Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103819
Petar Donev , Hong Wang , Shuhong Qin , Xiuneng Li , Meng Zhang , Sisi Liu , Xin Wang
The study introduces a technique for integrating multispectral, LiDAR, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data within a machine-learning (ML) framework. By leveraging ML models, including Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), successfully provides a comprehensive methodology for mapping forest canopy height (CH) and analyzes seasonal changes from 2019 to 2023 in the mountainous region of Vodno Mountain, North Macedonia. The RF model achieved the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 1.2 m), outperforming the other models when trained with Aerial LiDAR data. The forest CH models were validated against field measurements, Aerial LiDAR, and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) data, confirming the accuracy of the approach and showing solid correlations between predicted and observed CH values. This research is significant due to its innovative approach to forest CH modeling in a region with minimal prior studies. Integrating multi-source data enables more accurate and detailed CH mapping, essential for monitoring forest biomass and carbon stocks, detecting forest disturbances, and assessing future forest management activities.
{"title":"Cross-modal fusion approach with multispectral, LiDAR, and SAR data for forest canopy height mapping in mountainous region","authors":"Petar Donev , Hong Wang , Shuhong Qin , Xiuneng Li , Meng Zhang , Sisi Liu , Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study introduces a technique for integrating multispectral, LiDAR, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data within a machine-learning (ML) framework. By leveraging ML models, including Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), successfully provides a comprehensive methodology for mapping forest canopy height (CH) and analyzes seasonal changes from 2019 to 2023 in the mountainous region of Vodno Mountain, North Macedonia. The RF model achieved the highest accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91, RMSE = 1.2 m), outperforming the other models when trained with Aerial LiDAR data. The forest CH models were validated against field measurements, Aerial LiDAR, and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) data, confirming the accuracy of the approach and showing solid correlations between predicted and observed CH values. This research is significant due to its innovative approach to forest CH modeling in a region with minimal prior studies. Integrating multi-source data enables more accurate and detailed CH mapping, essential for monitoring forest biomass and carbon stocks, detecting forest disturbances, and assessing future forest management activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103819"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research used gamma-ray spectrometry to assess the amount of activity concentration for radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K). That naturally exist in samples of topsoil and subsoil in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, using a sodium-iodide detector and associated radiological risk factors were estimated. The activity levels of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are, respectively, ranges from 167.03 ± 4.37 to 1187.51 ± 178.68 Bqkg−1, 18.21 ± 23.97 to 134.79 ± 60.00 Bqkg−1 and 8.67 ± 4.80 to 188.65 ± 7.33 Bqkg−1 for subsoil, and ranges from 263.64 ± 5.39 to 3303.33 ± 14.47 Bqkg−1, 23.90 ± 32.28 to 191.05 ± 72.93 Bqkg−1 and 9.90 ± 5.90 to 129.17 ± 8.94 Bqkg−1for topsoil. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the global average activity levels for these radionuclides are 226Ra (35 Bq/kg), 232Th (30 Bq/kg), and 40K (400 Bq/kg). In the study area, the average activity levels of these radionuclides were found to be higher in subsoil compared to topsoil. The estimated average of radiological risk factors (radium activity, the absorbed dose rate, annual gonadal dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, and representative level index) are recorded, 166.52 Bq/kg, 78.62 nGy/h, 545.23 μSv/y, 0.38 and 1.21 For subsoil respectively, but for topsoil are recorded 184.39 Bq/kg, 90.39 nGy/h, 637.92 μSv/y, 0.44 and 1.40 respectively. All radiological risk factors are much greater than those reported by UNSCEAR (2000) magnitudes of 370 Bq/kg, 59 nGy/h, 300 μSv/y, 2.9 × 10-4, and 1, respectively. The results obtained reveal a high radioactivity level in the investigated area. Therefore, it is advised that the study region have regular radiation monitoring and ecological evaluations.
{"title":"Radiological hazards associated with natural radioactivity in topsoil and subsoil from Osogbo, Nigeria","authors":"Hyam Khalaf , M.A. Olaoye , Mostafa.Y.A. Mostafa , R.B. Adegbola , E.D. Muniru , Howaida Mansour","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research used gamma-ray spectrometry to assess the amount of activity concentration for radionuclides (<sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K). That naturally exist in samples of topsoil and subsoil in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, using a sodium-iodide detector and associated radiological risk factors were estimated. The activity levels of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K are, respectively, ranges from 167.03 ± 4.37 to 1187.51 ± 178.68 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup>, 18.21 ± 23.97 to 134.79 ± 60.00 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup> and 8.67 ± 4.80 to 188.65 ± 7.33 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup> for subsoil, and ranges from 263.64 ± 5.39 to 3303.33 ± 14.47 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup>, 23.90 ± 32.28 to 191.05 ± 72.93 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup> and 9.90 ± 5.90 to 129.17 ± 8.94 Bqkg<sup>−1</sup>for topsoil. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the global average activity levels for these radionuclides are <sup>226</sup>Ra (35 Bq/kg), <sup>232</sup>Th (30 Bq/kg), and <sup>40</sup>K (400 Bq/kg). In the study area, the average activity levels of these radionuclides were found to be higher in subsoil compared to topsoil. The estimated average of radiological risk factors (radium activity, the absorbed dose rate, annual gonadal dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, and representative level index) are recorded, 166.52 Bq/kg, 78.62 nGy/h, 545.23 μSv/y, 0.38 and 1.21 For subsoil respectively, but for topsoil are recorded 184.39 Bq/kg, 90.39 nGy/h, 637.92 μSv/y, 0.44 and 1.40 respectively. All radiological risk factors are much greater than those reported by UNSCEAR (2000) magnitudes of 370 Bq/kg, 59 nGy/h, 300 μSv/y, 2.9 × 10-4, and 1, respectively. The results obtained reveal a high radioactivity level in the investigated area. Therefore, it is advised that the study region have regular radiation monitoring and ecological evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103820
Sachin L. Suryawanshi , Pradeep Kumar Singh , Mahesh Kothari , Manjeet Singh , Kamal Kishore Yadav , Trilok Gupta
The study was conducted to assess groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) for hard rock area of Sabi river basin for the sustainable development. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have emerged as crucial methods in retrieval, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources were used along with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to demarcate the GWPZs. In order to assess GWP in the study area, eight thematic maps: drainage density, geomorphology, geology, rainfall, land use/land cover, lineament density, slope and soil were prepared using RS and conventional data. The AHP was applied to assign the weightages for each thematic map and its sub classes. Then, the thematic layers were overlaid using the weighted overlay analysis means of ArcGIS 10.4 to assess the GWPZ map of Sabi basin. The Sabi basin was categorized into five classes of GWPZ as very good (0.01%), good (24.72%), moderate (56.54%), poor (10.45%) and very poor (8.28%). The accuracy of produced GWPZ map was assessed with well yield data by agreement scheme using ground water prospects map and by using ROC curve analysis through R-studio software which indicates the satisfactory GWPZ map prediction accuracy. This study provides valuable database in planning and development of groundwater recharging and to delineate locations of potential artificial recharge sites in the hard rock regions and semi -arid areas so that appropriate structures could be planned and constructed to manage aquifer recharge for sustainable groundwater management in the future.
{"title":"Assessment of groundwater potential zones for hard rock area of sabi river basin using an integrated approach of remote sensing, GIS and AHP techniques","authors":"Sachin L. Suryawanshi , Pradeep Kumar Singh , Mahesh Kothari , Manjeet Singh , Kamal Kishore Yadav , Trilok Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study was conducted to assess groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) for hard rock area of Sabi river basin for the sustainable development. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have emerged as crucial methods in retrieval, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources were used along with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to demarcate the GWPZs. In order to assess GWP in the study area, eight thematic maps: drainage density, geomorphology, geology, rainfall, land use/land cover, lineament density, slope and soil were prepared using RS and conventional data. The AHP was applied to assign the weightages for each thematic map and its sub classes. Then, the thematic layers were overlaid using the weighted overlay analysis means of ArcGIS 10.4 to assess the GWPZ map of Sabi basin. The Sabi basin was categorized into five classes of GWPZ as very good (0.01%), good (24.72%), moderate (56.54%), poor (10.45%) and very poor (8.28%). The accuracy of produced GWPZ map was assessed with well yield data by agreement scheme using ground water prospects map and by using ROC curve analysis through R-studio software which indicates the satisfactory GWPZ map prediction accuracy. This study provides valuable database in planning and development of groundwater recharging and to delineate locations of potential artificial recharge sites in the hard rock regions and semi -arid areas so that appropriate structures could be planned and constructed to manage aquifer recharge for sustainable groundwater management in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103818
Wei Wang , Qianqian Guo, Pei Yang, Chenhong Xia
The effectiveness of the modernization of the governance system is significantly impacted by the interaction between the territorial spatial development intensity (TSDI) and the comprehensive disaster-carrying capacity (CDCC). It is of great significance to investigate the intrinsic interaction between the TSDI and the CDCC. Identifying the disaster risks induced by the intensity of the territorial spatial development and their constraints promotes synergistic development to cope with the uncertainty. The study explored the degree of coupling, the level of coordinated development, and the dynamic development trend between TSDI and CDCC from the perspective of coupling coordination. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region was used as a case study and it was found 1) there is a higher degree of coupling, and high correlation between TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region; 2) the BTH region has the highest number of cities with coordination levels on the verge of maladjustment, followed by ones with barely coordinated cities; 3) while the overall level of coordination gradually increases, the overall deviation degree of development of TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region is gradually decreasing; 4) there is an interactive coercion relationship between TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region. This study may help provide a decision-making basis for the BTH urban agglomeration on improving the pertinence of urban disaster prevention and mitigation construction, adjusting the spatial structure of the national territory, and promoting the coordinated development of different cities. Moreover, technical support and theoretical guidance for similar regions was also developed to assess the land suitability, establish an integrated defense system of the national territory and space, and exercise resilient city planning.
{"title":"Dynamic coupling coordination of territorial spatial development intensity and comprehensive disaster-carrying capability: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations, China","authors":"Wei Wang , Qianqian Guo, Pei Yang, Chenhong Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effectiveness of the modernization of the governance system is significantly impacted by the interaction between the territorial spatial development intensity (TSDI) and the comprehensive disaster-carrying capacity (CDCC). It is of great significance to investigate the intrinsic interaction between the TSDI and the CDCC. Identifying the disaster risks induced by the intensity of the territorial spatial development and their constraints promotes synergistic development to cope with the uncertainty. The study explored the degree of coupling, the level of coordinated development, and the dynamic development trend between TSDI and CDCC from the perspective of coupling coordination. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region was used as a case study and it was found 1) there is a higher degree of coupling, and high correlation between TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region; 2) the BTH region has the highest number of cities with coordination levels on the verge of maladjustment, followed by ones with barely coordinated cities; 3) while the overall level of coordination gradually increases, the overall deviation degree of development of TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region is gradually decreasing; 4) there is an interactive coercion relationship between TSDI and CDCC in the BTH urban agglomeration region. This study may help provide a decision-making basis for the BTH urban agglomeration on improving the pertinence of urban disaster prevention and mitigation construction, adjusting the spatial structure of the national territory, and promoting the coordinated development of different cities. Moreover, technical support and theoretical guidance for similar regions was also developed to assess the land suitability, establish an integrated defense system of the national territory and space, and exercise resilient city planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological soil crusts are essential for ecosystem productivity in arid and semiarid regions, where cyanobacteria (Cy) and bacteria (Ba) are pivotal. These microorganisms enhance nutritional conditions, soil stability, soil fertility, and forage quality through the secretion of polysaccharides. However, there is a lack of comprehensive quantitative studies addressing the changes in soil's physical and chemical properties. This research investigated the impact of individual and combined inoculations of Cy and Ba on the rangeland quality of low-quality soil in the Marzanabad region. The indicators of soil quality assessed included carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) levels, C/N ratio, soil-available phosphorus (P), and aggregate stability. The findings indicated that microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.01) affected N concentration, available P, and aggregate stability. Additionally, the individual and combined treatments of Cy and Ba resulted in increases in C content of 57.14%, 297.14%, and 120%, respectively, compared to the control. The N concentration in these treatments was 150%, 37.50%, and 325% higher than that of the control soil. In terms of absorbable P, increases of 105.48%, 6.54%, and 39.57% were observed compared to the control conditions. Furthermore, the superficial inoculation of microorganisms enhanced aggregation adhesion, with stability in the individual and combined Cy and Ba treatments increasing by 29.20%, 61.65%, and 42.11%, respectively, relative to the control treatment. The results of this study suggest that utilizing soil microorganisms to restore plant cover in arid and semiarid regions is a viable strategy.
生物土壤板结对干旱和半干旱地区生态系统的生产力至关重要，其中蓝藻（Cy）和细菌（Ba）起着举足轻重的作用。这些微生物通过分泌多糖来改善营养条件、土壤稳定性、土壤肥力和饲料质量。然而，目前还缺乏针对土壤物理和化学性质变化的全面定量研究。本研究调查了单独或联合接种 Cy 和 Ba 对马尔扎纳巴德地区低质土壤牧场质量的影响。评估的土壤质量指标包括碳（C）含量、氮（N）含量、碳/氮比、土壤可利用磷（P）含量和团粒稳定性。研究结果表明，微生物接种对氮浓度、可利用磷和团粒稳定性有显著影响（p < 0.01）。此外，与对照组相比，Cy 和 Ba 的单独和组合处理使 C 含量分别增加了 57.14%、297.14% 和 120%。这些处理中的氮浓度分别比对照土壤高出 150%、37.50% 和 325%。在可吸收钾方面，与对照相比分别增加了 105.48%、6.54% 和 39.57%。此外，微生物的表层接种增强了聚集粘附力，与对照处理相比，单独处理以及 Cy 和 Ba 组合处理的稳定性分别提高了 29.20%、61.65% 和 42.11%。研究结果表明，利用土壤微生物恢复干旱和半干旱地区的植被是一种可行的策略。
{"title":"Improvability of quality main indices of a marl soil using endemic microorganisms","authors":"Atefeh Jafarpoor , Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi , Mehdi Homaee , Behrouz Zarei Darki","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological soil crusts are essential for ecosystem productivity in arid and semiarid regions, where cyanobacteria (Cy) and bacteria (Ba) are pivotal. These microorganisms enhance nutritional conditions, soil stability, soil fertility, and forage quality through the secretion of polysaccharides. However, there is a lack of comprehensive quantitative studies addressing the changes in soil's physical and chemical properties. This research investigated the impact of individual and combined inoculations of Cy and Ba on the rangeland quality of low-quality soil in the Marzanabad region. The indicators of soil quality assessed included carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) levels, C/N ratio, soil-available phosphorus (P), and aggregate stability. The findings indicated that microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.01) affected N concentration, available P, and aggregate stability. Additionally, the individual and combined treatments of Cy and Ba resulted in increases in C content of 57.14%, 297.14%, and 120%, respectively, compared to the control. The N concentration in these treatments was 150%, 37.50%, and 325% higher than that of the control soil. In terms of absorbable P, increases of 105.48%, 6.54%, and 39.57% were observed compared to the control conditions. Furthermore, the superficial inoculation of microorganisms enhanced aggregation adhesion, with stability in the individual and combined Cy and Ba treatments increasing by 29.20%, 61.65%, and 42.11%, respectively, relative to the control treatment. The results of this study suggest that utilizing soil microorganisms to restore plant cover in arid and semiarid regions is a viable strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103812"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the utilization of peanut hulls as a precursor for the preparation of magnetic biochar through pyrolysis was investigated. To enhance the magnetic and adsorption properties of the biochar, the peanut hulls biomass was modified using ferric chloride hexahydrate and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the influence of biomass metal concentration, pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis period and flow of nitrogen on the yield and Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency of the synthesized biochar. A 17-run experimental matrix was generated using Optimal Design to investigate the interactions among four input parameters. The results led to the development of a quadratic model, which demonstrated a high degree of predictability in accordance with the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the models for yield and Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency were highly significant (p < 0.05), with coefficients of determination (R2) values of 0.891 and 0.988, respectively. The optimal synthesis conditions for producing biochar with superior physicochemical properties were identified as a pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C, a pyrolysis duration of 2 h, a metal-to-biomass ratio of 0.5, and a constant flow of nitrogen. A desirability of 85% was achieved through numerical optimization, corresponding to a yield of 63% and complete Cr (VI) removal. Further optimization of Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency, considering the effects of pH (3–12), adsorbent loading (1–15 g/L), and initial Cr (VI) concentration (5–20 mg/L), was performed using a 19-run experimental matrix. ANOVA for Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency model revealed high significance (p < 0.05) with an R2 value of 0.916.
The magnetic biochar demonstrated a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 98% under the experimental conditions of solution pH 3, adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L, and an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 20 mg/L. The desirability of 100% was obtained by a numerical optimization method representing Cr (VI) removal of 98%. The adsorption behaviour was adequately described by the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting multilayer adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 12 mg/g. Biochar also proved to have strong magnetic properties which enhanced solid-liquid separation post adsorption experiments.
{"title":"Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from wastewater using magnetic biochar derived from peanut hulls","authors":"Lehlogonolo Tabana, Annita Kupa, Shepherd Tichapondwa","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the utilization of peanut hulls as a precursor for the preparation of magnetic biochar through pyrolysis was investigated. To enhance the magnetic and adsorption properties of the biochar, the peanut hulls biomass was modified using ferric chloride hexahydrate and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the influence of biomass metal concentration, pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis period and flow of nitrogen on the yield and Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency of the synthesized biochar. A 17-run experimental matrix was generated using Optimal Design to investigate the interactions among four input parameters. The results led to the development of a quadratic model, which demonstrated a high degree of predictability in accordance with the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the models for yield and Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency were highly significant (p < 0.05), with coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) values of 0.891 and 0.988, respectively. The optimal synthesis conditions for producing biochar with superior physicochemical properties were identified as a pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C, a pyrolysis duration of 2 h, a metal-to-biomass ratio of 0.5, and a constant flow of nitrogen. A desirability of 85% was achieved through numerical optimization, corresponding to a yield of 63% and complete Cr (VI) removal. Further optimization of Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency, considering the effects of pH (3–12), adsorbent loading (1–15 g/L), and initial Cr (VI) concentration (5–20 mg/L), was performed using a 19-run experimental matrix. ANOVA for Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency model revealed high significance (p < 0.05) with an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.916.</div><div>The magnetic biochar demonstrated a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 98% under the experimental conditions of solution pH 3, adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L, and an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 20 mg/L. The desirability of 100% was obtained by a numerical optimization method representing Cr (VI) removal of 98%. The adsorption behaviour was adequately described by the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting multilayer adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 12 mg/g. Biochar also proved to have strong magnetic properties which enhanced solid-liquid separation post adsorption experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103816
Manizheh Pourali Dougaheh , Parisa-Sadat Ashofteh
In this research, to control and manage basin runoff by using Low-Impact Development (LID) systems in climate change conditions, a simulator-optimizer model is developed using the SWMM model and the MOHHO algorithm. Four LIDs of vegetative swale, bio-retention cell, permeable pavement, and infiltration trench have been used. Therefore, the areas of LIDs are determined in the sub-basins of Zone 1 and 3 of Tehran Municipality for the periods of the baseline (1988–2005), the near future (2030–2047), and the far future (2048–2065), with the objectives of (1) minimizing the cost of implementing and maintaining LIDs, (2) minimizing the amount of outflow runoff of the basin. In this research, the future rainfall under three emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 has been simulated. By comparing the convergence diagram of MOHHO with the NSGAII algorithm, it was observed that the MOHHO has more dispersion of solutions and less run-time. Finally, with the help of this model, optimal management solutions were obtained in the form of the Pareto front. The results show that the flood volume was reduced by 50% on average compared to not using the system, considering the objective function of minimizing the outflow flood volume of the basin. But this value is reduced by 30% by giving importance to the second objective function, which is to minimize costs. Finally, due to the reduction of cost and economic efficiency, the implementation and use of these systems can be justified and have a significant effect in reducing the problems of the region.
{"title":"Development of multi-objective Harris hawks optimization (MOHHO) algorithm in low-impact development systems considering the effects of climate change","authors":"Manizheh Pourali Dougaheh , Parisa-Sadat Ashofteh","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, to control and manage basin runoff by using Low-Impact Development (LID) systems in climate change conditions, a simulator-optimizer model is developed using the SWMM model and the MOHHO algorithm. Four LIDs of vegetative swale, bio-retention cell, permeable pavement, and infiltration trench have been used. Therefore, the areas of LIDs are determined in the sub-basins of Zone 1 and 3 of Tehran Municipality for the periods of the baseline (1988–2005), the near future (2030–2047), and the far future (2048–2065), with the objectives of (1) minimizing the cost of implementing and maintaining LIDs, (2) minimizing the amount of outflow runoff of the basin. In this research, the future rainfall under three emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 has been simulated. By comparing the convergence diagram of MOHHO with the NSGAII algorithm, it was observed that the MOHHO has more dispersion of solutions and less run-time. Finally, with the help of this model, optimal management solutions were obtained in the form of the Pareto front. The results show that the flood volume was reduced by 50% on average compared to not using the system, considering the objective function of minimizing the outflow flood volume of the basin. But this value is reduced by 30% by giving importance to the second objective function, which is to minimize costs. Finally, due to the reduction of cost and economic efficiency, the implementation and use of these systems can be justified and have a significant effect in reducing the problems of the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103811
Marzieh Mokarram, Ebrahim Rastegar
Air pollution is a critical threat to public health and environmental systems, primarily driven by industrial activities such as coal furnace operations. This study uses advanced spatial analysis techniques, including kriging and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to assess the impact of these activities on air quality in a designated study area. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is also employed to evaluate air quality in this research. Additionally, five key variables—number of households, coal furnaces, average income, average cost, and AQI—are normalized using the MinMaxScaler for comparative analysis. Also, the results indicate that the southern and western regions of the study area have the highest pollutant concentrations, correlating with high AQI values and the density of coal furnaces and industrial activities. The PCA results show that urban areas are mainly affected by CO2 and SO2, significantly influencing the AQI, while agricultural land and other types of land (rangeland, forest, dryland, barren land) show varying dominant pollutants. Agricultural lands were found to be primarily impacted by SO2, CO2, and CO. In addition, a temporal analysis reveals a 10% annual increase in coal furnace operations from 2003 to 2024, contributing to the rise in pollution levels. The AQI optimization results also indicate a strong negative correlation between the number of coal furnaces and AQI, suggesting that reducing the number of coal furnaces can lower air pollution levels. These findings highlight the significant role of industrial emissions in worsening air quality and emphasize the need for cleaner technologies, reduced coal furnace usage, and stronger regulatory measures.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of coal furnace activities on air quality: A comprehensive spatial and temporal analysis","authors":"Marzieh Mokarram, Ebrahim Rastegar","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is a critical threat to public health and environmental systems, primarily driven by industrial activities such as coal furnace operations. This study uses advanced spatial analysis techniques, including kriging and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to assess the impact of these activities on air quality in a designated study area. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is also employed to evaluate air quality in this research. Additionally, five key variables—number of households, coal furnaces, average income, average cost, and AQI—are normalized using the MinMaxScaler for comparative analysis. Also, the results indicate that the southern and western regions of the study area have the highest pollutant concentrations, correlating with high AQI values and the density of coal furnaces and industrial activities. The PCA results show that urban areas are mainly affected by CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>, significantly influencing the AQI, while agricultural land and other types of land (rangeland, forest, dryland, barren land) show varying dominant pollutants. Agricultural lands were found to be primarily impacted by SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CO. In addition, a temporal analysis reveals a 10% annual increase in coal furnace operations from 2003 to 2024, contributing to the rise in pollution levels. The AQI optimization results also indicate a strong negative correlation between the number of coal furnaces and AQI, suggesting that reducing the number of coal furnaces can lower air pollution levels. These findings highlight the significant role of industrial emissions in worsening air quality and emphasize the need for cleaner technologies, reduced coal furnace usage, and stronger regulatory measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103811"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Locally based information on reference evapotranspiration pertinent to efficient irrigation water management is scarce in developing countries. This compromises the accuracy in determining irrigation crop water requirements since most existing reference evapotranspiration models are empirically based and less accurate unless calibrated to local conditions. The FAO Penman-Monteith equation has been proven to estimate reference evapotranspiration for different environments worldwide. However, its intensive data input requirements impede utilization of the model in developing countries due to inadequate climate data collection and management capacities. Therefore, a need existed to develop site-specific models that are less data intensive. A study was conducted aimed at developing site-specific evapotranspiration models using comparative analysis of the Kharrufa, Linacre, Hargreaves Original and Hargreaves Modified empirical models during the wet and dry season. Performance of each model was compared with the FAO Penman-Monteith model, regarded as the standard model. The models whose Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were satisfactory were selected. The selected models were developed statistically through regression analysis. Performance of the Kharrufa model was satisfactory comparatively as observed from its RMSEs of 1.02 mm/day and MBE -0.34 to 0.8 for the dry season. However, the model less accurately estimated reference evapotranspiration during the wet season (RMSE 2.18 mm/day and MBE 1.03 to 2.13). The study recommends the use of the Kharrufa model in the study locations in dry seasons while utilization in wet season may require further studies to ascertain the model's useability and reliability.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of site-specific evapotranspiration models in Malawi through a comparative analysis of existing models","authors":"Grivin Chipula , Vitumbiko Moyo , Thomas Nyanda Reuben , Lameck Fiwa , Mwabuke Nkhata , Horace Phiri , Isaac Fandika","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Locally based information on reference evapotranspiration pertinent to efficient irrigation water management is scarce in developing countries. This compromises the accuracy in determining irrigation crop water requirements since most existing reference evapotranspiration models are empirically based and less accurate unless calibrated to local conditions. The FAO Penman-Monteith equation has been proven to estimate reference evapotranspiration for different environments worldwide. However, its intensive data input requirements impede utilization of the model in developing countries due to inadequate climate data collection and management capacities. Therefore, a need existed to develop site-specific models that are less data intensive. A study was conducted aimed at developing site-specific evapotranspiration models using comparative analysis of the Kharrufa, Linacre, Hargreaves Original and Hargreaves Modified empirical models during the wet and dry season. Performance of each model was compared with the FAO Penman-Monteith model, regarded as the standard model. The models whose Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) were satisfactory were selected. The selected models were developed statistically through regression analysis. Performance of the Kharrufa model was satisfactory comparatively as observed from its RMSEs of 1.02 mm/day and MBE -0.34 to 0.8 for the dry season. However, the model less accurately estimated reference evapotranspiration during the wet season (RMSE 2.18 mm/day and MBE 1.03 to 2.13). The study recommends the use of the Kharrufa model in the study locations in dry seasons while utilization in wet season may require further studies to ascertain the model's useability and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103814"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103813
Misheck Lesa Chundu, Kawawa Banda, Henry M. Sichingabula, Imasiku A. Nyambe
Water quality is crucial for human health and aquatic ecosystems, and understanding the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality is essential as urban and industrial growth expands. This study aimed to investigate the influence of LULC on specific water quality parameters, establish the Water Quality Index (WQI) for 34 sampling points, and assess the impact of LULC on the WQI. The study used parametric weighted distance function where the weighted inverse distance function (WIDF) was used in determining the contamination effective contribution area (Aec) for each LULC type of a particular location using Landsat 2020 classified image and 30 m DEM. The results showed a wide range of WQI values, with several significant correlations between LULC and water quality. Turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), iron (Fe2+), and electrical conductivity (EC) showed strong correlations with LULC (R2 > 0.7). Turbidity and Fe2+ were more correlated with built-up and forested areas (p-Value <0.05), respectively. Whereas, TDS and EC were more correlated with cropland (p-Value <0.05). The feacal coliform showed a weak correlation with LULC (R2 = 0.258), but had a significant correlation with built-up areas (p-Value <0.05). The WQI had a reasonable correlation with LULC (R2 = 0.649). Understanding these relationships could improve decision-making on land use planning and water quality management, predict river water quality, and shape sustainable LULC policies. This information could also help identify hotspots of potential water quality degradation and pinpoint areas for targeted interventions and restoration efforts.
{"title":"Assessing land-use/land-cover influence on surface water quality using a weighted inverse distance function in Bangweulu sub-catchment area, Zambia","authors":"Misheck Lesa Chundu, Kawawa Banda, Henry M. Sichingabula, Imasiku A. Nyambe","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water quality is crucial for human health and aquatic ecosystems, and understanding the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality is essential as urban and industrial growth expands. This study aimed to investigate the influence of LULC on specific water quality parameters, establish the Water Quality Index (WQI) for 34 sampling points, and assess the impact of LULC on the WQI. The study used parametric weighted distance function where the weighted inverse distance function (WIDF) was used in determining the contamination effective contribution area (Aec) for each LULC type of a particular location using Landsat 2020 classified image and 30 m DEM. The results showed a wide range of WQI values, with several significant correlations between LULC and water quality. Turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), iron (Fe<sup>2</sup>+), and electrical conductivity (EC) showed strong correlations with LULC (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.7). Turbidity and Fe<sup>2+</sup> were more correlated with built-up and forested areas (p-Value <0.05), respectively. Whereas, TDS and EC were more correlated with cropland (p-Value <0.05). The feacal coliform showed a weak correlation with LULC (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.258), but had a significant correlation with built-up areas (p-Value <0.05). The WQI had a reasonable correlation with LULC (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.649). Understanding these relationships could improve decision-making on land use planning and water quality management, predict river water quality, and shape sustainable LULC policies. This information could also help identify hotspots of potential water quality degradation and pinpoint areas for targeted interventions and restoration efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103813"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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