampshire, growing on fill at an old air force base in Portsmouth (U.S.A. New Hampshire: Rockingham Co., Portsmouth, Pease International Tradesport. 7 June 2012, Standley s.n. [NEBC]). The nearest other known stations are a historic station in Sherborn, Middlesex County, and a current station in Ware, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, about 100 miles away (Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program 2016). Carex bushii is morphologically similar to the more regionally common and sometimes co-occurring Carex hirsutella Mack., which may result in its misidentification when encountered in New England. The most reliable key diagnostic characteristic is the presence of
苔草。在美国东北部通常很少见。目前，它在康涅狄格州被列为S3级和特别关注物种，在缅因州为SH级，在马萨诸塞州为S1级和濒危物种，在纽约为S3级，在佛蒙特州为S1。2018年7月12日，我在佛蒙特州拉特兰县西黑文的一块粘土地里发现了一种群苔草。随后对该地产的调查揭示了该植物的11个亚群，估计共有58个基因，685个分株。就在吉尔曼2015年的《佛蒙特州新植物志》中，这种植物被认为是佛蒙特州的州历史植物，1964年后没有已知的种群或凭证标本（吉尔曼2015）。自2015年以来，佛蒙特州鱼类和野生动物部在尚普兰山谷发现了两个种群：一个是在富兰克林县斯旺顿发现的约50个基因和265个分株的大型种群；西哈文种群不仅是拉特兰县的一个新物种记录，也是佛蒙特州已知的最大种群。2012年，丽莎·斯坦德利（Lisa Standley）在新罕布什尔州发现了苔草的第一个州记录，该苔草生长在朴茨茅斯的一个旧空军基地（U.S.A.New Hampshire:Rockingham Co.，Portsmouth，Pease International Tradesport。2012年6月7日，Standley S.n.[NEBC]）。最近的其他已知车站是位于米德尔塞克斯县舍伯恩的一个历史车站，以及位于马萨诸塞州汉普郡威尔的一个现有车站，距离约100英里（2016年自然遗产和濒危物种计划）。灌木苔草在形态上与更常见的、有时同时出现的毛苔草相似。，当在新英格兰遇到这种情况时，可能会导致其误认。最可靠的关键诊断特征是
{"title":"Recently Discovered Stations of Carex bushii (Cyperaceae) in New England","authors":"C. Schorn","doi":"10.3119/19-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/19-24","url":null,"abstract":"Carex bushii Mack. (section Porocystis) is generally rare in the northeastern United States. It is currently ranked as S3 and special concern in Connecticut, SH from Maine, S1 and endangered in Massachusetts, S3 in New York, and S1 in Vermont. On 12 July 2018, I discovered a population of Carex bushii in a clayplain old field in West Haven, Rutland County, Vermont. Subsequent surveying of the property revealed 11 subpopulations of this plant, with a total estimated 58 genets with 685 ramets. As recently as Gilman’s 2015 New Flora of Vermont, this plant was considered state historic in Vermont, with no populations or voucher specimens known after 1964 (Gilman 2015). Since 2015, two populations were discovered in the Champlain Valley by the Vermont Department of Fish & Wildlife: one large population of approximately 50 genets and 265 ramets in Swanton, Franklin County; and a single genet in Cornwall, Addison County (R. Popp, pers. comm.). The West Haven population constitutes not only a new species record for Rutland County, but also now the largest known population of the species in the state of Vermont. Another interesting, recent expansion of its known range in New England was noted in 2012, when Lisa Standley discovered the first state record of Carex bushii in New Hampshire, growing on fill at an old air force base in Portsmouth (U.S.A. New Hampshire: Rockingham Co., Portsmouth, Pease International Tradesport. 7 June 2012, Standley s.n. [NEBC]). The nearest other known stations are a historic station in Sherborn, Middlesex County, and a current station in Ware, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, about 100 miles away (Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program 2016). Carex bushii is morphologically similar to the more regionally common and sometimes co-occurring Carex hirsutella Mack., which may result in its misidentification when encountered in New England. The most reliable key diagnostic characteristic is the presence of","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"59 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43846258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many conservation organizations remove invasive plants with herbicides; however, few quantify the outcomes of management on the invaded plant community (Martin and Blossey 2013). Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. is a perennial grass, native to Eurasia, that is now found throughout temperate regions of North America in fresh water, brackish, and salt marsh environments (Meyerson et al. 2009). Despite considerable interest in the effects of P. australis on native wetland ecosystems, relatively little information exists on the efficacy of different management strategies and the response of plant communities to the removal of P. australis, especially over multiple years (Hazelton et al. 2014; Martin and Blossey 2013). We examined the efficacy and effects of removing Phragmites australis from the perimeter of a 1-hectare pond at Highstead Preserve in southwestern Connecticut (41.327, –73.394) over a six-year period (2012–2017). Prior to the study, P. australis covered 30% of the shoreline around the pond and formed several small (, 100 m), dense patches and one relatively large patch (~1300 m). We used vegetation monitoring and three different herbicide (Rodeot [53.8% glyphosate]) application techniques to treat P. australis: (1) handwipe 25% solution (leaves and upper half of stem wiped via cotton work glove worn over 15 mil nitrile glove); (2) wand 25% solution (leaves and upper half of stem wiped with long-handled brush applicator); and (3) spray 2.3% solution (whole plant with backpack sprayer). Prior to herbicide treatment in 2012, we sampled the pondside vegetation by randomly placing 28 quadrats 1 m in patches invaded by P. australis. In each quadrat, we counted live stems of all vascular plant species with the exception of graminoids that grew in overlapping clumps (Farnsworth
{"title":"Response of a Wetland Plant Community to Management of Phragmites Australis (Poaceae) in Southwestern Connecticut","authors":"E. Faison, G. Elkins, Kathleen Kitka, D. Foster","doi":"10.3119/19-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/19-05","url":null,"abstract":"Many conservation organizations remove invasive plants with herbicides; however, few quantify the outcomes of management on the invaded plant community (Martin and Blossey 2013). Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. is a perennial grass, native to Eurasia, that is now found throughout temperate regions of North America in fresh water, brackish, and salt marsh environments (Meyerson et al. 2009). Despite considerable interest in the effects of P. australis on native wetland ecosystems, relatively little information exists on the efficacy of different management strategies and the response of plant communities to the removal of P. australis, especially over multiple years (Hazelton et al. 2014; Martin and Blossey 2013). We examined the efficacy and effects of removing Phragmites australis from the perimeter of a 1-hectare pond at Highstead Preserve in southwestern Connecticut (41.327, –73.394) over a six-year period (2012–2017). Prior to the study, P. australis covered 30% of the shoreline around the pond and formed several small (, 100 m), dense patches and one relatively large patch (~1300 m). We used vegetation monitoring and three different herbicide (Rodeot [53.8% glyphosate]) application techniques to treat P. australis: (1) handwipe 25% solution (leaves and upper half of stem wiped via cotton work glove worn over 15 mil nitrile glove); (2) wand 25% solution (leaves and upper half of stem wiped with long-handled brush applicator); and (3) spray 2.3% solution (whole plant with backpack sprayer). Prior to herbicide treatment in 2012, we sampled the pondside vegetation by randomly placing 28 quadrats 1 m in patches invaded by P. australis. In each quadrat, we counted live stems of all vascular plant species with the exception of graminoids that grew in overlapping clumps (Farnsworth","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"48 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43111209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Butomus umbellatus L. (Butomaceae), flowering rush, is an emergent, perennial, wetland species of lake margins or slow-moving waterways. Native to Europe and western Asia, its initial North American introduction—most likely as a water garden escape—was reported from the St. Lawrence River (1897), and by 1929 it was established in Lake Champlain, Vermont (Les and Mehrhoff 1999). Based on herbarium records, plants were subsequently discovered in Connecticut (1943) and Maine (1999), where stations are currently known from a few counties, respectively. In New England, it remains most abundant and invasive in Vermont. During a 2006 floristic inventory related to a weed management project, Butomus was first observed in Massachusetts flowering on the western shore of the eastern basin of Winter Pond, Middlesex Co., Winchester (GeoSyntec 2006). Sterile specimens were later vouchered in 2008 from the north shore of the same basin and serve as the first collection (Mehrhoff 23282; CONN). After a few unrelated pond assessments (2016, 2017) failed to note individuals, a July 2019 shoreline survey documented the species’ successful establishment around most of the eastern basin’s (‘‘Little Winter Pond’’) periphery, where plants were flowering at multiple locations. The Butomus umbellatus colonization of Winter Pond is noteworthy, not only as the first Massachusetts occurrence of this alien, but seemingly as its first establishment within the Atlantic coastal plain pond ecosystem of New England. Winter Pond, divided into two basins, is a 17 acre kettle hole depression that experiences natural, seasonal water drawdown. The periodically exposed, sandy shorelines of these ecosystems support a unique floral community often including sensitive, globally restricted species (Sorrie 1994). Winter Pond, and its remarkable flora, has been well acknowledged in the literature (e.g.,
{"title":"Butomus umbellatus Established in Massachusetts","authors":"D. Padgett, K. Frost","doi":"10.3119/19-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/19-25","url":null,"abstract":"Butomus umbellatus L. (Butomaceae), flowering rush, is an emergent, perennial, wetland species of lake margins or slow-moving waterways. Native to Europe and western Asia, its initial North American introduction—most likely as a water garden escape—was reported from the St. Lawrence River (1897), and by 1929 it was established in Lake Champlain, Vermont (Les and Mehrhoff 1999). Based on herbarium records, plants were subsequently discovered in Connecticut (1943) and Maine (1999), where stations are currently known from a few counties, respectively. In New England, it remains most abundant and invasive in Vermont. During a 2006 floristic inventory related to a weed management project, Butomus was first observed in Massachusetts flowering on the western shore of the eastern basin of Winter Pond, Middlesex Co., Winchester (GeoSyntec 2006). Sterile specimens were later vouchered in 2008 from the north shore of the same basin and serve as the first collection (Mehrhoff 23282; CONN). After a few unrelated pond assessments (2016, 2017) failed to note individuals, a July 2019 shoreline survey documented the species’ successful establishment around most of the eastern basin’s (‘‘Little Winter Pond’’) periphery, where plants were flowering at multiple locations. The Butomus umbellatus colonization of Winter Pond is noteworthy, not only as the first Massachusetts occurrence of this alien, but seemingly as its first establishment within the Atlantic coastal plain pond ecosystem of New England. Winter Pond, divided into two basins, is a 17 acre kettle hole depression that experiences natural, seasonal water drawdown. The periodically exposed, sandy shorelines of these ecosystems support a unique floral community often including sensitive, globally restricted species (Sorrie 1994). Winter Pond, and its remarkable flora, has been well acknowledged in the literature (e.g.,","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"45 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47388440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The New Hampshire Botanical Club is an informal group of botanists and other native-plant enthusiasts. We organized in 2008 and have been holding regular meetings, or Botany Nights, since fall of that year. Botany Nights occur once a month from November through April; we get together for workshops and presentations on plants and their distribution in New England. Most often, the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests (SPNHF) graciously hosts us at their conservation center in Concord. Upcoming events are listed on our website, www.nhbotany.org. From 2012 to 2018, we organized forays in the three counties in New Hampshire that were least well represented in the ‘‘Atlas of the New England Flora’’ (compiled by Ray Angelo and David Boufford and available online at neatlas.org). A total of 24 botanists collected in Sullivan, Belknap, and Merrimack counties. During eight forays, in either early June or late August, we visited a variety of habitats (aquatic, wetland, and upland) and collected anything in flower or fruit. We tried to avoid collecting the same species twice in a county. Nor did we collect rare plants, though we did report the few that we found to the landowners. Collecting sites included state parks, wildlife management areas, an Army Corps of Engineers flood-risk-management project, town conservation lands, and several SPNHF reservations—all with written permission. Camping as a group in Pillsbury State Park and collecting there was especially enjoyable during the Sullivan County forays. Probably the most dramatic location was the 20-meter-high bluffs at Muchyedo Banks Wildlife Management Area in Canterbury (Merrimack County), where we were joined by collectors from the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria (CNH). Of the several SPNHF reservations we visited, Morse Preserve in Alton (Belknap County) had the best view, taking in the Belknap Range and Lake Winnipesaukee. My personal favorite was a sunny day on the meanders in Merrymeeting Marsh (Belknap County).
{"title":"Updating the Botanical Record with the New Hampshire Botanical Club","authors":"J. Hoy","doi":"10.3119/19-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/19-23","url":null,"abstract":"The New Hampshire Botanical Club is an informal group of botanists and other native-plant enthusiasts. We organized in 2008 and have been holding regular meetings, or Botany Nights, since fall of that year. Botany Nights occur once a month from November through April; we get together for workshops and presentations on plants and their distribution in New England. Most often, the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests (SPNHF) graciously hosts us at their conservation center in Concord. Upcoming events are listed on our website, www.nhbotany.org. From 2012 to 2018, we organized forays in the three counties in New Hampshire that were least well represented in the ‘‘Atlas of the New England Flora’’ (compiled by Ray Angelo and David Boufford and available online at neatlas.org). A total of 24 botanists collected in Sullivan, Belknap, and Merrimack counties. During eight forays, in either early June or late August, we visited a variety of habitats (aquatic, wetland, and upland) and collected anything in flower or fruit. We tried to avoid collecting the same species twice in a county. Nor did we collect rare plants, though we did report the few that we found to the landowners. Collecting sites included state parks, wildlife management areas, an Army Corps of Engineers flood-risk-management project, town conservation lands, and several SPNHF reservations—all with written permission. Camping as a group in Pillsbury State Park and collecting there was especially enjoyable during the Sullivan County forays. Probably the most dramatic location was the 20-meter-high bluffs at Muchyedo Banks Wildlife Management Area in Canterbury (Merrimack County), where we were joined by collectors from the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria (CNH). Of the several SPNHF reservations we visited, Morse Preserve in Alton (Belknap County) had the best view, taking in the Belknap Range and Lake Winnipesaukee. My personal favorite was a sunny day on the meanders in Merrymeeting Marsh (Belknap County).","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":" 25","pages":"57 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41253860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT. The natural hybrid between Drosera intermedia and D. rotundifolia, now known as D. ×eloisiana (formerly D. ×belezeana), was discovered in Wendell, Franklin County, Massachusetts, in July 2015. Measurements of leaf blade length and width, along with characteristics such as petiole pubescence, anther color, and seed characteristics, confirm these plants as hybrids and form the basis for a key to differentiate between the hybrid and its parent taxa. Discovery of a misfiled herbarium specimen at MASS revealed that this hybrid was collected in eastern Massachusetts in 1980, and comparisons with a specimen from Nova Scotia, Canada, confirm the hybrid from that province. Drosera ×eloisiana is likely more widespread than documented in New England and beyond, and additional discoveries may follow.
{"title":"The Natural Hybrid between Drosera intermedia and Drosera rotundifolia in Massachusetts","authors":"Peter P. Grima","doi":"10.3119/20-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/20-08","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. The natural hybrid between Drosera intermedia and D. rotundifolia, now known as D. ×eloisiana (formerly D. ×belezeana), was discovered in Wendell, Franklin County, Massachusetts, in July 2015. Measurements of leaf blade length and width, along with characteristics such as petiole pubescence, anther color, and seed characteristics, confirm these plants as hybrids and form the basis for a key to differentiate between the hybrid and its parent taxa. Discovery of a misfiled herbarium specimen at MASS revealed that this hybrid was collected in eastern Massachusetts in 1980, and comparisons with a specimen from Nova Scotia, Canada, confirm the hybrid from that province. Drosera ×eloisiana is likely more widespread than documented in New England and beyond, and additional discoveries may follow.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"23 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42561545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European native Geum urbanum L. (Rosaceae), herb-bennet, clove-root, town avens, or wood avens, has been grown as a medicinal perennial herb in North America since its introduction by early settlers. It was reported as escaped from cultivation in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, area as early as 1884 and subsequently became naturalized over a larger area (Fernald 1910: p. 189). As noted by Fernald (1950: p. 817), G. urbanum ‘‘is spreading in dooryards and on shaded roadsides locally, about towns of e. Mass. and e. Pa.’’ According to NatureServe (2018), the species has been documented in eight US midwestern and northeastern states (Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin) and four Canadian provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec) and three western states (Oregon, Utah, Washington); USDA (2018) distribution generally agrees except they also list it in New York and not in Nova Scotia. This species is included in Flora Novae Angliae as occurring in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont, growing in ‘‘roadsides, waste areas, gardens’’ (Haines 2011). Here, we note the first reported naturalized occurrence of this species in Connecticut. Geum urbanum has long been cultivated in Europe as a medicinal herb, moth repellent, and ale flavoring (Bunney 1984). Geum urbanum grows naturally in moist deciduous woodlands and forest edges, ranging from the British Isles to Turkey (EuroþMed PlantBase 2006). Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum are reported to hybridize regularly where they are sympatric (The Wild Flower Society 2012). Geum urbanum is a sparsely foliated perennial up to 1 m tall (Figure 1) with three-parted to pinnate basal and cauline leaves, terminal leaf lobe similar but slightly larger than lateral lobes, and large leafy stipules resembling a pair of basal leaflets, as wide or wider than long
欧洲本土的金菊L.(蔷薇科)，本草，丁香根，镇凤梨或木凤梨，自早期定居者引入北美以来，一直作为一种多年生药用草本植物种植。据报道，早在1884年，它就从马萨诸塞州剑桥地区的种植中逃逸出来，随后在更大的地区归化(Fernald 1910: p. 189)。正如Fernald (1950: p. 817)所指出的，G. urbanum“在当地的门院和阴凉的路边蔓延，大约在马萨诸塞州的城镇。e.爸爸。根据NatureServe(2018)的数据，该物种已被记录在美国中西部和东北部的八个州(伊利诺伊州、马萨诸塞州、密歇根州、俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州、罗德岛州、佛蒙特州、威斯康星州)和加拿大的四个省(新不伦瑞克省、新斯科舍省、安大略省、魁北克省)和三个西部州(俄勒冈州、犹他州、华盛顿州);美国农业部(2018年)的分销情况大致一致，只是他们也在纽约列出，而不是在新斯科舍省。这个物种被包括在新英属植物中，因为它出现在马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州和佛蒙特州，生长在“路边、荒地、花园”(Haines 2011)。在这里，我们注意到该物种在康涅狄格州首次归化发生。在欧洲，龙骨草作为一种草药、防蛾剂和啤酒调味品已经种植了很长时间(邦尼，1984年)。在从不列颠群岛到土耳其的潮湿的落叶林地和森林边缘自然生长(EuroþMed PlantBase 2006)。据报道，金菊的竞争对手L.和G. urbanum在它们同域的地方经常杂交(The Wild Flower Society 2012)。城市金是一种疏生多年生植物，高可达1米(图1)，具有三分至羽状的基生叶和茎生叶，顶生叶裂片相似，但略大于侧生裂片，大叶托叶类似于一对基生小叶，宽或宽于长
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G. Palermo, Margaret Curtin, T. Boland, Elizabeth Louise Thomas
We report Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc. (Styracaceae) growing and reproducing spontaneously on Martha’s Vineyard in the town of Tisbury, a new record for Massachusetts (Angelo and Boufford 2019). This native of east Asia (Trueblood 2009), widely available in the horticultural trade, has previously been recorded growing in the wild in New England from a single location in Fairfield County, Connecticut (EDDMapS 2019). We found three mature plants of Styrax japonicus, the largest approximately 7 m tall with two trunks, each measuring 10 cm in diameter at breast height. The second mature tree was immediately adjacent to the largest tree, and the third was 3 m distant. Also present were three saplings ranging from 1 m to 2 m tall, the largest measuring 3 cm in diameter at its base. In addition, there were more than 350 seedlings, which were dense enough in some areas to form a groundcover (Figure 1). The trees, saplings, and seedlings occupied an area measuring approximately 10 m 3 10 m. We found the Styrax japonicus growing in mesic woods near the shore of a freshwater pond on conservation land. Accompanying plants included Acer rubrum L., Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh, Clethra alnifolia L., Cypripedium acaule Ait., Kalmia angustifolia L., Pinus rigida P. Mill., Pinus strobus L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus alba L., Quercus velutina Lam., Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, and Vaccinium corymbosum L. The mature trees were in fruit at the time of our discovery (Figure 2). We identified the species using Fritsch (2003): axillary fruits present, leaf blade margins serrate, and pedicels 15–50 mm in length. Given the reproductive success of our mature Styrax japonicus, we judge the plants to be well established at their Martha’s Vineyard location. Generally, the species has not been considered to pose an invasive threat (Gilman and Watson 2014; Trueblood 2009). To date, no official state list of invasive plants has included S. japonicus (Swearingen and Bargeron 2018). We did, however, find mention of
{"title":"Styrax japonicus, a new Record for Massachusetts","authors":"G. Palermo, Margaret Curtin, T. Boland, Elizabeth Louise Thomas","doi":"10.3119/20-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/20-03","url":null,"abstract":"We report Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc. (Styracaceae) growing and reproducing spontaneously on Martha’s Vineyard in the town of Tisbury, a new record for Massachusetts (Angelo and Boufford 2019). This native of east Asia (Trueblood 2009), widely available in the horticultural trade, has previously been recorded growing in the wild in New England from a single location in Fairfield County, Connecticut (EDDMapS 2019). We found three mature plants of Styrax japonicus, the largest approximately 7 m tall with two trunks, each measuring 10 cm in diameter at breast height. The second mature tree was immediately adjacent to the largest tree, and the third was 3 m distant. Also present were three saplings ranging from 1 m to 2 m tall, the largest measuring 3 cm in diameter at its base. In addition, there were more than 350 seedlings, which were dense enough in some areas to form a groundcover (Figure 1). The trees, saplings, and seedlings occupied an area measuring approximately 10 m 3 10 m. We found the Styrax japonicus growing in mesic woods near the shore of a freshwater pond on conservation land. Accompanying plants included Acer rubrum L., Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh, Clethra alnifolia L., Cypripedium acaule Ait., Kalmia angustifolia L., Pinus rigida P. Mill., Pinus strobus L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus alba L., Quercus velutina Lam., Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, and Vaccinium corymbosum L. The mature trees were in fruit at the time of our discovery (Figure 2). We identified the species using Fritsch (2003): axillary fruits present, leaf blade margins serrate, and pedicels 15–50 mm in length. Given the reproductive success of our mature Styrax japonicus, we judge the plants to be well established at their Martha’s Vineyard location. Generally, the species has not been considered to pose an invasive threat (Gilman and Watson 2014; Trueblood 2009). To date, no official state list of invasive plants has included S. japonicus (Swearingen and Bargeron 2018). We did, however, find mention of","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"122 1","pages":"53 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49569727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.3119/0035-4902-121.988.357
L. Standley
Like the Sedges of Maine, this is a photographic field guide to the remaining two graminoid families and packed with information in both text and photographic formats. The book and terminology are deliberately non-technical and accessible to the target audience, a diverse user group ranging from professional ecologists to farmers and gardeners. The book covers 28 species of Juncus, 6 of Luzula, 63 genera (including Zea!) and 181 species of the Poaceae, a significant portion of the New England flora (38 species of Juncus, 10 of Luzula, 103 genera and 315 species of Poaceae). The book is very similar in format and approach to the Sedges of Maine, and like it, is an excellent and thorough guide. The treatments of Juncus and Luzula include an initial master key to the genera, illustrated with photos; thumbnail photos of each species within the genus; a description of the genus; a matrix master key to the species, with photos of key characters; and a dichotomous key to the species, with one photo of each species. The keys use both morphological and ecological characters. For each species, there is a full page of text providing detailed descriptions, key features, distribution and habitat information, discussion of similar species, and list of ‘‘other names’’ that includes both vernacular names and synonyms; and a page of photos of the plant habit, inflorescence, key vegetative characters, flowers, capsules, and occasionally seeds. The photos of seeds – important characters for species identification – would be more useful at a higher magnification and sharper focus. The keys work well and allow the user to easily identify species of Juncus. Consistent with the authors’ intent to reach a broad group of users, the keys do not require the user to look at the prophylls, a character used in more technical keys and difficult for many botanists. The Poaceae occupy most of the book. The guide provides a tremendous amount of information, as well as photos, for each of the genera and species. The keys work very well. The treatment of the Poaceae starts with a matrix key that leads to 15 subkeys (dichotomous, illustrated with good photos) to the genera based on morphology rather than taxonomic groups. The matrix master key
{"title":"Grasses and Rushes of Maine: A Field Guide","authors":"L. Standley","doi":"10.3119/0035-4902-121.988.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/0035-4902-121.988.357","url":null,"abstract":"Like the Sedges of Maine, this is a photographic field guide to the remaining two graminoid families and packed with information in both text and photographic formats. The book and terminology are deliberately non-technical and accessible to the target audience, a diverse user group ranging from professional ecologists to farmers and gardeners. The book covers 28 species of Juncus, 6 of Luzula, 63 genera (including Zea!) and 181 species of the Poaceae, a significant portion of the New England flora (38 species of Juncus, 10 of Luzula, 103 genera and 315 species of Poaceae). The book is very similar in format and approach to the Sedges of Maine, and like it, is an excellent and thorough guide. The treatments of Juncus and Luzula include an initial master key to the genera, illustrated with photos; thumbnail photos of each species within the genus; a description of the genus; a matrix master key to the species, with photos of key characters; and a dichotomous key to the species, with one photo of each species. The keys use both morphological and ecological characters. For each species, there is a full page of text providing detailed descriptions, key features, distribution and habitat information, discussion of similar species, and list of ‘‘other names’’ that includes both vernacular names and synonyms; and a page of photos of the plant habit, inflorescence, key vegetative characters, flowers, capsules, and occasionally seeds. The photos of seeds – important characters for species identification – would be more useful at a higher magnification and sharper focus. The keys work well and allow the user to easily identify species of Juncus. Consistent with the authors’ intent to reach a broad group of users, the keys do not require the user to look at the prophylls, a character used in more technical keys and difficult for many botanists. The Poaceae occupy most of the book. The guide provides a tremendous amount of information, as well as photos, for each of the genera and species. The keys work very well. The treatment of the Poaceae starts with a matrix key that leads to 15 subkeys (dichotomous, illustrated with good photos) to the genera based on morphology rather than taxonomic groups. The matrix master key","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":"121 1","pages":"357 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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