Physics and Chemistry of the Earth最新文献_第7页

Development and evaluation of site-specific evapotranspiration models in Malawi through a comparative analysis of existing models 通过对现有模型的比较分析，开发和评估马拉维特定地点的蒸散模型

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103814

Grivin Chipula , Vitumbiko Moyo , Thomas Nyanda Reuben , Lameck Fiwa , Mwabuke Nkhata , Horace Phiri , Isaac Fandika

Locally based information on reference evapotranspiration pertinent to efficient irrigation water management is scarce in developing countries. This compromises the accuracy in determining irrigation crop water requirements since most existing reference evapotranspiration models are empirically based and less accurate unless calibrated to local conditions. The FAO Penman-Monteith equation has been proven to estimate reference evapotranspiration for different environments worldwide. However, its intensive data input requirements impede utilization of the model in developing countries due to inadequate climate data collection and management capacities. Therefore, a need existed to develop site-specific models that are less data intensive. A study was conducted aimed at developing site-specific evapotranspiration models using comparative analysis of the Kharrufa, Linacre, Hargreaves Original and Hargreaves Modified empirical models during the wet and dry season. Performance of each model was compared with the FAO Penman-Monteith model, regarded as the standard model. The models whose Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and coefficient of determination (R²) were satisfactory were selected. The selected models were developed statistically through regression analysis. Performance of the Kharrufa model was satisfactory comparatively as observed from its RMSEs of 1.02 mm/day and MBE -0.34 to 0.8 for the dry season. However, the model less accurately estimated reference evapotranspiration during the wet season (RMSE 2.18 mm/day and MBE 1.03 to 2.13). The study recommends the use of the Kharrufa model in the study locations in dry seasons while utilization in wet season may require further studies to ascertain the model's useability and reliability.

在发展中国家，与高效灌溉用水管理相关的当地参考蒸散量信息非常缺乏。这影响了确定灌溉作物需水量的准确性，因为大多数现有的参考蒸散模型都是基于经验的，除非根据当地条件进行校准，否则准确性较低。粮农组织的彭曼-蒙蒂斯方程已被证明可用于估算全球不同环境下的参考蒸散量。然而，由于气候数据收集和管理能力不足，其密集的数据输入要求阻碍了该模型在发展中国家的应用。因此，有必要开发数据密集程度较低的特定地点模型。为了开发针对具体地点的蒸散模型，进行了一项研究，对 Kharrufa、Linacre、Hargreaves Original 和 Hargreaves Modified 经验模型在雨季和旱季的表现进行了比较分析。每个模型的性能都与被视为标准模型的粮农组织彭曼-蒙蒂斯模型进行了比较。选出了均方根误差 (RMSE)、均方偏差 (MBE) 和判定系数 (R2) 均令人满意的模型。通过回归分析对所选模型进行了统计分析。从旱季 1.02 毫米/天的均方根误差和-0.34 至 0.8 的均方根误差可以看出，卡鲁法模型的性能令人满意。然而，该模型对雨季参考蒸散量的估算不太准确（均方根误差为 2.18 毫米/天，MBE 为 1.03 至 2.13）。研究建议在研究地点的旱季使用 Kharrufa 模型，而在雨季使用可能需要进一步研究，以确定该模型的可用性和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing land-use/land-cover influence on surface water quality using a weighted inverse distance function in Bangweulu sub-catchment area, Zambia 利用加权反距离函数评估土地利用/土地覆盖对赞比亚 Bangweulu 小流域地表水质量的影响

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103813

Misheck Lesa Chundu, Kawawa Banda, Henry M. Sichingabula, Imasiku A. Nyambe

Water quality is crucial for human health and aquatic ecosystems, and understanding the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality is essential as urban and industrial growth expands. This study aimed to investigate the influence of LULC on specific water quality parameters, establish the Water Quality Index (WQI) for 34 sampling points, and assess the impact of LULC on the WQI. The study used parametric weighted distance function where the weighted inverse distance function (WIDF) was used in determining the contamination effective contribution area (Aec) for each LULC type of a particular location using Landsat 2020 classified image and 30 m DEM. The results showed a wide range of WQI values, with several significant correlations between LULC and water quality. Turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), iron (Fe²+), and electrical conductivity (EC) showed strong correlations with LULC (R² > 0.7). Turbidity and Fe²⁺ were more correlated with built-up and forested areas (p-Value <0.05), respectively. Whereas, TDS and EC were more correlated with cropland (p-Value <0.05). The feacal coliform showed a weak correlation with LULC (R² = 0.258), but had a significant correlation with built-up areas (p-Value <0.05). The WQI had a reasonable correlation with LULC (R² = 0.649). Understanding these relationships could improve decision-making on land use planning and water quality management, predict river water quality, and shape sustainable LULC policies. This information could also help identify hotspots of potential water quality degradation and pinpoint areas for targeted interventions and restoration efforts.

水质对人类健康和水生生态系统至关重要，随着城市和工业的发展，了解土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）与水质之间的关系至关重要。本研究旨在调查 LULC 对特定水质参数的影响，建立 34 个采样点的水质指数（WQI），并评估 LULC 对水质指数的影响。研究使用了参数加权距离函数，其中加权反距离函数（WIDF）用于利用 Landsat 2020 分类图像和 30 米 DEM 确定特定地点每种 LULC 类型的污染有效贡献面积（Aec）。结果显示，水质指数值的范围很广，土地利用、土地利用变化和水质之间存在几种显著的相关性。浊度、溶解性总固体（TDS）、铁（Fe2+）和导电率（EC）与土地利用、土地利用变化（LULC）有很强的相关性（R2 > 0.7）。浊度和 Fe2+ 与建筑密集区和森林覆盖区的相关性更高（p-Value <0.05）。而 TDS 和 EC 与耕地的相关性更高（p-Value <0.05）。粪大肠菌群与土地利用、土地利用变化（LULC）的相关性较弱（R2 = 0.258），但与建筑密集区有显著相关性（p-Value <0.05）。水质指数与土地利用、土地利用变化（LULC）具有合理的相关性（R2 = 0.649）。了解这些关系可以改善土地利用规划和水质管理决策，预测河流水质，并制定可持续的 LULC 政策。这些信息还有助于确定潜在的水质退化热点，并为有针对性的干预和恢复工作指明方向。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical performance of cement concrete with use of combined fibers of basalt and bamboo 使用玄武岩和竹子组合纤维的水泥混凝土的力学性能

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103799

Sachin Kumar, Umesh Sharma

This investigation utilized the combined blend of basalt and bamboo fibers as an additive in concrete, with the fibers being added based on the weight of the cement. The performances of concrete on the aforementioned fibers were compared based on mechanical parameters. The specimens were matured for 7, 28, and 90 days. It was observed that the inclusion of BFBM (basalt fiber and bamboo fiber) into HFRC (Hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete) resulted in a 17.11% increase in compressive strength (CS) after 28 days of maturing when the BFBM dose was 2.0%. Utilizing BFBM to analyze the flexural strength (FS) parameter led to a significant enhancement in FS. At a dosage of 1.5%, the FS increased by 100% after 7 days of curing, while at a dosage of 2% after 28 days of maturing, the FS increased by 52.98% compared to concrete. The UPV Test verified the presence of a uniform concrete mixture. Examination of data using SPSS software was done to perform regression analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis. The regression analysis revealed statistically significant associations between the dosage, maturing age, and mechanical characteristics of concrete. The factor analysis showed an efficient consolidation of the three variables into a single component, which accounted for 88.08% of the variation. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure validated the sufficiency of the sample, whereas Bartlett’s test revealed the presence of sphericity. The results indicate that the dosage amount and the length of time for curing have compelling impact on the strength qualities of the concrete.

这项研究利用玄武岩纤维和竹纤维的混合物作为混凝土添加剂，纤维的添加量以水泥重量为基础。根据力学参数比较了使用上述纤维的混凝土的性能。试样的成熟期分别为 7 天、28 天和 90 天。结果表明，在混合纤维增强混凝土（HFRC）中加入 BFBM（玄武岩纤维和竹纤维）后，当 BFBM 的剂量为 2.0% 时，28 天成熟后的抗压强度（CS）提高了 17.11%。利用 BFBM 分析抗折强度（FS）参数可显著提高 FS。用量为 1.5% 时，养护 7 天后 FS 增加了 100%；用量为 2% 时，养护 28 天后 FS 比混凝土增加了 52.98%。UPV 试验验证了混凝土混合物的均匀性。使用 SPSS 软件对数据进行了回归分析、因子分析和主成分分析。回归分析表明，混凝土的用量、龄期和力学特性之间存在显著的统计学关联。因子分析显示，三个变量被有效地合并为一个成分，该成分占变异的 88.08%。凯泽-迈耶-奥尔金（KMO）测量验证了样本的充分性，而巴特利特检验则表明存在球形性。结果表明，用量和养护时间的长短对混凝土的强度质量有显著影响。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the impacts of coal mining on baseflow changes under the Budyko framework: A case study of Northern Shaanxi, China 在布迪科框架下分析煤炭开采对基流变化的影响：中国陕北案例研究

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103810

Fangbing Xu , Xiaohui Jiang , Lin Zhang , Nuo Chen

Coal mining alters the regional and local hydrogeological conditions and subsurface parameters, significantly impacting the hydrological cycle. Baseflow is particularly sensitive to changes in subsurface parameters and hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, studying the impact of coal mining on baseflow is crucial for understanding its effects on the water cycle. In this paper, 9 segmentation methods are used to separate the baseflow, after the applicability analysis, the Chapman-Maxwell and Boughton-Chapman separation methods were used. The Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests are employed to determine the mutation years of baseflow. Finally, within the Budyko framework, the elasticity coefficient is calculated to estimate the changes in baseflow attributed to variations in precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and underlying surface index. The results indicate that: (1) Based on the comparison of results and error analysis, we conclude that the Chapman-Maxwell separation method and the Boughton-Chapman separation method are the most suitable for the typical basins in the Shaanxi mining area. (2) During the study period, baseflow experienced a mutation in the late 1990s and showed an overall declining trend. (3) There is spatial heterogeneity in the influence of coal mining activities on baseflow, which has a negative impact. The change of base flow after mutation is −2.86 × 10⁸ m³.

煤炭开采改变了区域和当地的水文地质条件和地下参数，对水文循环产生了重大影响。基流对地下参数和水文地质条件的变化尤为敏感。因此，研究煤炭开采对基流的影响对于了解煤炭开采对水循环的影响至关重要。本文采用了 9 种分割方法来分离基流，经过适用性分析，采用了 Chapman-Maxwell 和 Boughton-Chapman 分离方法。采用 Mann-Kendall 和 Pettitt 检验来确定基流的突变年。最后，在布迪科框架内计算弹性系数，以估算降水量、潜在蒸散量和底面指数变化引起的基流变化。结果表明(1）根据结果比较和误差分析，我们认为 Chapman-Maxwell 分离法和 Boughton-Chapman 分离法最适合陕西矿区典型盆地。(2）研究期间，基流在 20 世纪 90 年代末出现突变，总体呈下降趋势。(3）采煤活动对基流的影响存在空间异质性，具有负面影响。突变后的基流变化为-2.86×108 m3。

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引用次数: 0

Looking back to look forward: Explorations on water scenario in Bundelkhand, Central India 回顾过去，展望未来：对印度中部邦德尔坎德邦水资源状况的探索

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103805

Saurabh Sharma , Jenia Mukherjee , Uday Chatterjee , Anuradha Choudry

At present, India is suffering from the worst water crisis in its history, and millions of lives and livelihoods are under threat. As per NITI Aayog's Water Index Report (2018), 40% of the population will have no access to drinking water by 2030. A 2016 report by Down To Earth (DTE) stated that 116,000 water harvesting structures were constructed between 2006 and 2015, and 15,000 crore rupees were spent on drought-proofing measures in Bundelkhand, Central India. Still, the region had 15th consecutive crop loss and 13 droughts in the past 15 years. Water historians like Elizabeth Whitcombe, Rohan D'Souza, and others have demonstrated how British imperialism led to the replacement of traditional water harvesting structures and systems, severely altering existing water-society relationships. On the contrary, Ian Stone, David Mosse, and Esha Shah argued that the ‘pre-colonial equilibrium’ versus ‘colonial hydrology’ framework is an exaggeration. Within this context, the research reveals the tangled roots of various causes and variables, and practically informing policy circles to tackle contemporary water issues and challenges and achieve SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

目前，印度正遭受其历史上最严重的水危机，数百万人的生命和生计受到威胁。根据 NITI Aayog 的《水指数报告（2018 年）》，到 2030 年，40% 的人口将无法获得饮用水。脚踏实地组织（DTE）2016 年的一份报告指出，2006 年至 2015 年间，印度中部邦德尔坎德邦建造了 11.6 万个集水结构，并花费了 1.5 万亿卢比用于抗旱措施。尽管如此，在过去 15 年中，该地区仍连续 15 次颗粒无收，发生了 13 次干旱。伊丽莎白-惠特科姆（Elizabeth Whitcombe）、罗汉-德索萨（Rohan D'Souza）等水历史学家证明了英帝国主义如何导致传统集水结构和系统被取代，严重改变了现有的水社会关系。相反，伊恩-斯通（Ian Stone）、戴维-莫斯（David Mosse）和艾莎-沙（Esha Shah）则认为，"殖民前平衡 "与 "殖民水文学 "的框架过于夸张。在此背景下，研究揭示了各种原因和变量的纠结根源，并为政策界应对当代水问题和挑战以及实现可持续发展目标 6：清洁水和卫生提供了实际信息。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of high dams and large reservoirs with cascade development on stable water isotopes 梯级开发的高坝和大型水库对稳定水同位素的影响

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103807

Yichen Liu , Yuchuan Meng , Guodong Liu , Shu Xie

Cascade development alters the natural continuity of rivers in the watershed, thereby altering hydrologic characteristics. Based on the water sampling conducted in September 2020 and June 2021 in the Dadu River basin, Southwestern China, this study reports the influence of cascade development on the stable isotope compositional characteristics of the Dadu River basin and identifies the primary influencing environmental factors. The mean values of δD and δ¹⁸O in the waters of the Dadu River basin are −108.41‰, −15.34‰ and −95.88‰, −13.91‰ in September and June, respectively, and the isotopes are more enriched in June. From upstream to downstream, the stable isotopes exhibit an enrichment trend due to evaporation and tributary inflow. Overall, gradual increase in stream water temperature along the Dadu River, and the stable isotopes present a positive correlation with the water temperature. The water body of Dadu River show elevation, latitude, and longitude effect, but changes in latitude and longitude have a smaller effect on stable isotopes. To determine the weight of influences on stable isotopes in reservoir water, we used principal component analysis and found that water temperature was the main influence, while the retention time of the water body in the reservoir area has the smallest influence among the five influencing factors as 12.29%. The study reveals that the cascade development of high dams and large reservoirs affects the hydrological situation of the basin, which in turn causes changes in the ecological environment.

梯级开发改变了流域内河流的自然连续性，从而改变了水文特征。本研究基于 2020 年 9 月和 2021 年 6 月在中国西南部大渡河流域进行的水样采集，报告了梯级开发对大渡河流域稳定同位素组成特征的影响，并确定了主要的影响环境因素。大渡河流域水体中δD和δ18O的平均值在9月和6月分别为-108.41‰、-15.34‰和-95.88‰、-13.91‰，且6月的同位素富集程度较高。从上游到下游，由于蒸发和支流流入的影响，稳定同位素呈富集趋势。总体而言，大渡河沿岸水温逐渐升高，稳定同位素与水温呈正相关。大渡河水体呈现出海拔、纬度和经度效应，但纬度和经度的变化对稳定同位素的影响较小。为确定水库水体中稳定同位素的影响因素权重，我们采用主成分分析法，发现水温是主要影响因素，而库区水体的滞留时间在五个影响因素中影响最小，仅占 12.29%。研究表明，高坝大库的梯级开发影响了流域的水文状况，进而引起生态环境的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the role of sustainable water bodies in urban drainage systems to mitigate urban flooding: A case study of Gurgaon, Haryana, India 评估可持续水体在城市排水系统中缓解城市洪涝灾害的作用：印度哈里亚纳邦古尔冈案例研究

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103803

Arnab Mondal, Rahul Dev Garg

For the last 5 years, Gurgaon a city in India has been facing an issue of urban flooding due to illicit encroachments over the local waterbodies, poor drainage system and increasing rainfall. In this study, Remote sensing data are employed to find the most flooded areas identified using Partial Least Square Regression and 18 new retention ponds are proposed to build a Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) in open space and barren lands. In SWMM, the Urban Drainage System (UDS) model is simulated using 24-h rainfall hyetograph from hourly PERSIANN-CSS rainfall data (yearly rainfall events) and 7-h rainfall hyetograph from half-hourly IMERG Global Precipitation Data (extreme rainfall events) from 2000 to 2023. After comparing both UDS and SuDS in SWMM, it is found that the flood volume has decreased significantly from 240 CMS to 180 CMS (for yearly rainfall) and 500 CMS to 350 CMS (7-h rainfall hyetograph). The study also compares the structural resilience of the drainage system under the conditions of no link failure and single link failure scenarios. In no failure situation, 20% more resilience has been achieved for yearly rainfall and 10% more for extreme rainfall events. In single link failure conditions, SuDS is helping to reach 20–47% resilience for yearly rainfall events and 7–30% resilience for extreme rainfall events. Thus, this study helps to achieve SDGs 11 and 13 to build a resilient and climate-adaptive urban drainage in Gurgaon. The study gives significant insights regarding the competency of urban waterbodies to city planners and policymakers.

过去 5 年来，由于非法侵占当地水体、排水系统不完善以及降雨量不断增加，印度古尔冈市一直面临着城市内涝问题。在这项研究中，我们利用遥感数据，使用偏最小平方回归法确定了最易受洪水侵袭的区域，并建议新建 18 个蓄水池，以便在空地和荒地上建立可持续排水系统 (SuDS)。在 SWMM 中，使用 PERSIANN-CSS 每小时降雨数据（全年降雨事件）中的 24 小时降雨滞后图和 IMERG 全球降雨数据（半小时极端降雨事件）中 2000 年至 2023 年的 7 小时降雨滞后图模拟了城市排水系统（UDS）模型。在对 SWMM 中的 UDS 和 SuDS 进行比较后发现，洪水量已从 240 CMS 大幅降至 180 CMS（年降雨量）和 500 CMS 降至 350 CMS（7 小时降雨量预报图）。研究还比较了无链接故障和单链接故障情况下排水系统的结构复原力。在无故障情况下，全年降雨的恢复能力提高了 20%，极端降雨事件的恢复能力提高了 10%。在单链路失效的情况下，水处理系统对全年降雨事件的恢复能力提高了 20-47%，对极端降雨事件的恢复能力提高了 7-30%。因此，这项研究有助于实现可持续发展目标 11 和 13，在古尔冈建设具有抗灾能力和气候适应性的城市排水系统。这项研究为城市规划者和决策者提供了有关城市水体能力的重要见解。

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引用次数: 0

Parametric resonance of surface geomagnetic waves as a precursor of local earthquakes 地表地磁波的参数共振是局部地震的前兆

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103802

A.E. Volvach, G.S. Kurbasova, L.N. Volvach

Earthquake prediction is currently one of the most pressing problems in the Earth sciences, to a large extent one of the main tasks of physics of the Earth and the most important task of seismology. This paper considers the distinctive features of geomagnetic disturbances observed in the structure of geophysical fields during the development of a seismic process. An analysis of observations of the geomagnetic field at various points on the Earth's surface in connection with an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 and 7.5 that occurred in the region of Turkey on February 06, 2023 was carried out. The process of noise suppression without damaging high-frequency information was carried out using the Multivariate Denoising method.

The analysis of bursts, moments of sharp changes in the oscillation mode was carried out using the wavelet transform method of data at various levels. For the first time, it was proposed to consider the parametric resonance of surface geomagnetic oscillations as a precursor of earthquakes. As the moment of the earthquake onset approaches, regions of pronounced topological similarity of geomagmetic field curves for magnetic variation stations in the interval from 5 to 6 h and then in the interval from 25 to 30 min before the earthquake.

Using the wavelet transform method of data at the geomagnetic station in Simeiz, a picture of the restructuring of the frequency of surface geomagnetic oscillations was obtained before the main shock in Turkey.

地震预测是目前地球科学中最紧迫的问题之一，在很大程度上是地球物理学的主要任务之一，也是地震学最重要的任务。本文探讨了在地震过程中地球物理场结构中观察到的地磁扰动的显著特点。对 2023 年 2 月 6 日土耳其地区发生 7.8 级和 7.5 级地震时地球表面各点的地磁场观测结果进行了分析。使用多变量去噪方法在不破坏高频信息的情况下进行了噪声抑制处理。使用各级数据的小波变换方法对振荡模式中的突发、急剧变化时刻进行了分析。首次提出将地表地磁振荡的参数共振视为地震的前兆。随着地震发生时刻的临近，在地震前 5 至 6 小时区间以及 25 至 30 分钟区间内，磁场变化站的地磁场曲线出现了明显的拓扑相似性区域。利用小波变换法对 Simeiz 地磁站的数据进行处理，获得了土耳其主震前地表地磁振荡频率重组的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding dominant hydrological processes and mechanisms of water flow in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of the Cape Fold Belt 了解开普褶皱带半干旱山区集水区的主要水文过程和水流机制

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103809

Faith Jumbi , Julia Glenday , Dominic Mazvimavi

Improving our understanding of streamflow characteristics, water storage, and dominant flowpaths in mountainous regions is important as mountains play a vital role in delivering water to lowlands, particularly in semi-arid areas. This work characterized water sources, flowpaths, and streamflow characteristics in the semi-arid, mountainous Kromme catchment in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Precipitation, shallow and deep groundwater levels, and streamflow data were analysed to identify patterns that indicate the occurrence and/or dominance of certain processes, responses, and flowpaths. Results of the study demonstrated how the catchment responds to rainfall events across seasons and rainfall intensities. Steep and rocky areas that make up much of the catchment contributed to significant flood peaks after high-intensity storms. Quick and slow responses in flow after rainfall events indicated the dominance of both surface and subsurface flowpaths respectively. Furthermore, surface and subsurface flows were significant in recharging the floodplain alluvial aquifer as well as maintaining streamflow during dry periods. Average annual runoff coefficients were low (0.09), which implied large evapotranspiration (ET) withdrawals from dominant flowpaths and/or storage in inactive groundwater. The Kromme catchment has a sizeable floodplain with large alluvial aquifers, which make significant contributions to catchment storage and outflows. Overall, the catchment streamflow was sustained by baseflow (for ∼50% of the time). Recession patterns suggested that the channel receives flow from different storages with the alluvial and bedrock aquifers as main contributors. Flow contributions had different rates with maximum recession periods up to 22 days, indicative of interflow dominance and floodplain drainage. Throughout the monitoring period, the river system was gaining flow at the different monitored sites during both low and high flow conditions. The channel was also gaining from the mountain bedrock through tributary flows and from the alluvial aquifer. A conceptual model of flowpaths and processes at the catchment scale is presented to improve the understanding of catchment scale hydrological processes in a semi-arid meso-scale mountainous environment.

提高我们对山区溪流特征、蓄水量和主要流道的认识非常重要，因为山区在向低地，尤其是半干旱地区输送水源方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这项研究描述了南非东开普省半干旱山区克罗姆集水区的水源、水流路径和溪流特征。对降水量、浅层和深层地下水位以及溪流数据进行了分析，以确定表明某些过程、反应和水流路径出现和/或占主导地位的模式。研究结果表明了集水区在不同季节和降雨强度下对降雨事件的反应。集水区大部分地区都是陡峭的岩石地区，在高强度暴雨过后，这些地区会出现明显的洪峰。降雨事件后水流的快速和缓慢反应分别表明地表和地下水流路径占主导地位。此外，地表和地下水流对洪泛冲积含水层的补给以及在枯水期维持溪流都有重要作用。年平均径流系数较低（0.09），这意味着从主要流道抽取了大量蒸散（ET）水和/或储存在不活跃的地下水中。克罗姆集水区的洪泛平原面积较大，冲积含水层面积较大，对集水区的蓄水和流出量贡献巨大。总体而言，集水区的溪流由基流维持（50% 的时间）。衰退模式表明，河道的水流来自不同的蓄水层，主要来自冲积含水层和基岩含水层。水流的贡献率各不相同，最长衰退期可达 22 天，表明水流以间流和洪泛区排水为主。在整个监测期间，无论是在低流量还是高流量条件下，河流系统在不同监测点的流量都在增加。河道还通过支流从山体基岩和冲积含水层获得流量。本文提出了一个集水尺度的水流路径和过程概念模型，以加深对半干旱中尺度山区环境中集水尺度水文过程的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Soil dielectric response to chemical fertilizers in Northern India's key agricultural areas 印度北部主要农业区土壤介电对化肥的反应

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103806

Prachi Palta , Ankur Kumar

This study investigates the impact of various artificial nutrient components, specifically Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and their combination (NPK), on the dielectric properties of soil (ε′ and ε''). The research focuses on examining the physical, chemical, and dielectric properties of soil influenced by different concentrations of these fertilizers, both individually and in combination. Dielectric analysis was performed within the radio and microwave spectrum (200 MHz-14 GHz) using a modified probe arrangement with an Agilent 85070E open-ended coaxial probe and a vector network analyzer.

The results revealed a complex interplay between N, P, K, and NPK concentrations and soil characteristics. The varying chemical compositions significantly altered the soil's physical and chemical properties, as detailed in the tabulated results. Soils treated with K exhibited the highest dielectric parameter (ε′ and ε'') values, followed by P and N and NPK combined. Advanced modeling techniques, including Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Machine Learning (ML), were employed to predict soil dielectric properties (ε′ and ε'') as functions of nutrient concentrations, temperature, and frequency. The RSM models demonstrated high precision, with R² values of 0.9982, 0.9958, 0.9913, and 0.9962 for ε′ of N, P, K, and NPK, respectively. However, the accuracy of these models decreased for ε''. To address this limitation, various ML regression models were analyzed for ε′ and ε'', yielding high accuracy and enhanced prediction values, with MAE, MSE, RMSE, and R² scores of 0.378, 0.196, 0.615, and 0.9945 for ε′ and 0.045, 0.0034, 0.212, and 0.95 for ε'', respectively. This research highlights the significant effects of N, P, K, and NPK on soil dielectric behavior, providing valuable insights into nutrient-soil interactions. The findings have practical implications for agricultural practices, offering a non-destructive method to assess soil nutrient levels and optimize fertilization strategies for enhanced crop productivity.

本研究调查了各种人工营养成分，特别是氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）及其组合（NPK）对土壤介电性能（ε′和ε''）的影响。研究的重点是检测土壤的物理、化学和介电性质受这些肥料不同浓度的单独或组合影响的情况。介电分析是在无线电和微波频谱（200 MHz-14 GHz）范围内进行的，使用的是经过改进的探头布置，包括安捷伦 85070E 开放式同轴探头和矢量网络分析仪。结果表明，氮、磷、钾和氮磷钾浓度与土壤特性之间存在着复杂的相互作用。不同的化学成分极大地改变了土壤的物理和化学性质，详见表格结果。用钾处理过的土壤介电参数（ε′和ε''）值最高，其次是磷、氮和氮磷钾的组合。采用了包括响应面方法学（RSM）和机器学习（ML）在内的先进建模技术来预测作为养分浓度、温度和频率函数的土壤介电性能（ε′和ε''）。RSM 模型的精度很高，氮、磷、钾和氮磷钾的ε′的 R2 值分别为 0.9982、0.9958、0.9913 和 0.9962。然而，这些模型的准确度在ε''时有所下降。针对这一局限，对ε′和ε''进行了多种 ML 回归模型分析，结果表明，ε′的 MAE、MSE、RMSE 和 R2 分别为 0.378、0.196、0.615 和 0.9945，ε''的 MAE、MSE、RMSE 和 R2 分别为 0.045、0.0034、0.212 和 0.95。这项研究强调了氮、磷、钾和氮磷钾对土壤介电行为的显著影响，为了解养分与土壤的相互作用提供了宝贵的见解。研究结果对农业实践具有实际意义，它提供了一种非破坏性方法来评估土壤养分水平和优化施肥策略，从而提高作物产量。

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引用次数: 0