Pratiques Psychologiques最新文献

Introduction

Since the 1980s, two major conceptions of the representation of optimism and pessimism have been disputed: a unidimensional structure and a bidimensional structure.

Objective

The bidimensional properties of the LOT-R in French are further explored in order to determine the styles of expectations towards the future according to the levels of optimism and pessimism.

Method

A study carried out on a sample of 913 adults from France (72.7% women, M = 41.14 years) proposes (1) to analyze the factorial structure of the instrument, the relationship between the two constructs as well as their separability, (2) to explore the styles of expectations according to the levels of positive and negative expectations by latent profile analysis, (3) to study the influence of socio-demographic factors (age, sex, socio-professional category) on cognitive expectations about the future.

Results

The confirmatory factor analyzes establish the replicability of the bidimensional latent structure of the instrument across age and gender groups, with the separability between the two constructs increasing with advancing age. The latent profile analysis supports the existence of three styles of expectations towards the future within the sample: the optimistic style, the mixed style and the pessimistic style. The MIMIC model demonstrates that increasing age and socio-professional category are determinants of levels of optimism and pessimism as well as of expectation styles.

Conclusion

This research makes it possible to use the styles of expectations towards the future which empirically models the balance between the levels of optimism and pessimism.

Introduction

The impostor syndrome is a frequent phenomenon that can have deleterious consequences for the individual from a psychological point of view. It is a vicious circle in which the individual perceives feedback as a threat. This syndrome seems to impact the individual's feedback seeking strategies.

Objectives

The aim of our study is to show that impostor syndrome will have an effect on the type of feedback seeking used by employees with their supervisor.

Method

Through an online questionnaire with 370 French-speaking employees, we assessed the impostor syndrome, the level of perceived experience, and the types of strategies used in seeking feedback from the superior.

Results

Our results show, after controlling for perceived experience and gender, that individuals with a strong imposter syndrome tend to seek feedback more often and in a less direct way (i.e., indirect, or observational).

Conclusion

These results confirm the hypothesis of a link between the impostor syndrome and feedback seeking. The latter would be an element to be considered in the understanding of the impostor syndrome and its consequences.

Introduction

Facing one's own mortality allows one to be more aware of one's life history, to make the link between one's different personal experiences and to open up to introspection, be it in exchange or in silence.

Objective

To collect the cognitive-emotional work taking place in palliative care patients and to appreciate the use and contribution of reminiscence as well as the place of silence in the discourse.

Method

Our study is cross-sectional, exploratory and qualitative. The interviews were conducted by the psychologist using an interview guide previously defined for this study. Non-verbal elements were taken into account following the interview. Nine patients, exclusively women, with an average age of 71 years, suffering from cancer, hospitalized and who were told that their curative treatments were over, were included.

Findings

After a thematic analysis, it appears that the patients’ concerns are mainly focused on their relationship with their end of life and death. We observe a majority of negative reminiscences as well as a diversity in their contributions. The main function of silence is emotional when the themes of the end of life and illness are discussed.

Conclusion

It seems necessary to support questions about the end of life and the reminiscences that may be activated following the proximity of death. Recognition of the different types of silence must also be part of the listening skills of professionals.

Introduction

In the field of international aid, the projects set up, including psychological care systems, must respond to international and local requirements regarding their financing and sustainability. In these contexts, clinical questions intersect with those of the systems and culture. The traumatic dimension remains prevalent, and these contexts often must deal with multiple local and international requirements. These dimensions can influence the devices set up and their evolution.

Objectives

Through feedback from an action-research conducted in Cambodia, we question the evolutions and adaptations of a therapeutic device with abused children.

Method

For one year, a device based on mediation was proposed for 10 children hosted within a local child protection NGO. We describe here its implementation and its evolution in the field.

Results

The setting up of the system was a vector of different meetings. The adjustments were made in relation to the institutional context, the meetings with the local actors and the specificities of the clinic.

Conclusion

The evolutions of the therapeutic device seem to signify the processes at play, both on the institutional and intersubjective scene. Regarding these field returns, the malleability of the therapeutic devices in these contexts seems to support the expression and the processual evolution, allowing a work of psychic elaboration.

A number of psychometric tests are aimed at locating the performance of an individual along a continuous range that goes from normal to worrying. In a different paradigm, there are tests whose goal is to assess whether or not an individual is healthy with respect to a psychological, psychiatric or neurological pathology that is defined independently from the test itself. The former rely on a dimensional concept of psychopathologies; the latter imply a categorical concept. The former require to compare the performance of the individual to a standard sample that is representative of the general population; the latter involve a standard sample representative of the healthy population only. The former might imply the use of a cut-off score to indicate that a certain degree of rarity of the performance has been reached, while the latter must involve a cut-off score to make a decision (whether the individual belongs to the “healthy” or “pathological” category), a score that is most often set so as to control the false-positive rate in making this decision. In the former paradigm, the cut-off score defines or contributes to define the pathology. In the latter, it only helps detecting it. This article aims at making clear the difference between these two realms and highlight their practical as well as theoretical impact on psychological practice.

The study aims to develop and present the validation process of a questionnaire on emotional self-efficacy in the work context from the six steps proposed by Dussault et al. (2007). The study is based on the theories of emotional intelligence of Mayer and Salovey (1997), Petrides and Furham (2001) and the self-efficacy of Bandura (1997). Following an expert analysis and a pre-test, the Emotional Self-Efficacy at Work scale is composed of 41 items. The participants are 985 Canadian workers. The results of confirmatory factor analyzes support the seven-dimensional structure, namely the self-efficiency to perceive one's emotions and those of others at work, the self-efficiency to use emotions at work, the self-efficiency to understand one's emotions and those of others at work and finally, the self-efficiency to manage one's emotions and those of others at work. The results also indicate that the seven dimensions have satisfactory internal coherence indices. The results suggest that this questionnaire is well suited to describe emotional self-efficacy at work. The use of the questionnaire will be discussed.

While scientific knowledge informing how to prevent main public health problems builds up since decades, the gap between professional practice and scientific evidence remains important. Regarding disease prevention and health promotion, professionals – including psychologists – aim at enriching their practice by relying on scientific knowledge. However, barriers to knowledge transfer remain. Here we present the Evaluation-Action Approach (DEVA), which has been created to overcome such barriers and provide an operational tool to practitioners willing to use the best available data. This article describes this new project methodology, which is anchored in the evidence-based paradigm, and has been developed based on methodological tools in French, along with assessment practices from different academic disciplines. It has been pre-tested and improved in an academic context and then tested with practitioners (locally and nationally). The DEVA comprises three stages and twelve steps, four of which are evaluations. These evaluative steps aim at checking whether, at each stage, the best available data are used and that the (working and health) objectives are reached. The DEVA can contribute to the need of methodological innovation and the development of professional and practical skills. This project methodology provides an operating procedure to facilitate knowledge transfer and the development of evidence-based prevention and health promotion interventions.

Article 388-1 of the French Civil Code states that “in any proceedings concerning him, a minor capable of discernment may be heard by the judge”. Family court judges have the task of assessing the minor's capacity of discernment by having neither a definition of discernment nor a method of evaluation and by being ordered not to use the age criterion. Following a review of the literature, we propose a sketch presenting the components of discernment and the biopsychosocial factors that can affect the discernment of an expressed choice/opinion. The objective of this research is to compare the representation of judges’ discernment in family cases with this sketch. Thirty-two family judges participated in this study. The results show a partial representation of judgment among the judges surveyed, with some factors being under-represented and others never mentioned. The theoretical and practical implications of this research will be discussed.

Virtual reality (VR) is used in general health care: prevention, physical medicine, chronic and acute pain, quality of life in palliative care, and in psychiatry: anxiety, depression, addiction, psychosis. Our objective is showing VR using among elderly people in French retirement home. Virtual reality is showing efficacy as distraction, anti-pain, tranquillising, antidepressant methods. It should be an answer to many elderly health problems. VR is easy to use, with low side effects. Non-drug treatments among elderly people are recommended. Used as complementary or alternative medicine, VR must be shaped for using with old and fragile people in retirement home.