Minje Choi, Donggyun Ku, Hyeri Jeong, Seungjae Lee
The spread of COVID-19 has resulted in several changes worldwide. In particular, border closures and economic stagnation have significantly affected societies. Although the implementation of preventive measures has improved the pandemic scenario in several countries, the effectiveness of vaccines has decreased with the emergence of mutant viruses. With this background, the use of masks is considered the best method for preventing the spread of the virus. Notably, public transportation is closely related to socioeconomic activities, and the spread of infectious diseases is more likely in closed, dense, and congested areas. Moreover, the probability of infection during public transportation also depends on the proportion of commuters wearing masks. Based on the closed-circuit television footage of various public transportation spaces, the number of mask wearers can be analysed using artificial intelligence deep learning, and the probability of COVID-19 spread can be predicted by determining the proportion of mask wearers among the commuters. With this background, in this study, the importance of masks in controlling the spread of the virus is confirmed. In conclusion, appropriate measures can be implemented by determining the probability of infection according to the mask-wearing rate in public transportation spaces.
{"title":"Comparing COVID spread to mask-wearing rates in public transportation using AI detection","authors":"Minje Choi, Donggyun Ku, Hyeri Jeong, Seungjae Lee","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00037","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of COVID-19 has resulted in several changes worldwide. In particular, border closures and economic stagnation have significantly affected societies. Although the implementation of preventive measures has improved the pandemic scenario in several countries, the effectiveness of vaccines has decreased with the emergence of mutant viruses. With this background, the use of masks is considered the best method for preventing the spread of the virus. Notably, public transportation is closely related to socioeconomic activities, and the spread of infectious diseases is more likely in closed, dense, and congested areas. Moreover, the probability of infection during public transportation also depends on the proportion of commuters wearing masks. Based on the closed-circuit television footage of various public transportation spaces, the number of mask wearers can be analysed using artificial intelligence deep learning, and the probability of COVID-19 spread can be predicted by determining the proportion of mask wearers among the commuters. With this background, in this study, the importance of masks in controlling the spread of the virus is confirmed. In conclusion, appropriate measures can be implemented by determining the probability of infection according to the mask-wearing rate in public transportation spaces.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"15 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82798612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Beatriz Espíndola de Oliveira, Ana Maria César Bastos Silva, Anabela Ribeiro
This study aims to validate the Pedestrian Behaviour of a Portuguese residents’ sample. For this, the questionnaire was published online and disclosed through e-mails and social media for Portuguese residents, being answered by 502 people (318 women and 184 men) between 15 and 64 years old. Principal Component Analyzes differentiated four axes into factors called: 1) “transgression”, which included violations of the rules of the road and legal errors, 2) “lapses”, referring to errors caused by lack of attention, 3) “aggressive behaviours” and 4) “positive behaviours” in relation to other road users. As in the original, a reduced version with 20 items, referring to each factor's four largest factor loads, was developed, and its internal reliability was tested and approved. The effects of demographic variables were investigated. Moreover, the demographic variables could impact the ‘transgression’ item, as seen in the discussion of the results. The instrument helps recognize risk behaviours and adapt user preventive actions.
{"title":"Assessing pedestrian behavior: validation of PBS questionnaire in portuguese residents","authors":"Anna Beatriz Espíndola de Oliveira, Ana Maria César Bastos Silva, Anabela Ribeiro","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00054","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to validate the Pedestrian Behaviour of a Portuguese residents’ sample. For this, the questionnaire was published online and disclosed through e-mails and social media for Portuguese residents, being answered by 502 people (318 women and 184 men) between 15 and 64 years old. Principal Component Analyzes differentiated four axes into factors called: 1) “transgression”, which included violations of the rules of the road and legal errors, 2) “lapses”, referring to errors caused by lack of attention, 3) “aggressive behaviours” and 4) “positive behaviours” in relation to other road users. As in the original, a reduced version with 20 items, referring to each factor's four largest factor loads, was developed, and its internal reliability was tested and approved. The effects of demographic variables were investigated. Moreover, the demographic variables could impact the ‘transgression’ item, as seen in the discussion of the results. The instrument helps recognize risk behaviours and adapt user preventive actions.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76703838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
João Monteiro, Nuno Sousa, Filipe Pais, J. Coutinho-Rodrigues, Eduardo Natividade-Jesus
For the past years, the world has been facing one of the worst pandemics of modern times. The COVID-19 outbreak joined a long list of infectious diseases that turned pandemic, and it will most likely leave scars and change how we live, plan, and manage the urban space and its infrastructures. Many fields of science were called into action to mitigate the impacts of this pandemic, including spatial and transport planning. Given the large number of articles recently published in these research areas, it is time to carry out an overview of the knowledge produced, synthesising, systematising, and critically analysing it. This article aims to review how the urban layout, accessibility and mobility influence the spread of a virus in an urban environment and what solutions exist or have been proposed to create a more effective and less intrusive response to pandemics. This review is split into two avenues of research: spatial planning and transport planning, including the direct and indirect impact on the environment and sustainability.
{"title":"Planning cities for pandemics: a review of urban and transport planning lessons from COVID-19","authors":"João Monteiro, Nuno Sousa, Filipe Pais, J. Coutinho-Rodrigues, Eduardo Natividade-Jesus","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00030","url":null,"abstract":"For the past years, the world has been facing one of the worst pandemics of modern times. The COVID-19 outbreak joined a long list of infectious diseases that turned pandemic, and it will most likely leave scars and change how we live, plan, and manage the urban space and its infrastructures. Many fields of science were called into action to mitigate the impacts of this pandemic, including spatial and transport planning. Given the large number of articles recently published in these research areas, it is time to carry out an overview of the knowledge produced, synthesising, systematising, and critically analysing it. This article aims to review how the urban layout, accessibility and mobility influence the spread of a virus in an urban environment and what solutions exist or have been proposed to create a more effective and less intrusive response to pandemics. This review is split into two avenues of research: spatial planning and transport planning, including the direct and indirect impact on the environment and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85183308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoonjung Jang, Donggyun Ku, Minje Choi, Dahye Kim, Doyung Lee, Seungjae Lee
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has significantly affected daily lives since its declaration as a Pandemic in March 2020 by the WHO. Studies in Korea to interpret the relationship between COVID-19 and transportation show that there has been a decrease in public transportation use, and a significant decrease when a widespread infection occurs. In addition, COVID-19 has affected the commercial environment, particularly the number of people using commercial districts where the use of retail outlets decreased significantly. This study analyses the disease-vectors (spread factors) of COVID-19 in terms of transportation demand, the revitalisation of commercial districts, living populations, and socioeconomic indicators. It attempts to identify different infection factors for each district in Seoul using a causal analysis methodology PLS-SEM (Partial Least-Squares Structural Equation Modelling) such that COVID-19 can be managed continuously with the aim to provide a foundation for pre-emptive actions by adjusting or controlling specific influencing factors pertaining to infectious diseases.
{"title":"Relational analysis between economic activities and mobility during the COVID","authors":"Yoonjung Jang, Donggyun Ku, Minje Choi, Dahye Kim, Doyung Lee, Seungjae Lee","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00036","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has significantly affected daily lives since its declaration as a Pandemic in March 2020 by the WHO. Studies in Korea to interpret the relationship between COVID-19 and transportation show that there has been a decrease in public transportation use, and a significant decrease when a widespread infection occurs. In addition, COVID-19 has affected the commercial environment, particularly the number of people using commercial districts where the use of retail outlets decreased significantly. This study analyses the disease-vectors (spread factors) of COVID-19 in terms of transportation demand, the revitalisation of commercial districts, living populations, and socioeconomic indicators. It attempts to identify different infection factors for each district in Seoul using a causal analysis methodology PLS-SEM (Partial Least-Squares Structural Equation Modelling) such that COVID-19 can be managed continuously with the aim to provide a foundation for pre-emptive actions by adjusting or controlling specific influencing factors pertaining to infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90415537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abbas Sheykhfard, F. Haghighi, A. Sedghi, Shahrbanoo Kavianpour, M. Azmoodeh
The safety of student pedestrians on suburban roads is an issue that is mainly overlooked. Numerous studies have been carried out on pedestrian crossing safety in developing countries. However, a study to identify factors that affect the gap acceptance behavior of student pedestrians on suburban roads is still lacking. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how factors influence pedestrians’ decisions. This motivated an investigation into student pedestrian crossing behavior at a crosswalk near a university campus located on suburban roads in Babol city, Iran. A video recording of the case study was conducted to provide a database for the analysis. Following data extraction, a logistic regression method was used to examine gap acceptance behavior based on influential variables. Results indicated that waiting for time, the mean speed of the flow, headway between vehicles, available gap size, and the type and speed of the approaching vehicle were significant. In addition, the gender and age of pedestrians did not significantly affect gap acceptance behavior. Generally, traffic-related variables were observed as significantly influencing gap selection behavior.
{"title":"An analysis of student pedestrian gap acceptance behavior in suburban areas","authors":"Abbas Sheykhfard, F. Haghighi, A. Sedghi, Shahrbanoo Kavianpour, M. Azmoodeh","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00023","url":null,"abstract":"The safety of student pedestrians on suburban roads is an issue that is mainly overlooked. Numerous studies have been carried out on pedestrian crossing safety in developing countries. However, a study to identify factors that affect the gap acceptance behavior of student pedestrians on suburban roads is still lacking. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how factors influence pedestrians’ decisions. This motivated an investigation into student pedestrian crossing behavior at a crosswalk near a university campus located on suburban roads in Babol city, Iran. A video recording of the case study was conducted to provide a database for the analysis. Following data extraction, a logistic regression method was used to examine gap acceptance behavior based on influential variables. Results indicated that waiting for time, the mean speed of the flow, headway between vehicles, available gap size, and the type and speed of the approaching vehicle were significant. In addition, the gender and age of pedestrians did not significantly affect gap acceptance behavior. Generally, traffic-related variables were observed as significantly influencing gap selection behavior.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86168826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining public toilets in good condition is essential for public health. Lack of maintenance may render them inefficient and unusable. Overall knowledge of the condition of toilets and prioritising maintenance activities are crucial for optimal enhancement and maintenance. A condition index helps to evaluate the facilities in toilets and categorise toilets based on their condition. To achieve this, a three-level hierarchical structure was developed from the literature search to identify factors and their attributes related to the condition of toilets. Then, a hierarchy process was used to estimate the weights of the factors and their attributes based on expert opinions. Finally, a weighted sum method was used to develop an index. The developed index was applied to 40 randomly selected public toilet facilities to check the sensitivity of the index to changes in weighting and attributes.
{"title":"Development of condition index for public toilets using multi-criteria decision-making techniques","authors":"K. A. Patel, V. Lad, A. Panchani, D. A. Patel","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining public toilets in good condition is essential for public health. Lack of maintenance may render them inefficient and unusable. Overall knowledge of the condition of toilets and prioritising maintenance activities are crucial for optimal enhancement and maintenance. A condition index helps to evaluate the facilities in toilets and categorise toilets based on their condition. To achieve this, a three-level hierarchical structure was developed from the literature search to identify factors and their attributes related to the condition of toilets. Then, a hierarchy process was used to estimate the weights of the factors and their attributes based on expert opinions. Finally, a weighted sum method was used to develop an index. The developed index was applied to 40 randomly selected public toilet facilities to check the sensitivity of the index to changes in weighting and attributes.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88117206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1680/jmuen.2022.175.4.175
Eduardo Natividade-Jesu
{"title":"Editorial: COP27 and the Sustainable Urban Resilience Agenda","authors":"Eduardo Natividade-Jesu","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.2022.175.4.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.2022.175.4.175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76998444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acceleration of China's urbanization process leads to unbalanced development between the new and the old areas in the city. This problem can generally be attributed to the growing number of new residential area projects in short supply in the existing communities, the construction scale of the existing communities, the low degree of intensive land use, and the inadequate living facilities in the neighborhood. As a new community service model, a neighborhood center can be a good solution. It can be applied to the community commercial construction of new residential areas, and the transformation of existing communities as well. It not only meets the diversified needs of residents but also improves the quality of life and urban environment. Therefore, in the background of old city reconstruction, combined with the "Xiangnan Bafang neighborhood center" project, this paper studies and establishes a set of effective neighborhood center construction modes for the reconstruction of old residential areas from the perspectives of the core elements of high-quality supply, the compound development of the ground and the underground, and the cooperation mode with the government and enterprises.
{"title":"Construction of compound neighborhood center with high-quality supply in existing communities","authors":"Y. Zheng, Ting Qu, Jiaxiang Ning","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00026","url":null,"abstract":"The acceleration of China's urbanization process leads to unbalanced development between the new and the old areas in the city. This problem can generally be attributed to the growing number of new residential area projects in short supply in the existing communities, the construction scale of the existing communities, the low degree of intensive land use, and the inadequate living facilities in the neighborhood. As a new community service model, a neighborhood center can be a good solution. It can be applied to the community commercial construction of new residential areas, and the transformation of existing communities as well. It not only meets the diversified needs of residents but also improves the quality of life and urban environment. Therefore, in the background of old city reconstruction, combined with the \"Xiangnan Bafang neighborhood center\" project, this paper studies and establishes a set of effective neighborhood center construction modes for the reconstruction of old residential areas from the perspectives of the core elements of high-quality supply, the compound development of the ground and the underground, and the cooperation mode with the government and enterprises.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86437043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of sidewalks in crowded areas is the great importance in cities. These spaces have more sensitivity if they are in the central business district (CBD). In this research, the main objective is to study, analyze and design the sidewalk adjacent to the bazaar in Semnan, Iran, with a CBD, located in the valuable historical context of the city. After surveying the pedestrian volumes during the peak hours in the morning and evening, the mentioned street was divided into eight parts, and the most traffic flow was considered as a criterion for the design. Then, based on HCM2016, the density and the Level of Service (LOS) of each part were obtained. Findings indicated that Part 4 had LOS E and density 11<11,52<18, Part 6 had LOS E and density 11<12,06<18 and also Part 7 with the highest traffic volume about 2500 people and the LOS E was prioritized to increase LOS. The data obtained for each part was studied by Pathfinder software and compared with the obtained manual information. Therefore, the road diet theory was implemented and with increasing the width of sidewalk about 3 to 5 feet per section, it caused to improving LOS.
{"title":"Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) Simulating and redesigning Sidewalk in Crowded Urban Areas","authors":"Hamed Kashian, E. Kashi","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00018","url":null,"abstract":"The design of sidewalks in crowded areas is the great importance in cities. These spaces have more sensitivity if they are in the central business district (CBD). In this research, the main objective is to study, analyze and design the sidewalk adjacent to the bazaar in Semnan, Iran, with a CBD, located in the valuable historical context of the city. After surveying the pedestrian volumes during the peak hours in the morning and evening, the mentioned street was divided into eight parts, and the most traffic flow was considered as a criterion for the design. Then, based on HCM2016, the density and the Level of Service (LOS) of each part were obtained. Findings indicated that Part 4 had LOS E and density 11<11,52<18, Part 6 had LOS E and density 11<12,06<18 and also Part 7 with the highest traffic volume about 2500 people and the LOS E was prioritized to increase LOS. The data obtained for each part was studied by Pathfinder software and compared with the obtained manual information. Therefore, the road diet theory was implemented and with increasing the width of sidewalk about 3 to 5 feet per section, it caused to improving LOS.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84084605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nadimi, Amin Khoshdel Sangdeh, Mohammadjavad Berangi
This paper intends to assess the effect of different parameters on traffic congestion around universities. Based on the model outputs, it is possible to propose economic countermeasures for reducing traffic congestion, especially in developing countries. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the relevance between students’ characteristics, different modes’ features, environmental conditions, and daily demand variations with traffic congestion. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in Iran was considered as a case study. The results showed that it is necessary to decrease the demand first. For this purpose, rescheduling courses is essential to distribute classes more effectively within a week. Virtual classes can be used more frequently as a substitute for traditional on-campus courses. The probability of using buses should be increased by reducing waiting time and fares, and promoting their safety. Similarly, taxi use can be increased by improving safety and waiting time. To reduce the likelihood of using private cars, pricing strategies must establish more limitations for using university carparks.
{"title":"Finding effective parameters for mitigating traffic congestion near universities","authors":"N. Nadimi, Amin Khoshdel Sangdeh, Mohammadjavad Berangi","doi":"10.1680/jmuen.22.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.22.00009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper intends to assess the effect of different parameters on traffic congestion around universities. Based on the model outputs, it is possible to propose economic countermeasures for reducing traffic congestion, especially in developing countries. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the relevance between students’ characteristics, different modes’ features, environmental conditions, and daily demand variations with traffic congestion. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in Iran was considered as a case study. The results showed that it is necessary to decrease the demand first. For this purpose, rescheduling courses is essential to distribute classes more effectively within a week. Virtual classes can be used more frequently as a substitute for traditional on-campus courses. The probability of using buses should be increased by reducing waiting time and fares, and promoting their safety. Similarly, taxi use can be increased by improving safety and waiting time. To reduce the likelihood of using private cars, pricing strategies must establish more limitations for using university carparks.","PeriodicalId":54571,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85060970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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