Physics and Chemistry of the Earth最新文献_第6页

Satellite derived air pollution climatology over India and its neighboring regions: Spatio-temporal trends and insights 印度及其周边地区的卫星空气污染气候学：时空趋势与见解

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103769

Sneha Dhankar, Amit Kumar Mishra, Krishan Kumar

This study examines the spatial and temporal variations of key air pollutants, including Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Tropospheric Ozone (O₃), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), and Formaldehyde (HCHO) over India and neighboring regions, using satellite data from 2005 to 2022. Peak NO₂ (∼11–13 × 10¹⁵molecules/cm²) occurs in pre-monsoon and winter, mainly over urban centers, thermal plants, and crop-burning areas, emphasizing anthropogenic emissions. High CO levels (2.0–2.3 × 10¹⁸molecules/cm²) during summer dominate in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), Eastern India, and Northeastern region, linked to the incomplete combustion of organic matter (e.g., natural forest fires and biofuel-based household cooking). Stable CO trends reflect effective government policies promoting cleaner fuels. Tropospheric O₃ shows a spatial gradient, with higher values in northern and coastal regions influenced by sunlight, humidity, and precursor emissions. Seasonal peaks in summer are governed by solar intensity, while the December peak over the northern region is likely due to dynamical transport from O₃-rich areas. SO₂ hotspots in IGP, central and eastern India, especially during winter (∼1.3–1.9 × 10¹⁵molecules/cm²), are attributed to local anthropogenic emissions and fossil fuel combustion such as coal. Long-term trends reveal rising SO₂ levels. AOD hotspots occur over IGP, Central and Southern India, with particularly high values during the pre-monsoon (0.5–0.6) and winter seasons. HCHO shows hotspots in the IGP, west coast, eastern, and northeastern regions, peaking in summer (7.5–8.5 × 10¹⁵molecules/cm²) due to biogenic VOC emissions. This study underscores the need for integrated policies to mitigate emissions, improve air quality, and protect public health.

本研究利用 2005 年至 2022 年的卫星数据，研究了印度及周边地区主要空气污染物的时空变化，包括二氧化氮 (NO₂)、一氧化碳 (CO)、对流层臭氧 (O₃)、二氧化硫 (SO₂)、气溶胶光学深度 (AOD) 和甲醛 (HCHO)。NO₂ (∼11-13 × 101⁵molecules/cm2) 峰值出现在季风前和冬季，主要出现在城市中心、热电厂和农作物焚烧区上空，强调了人为排放。夏季的高二氧化碳浓度（2.0-2.3 × 101⁸分子/平方厘米）主要出现在印度-甘地平原（IGP）、印度东部和东北部地区，这与有机物的不完全燃烧（如天然森林火灾和以生物燃料为基础的家庭烹饪）有关。二氧化碳的稳定趋势反映了政府推广清洁燃料的有效政策。对流层中的氧₃呈现出空间梯度，受阳光、湿度和前体排放的影响，北部和沿海地区的氧₃值较高。夏季的季节性峰值受太阳强度的影响，而北部地区 12 月份的峰值可能是由于来自 O₃ 富集地区的动态传输造成的。IGP、印度中部和东部的 SO₂热点，尤其是在冬季（∼1.3-1.9 × 101⁵分子/平方厘米），归因于当地的人为排放和煤炭等化石燃料燃烧。长期趋势显示 SO₂ 水平在上升。AOD 热点出现在 IGP、印度中部和南部，季风前（0.5-0.6）和冬季的数值尤其高。由于生物源挥发性有机化合物的排放，HCHO 在 IGP、西海岸、东部和东北部地区出现热点，在夏季达到峰值（7.5-8.5 × 101⁵分子/平方厘米）。这项研究强调，需要采取综合政策来减少排放、改善空气质量和保护公众健康。

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引用次数: 0

Exposure to tropospheric ozone and NO2 in the ambient air of Tehran metropolis: Spatiotemporal distribution and inhalation health risk assessment 德黑兰大都市环境空气中的对流层臭氧和二氧化氮暴露：时空分布和吸入健康风险评估

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103777

Nayereh Rezaie Rahimi , Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor , Reza Fouladi-Fard

Background

Air pollution has emerged as a critical challenge in the 21st century, necessitating alert monitoring of key pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)F. These pollutants are exacerbated by urbanization and industrialization, posing significant health risks, particularly in densely populated metropolitan areas.

Objective

The aim of this study was inhalation health risk assessment of NO₂ and ozone in various scenarios and spatiotemporal Distribution Interpolation.

Methods

Data were collected from the Tehran Air Quality Control Center, encompassing 18 monitoring stations from March 2019 to February 2022. Health risk assessments (HRA) were performed for adult age groups across three different exposure scenarios (3, 8, and 12 h) And a sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine the relative importance of each parameter in assessing the risks of each scenario.

Results

The hazard index (HI) values for NO₂ and ozone in all three scenarios were found to range from 0.24 to 1.56 and 0.04 to 0.49, respectively and body weight is a risk-lowering factor in sensitivity analyses. The interpolation results of ozone, NOx, and NO2 using the IDW approach from March 2019 to February 2022 showed that overall, the north and northeast of Tehran had the highest concentrations of NO2 and NOx, and the north and west had the highest concentrations of ozone.

Significance

This study underscores the HRA with exposure to NO₂ and ozone, particularly for individuals spending more than 8 h outdoors. Given Tehran's high population density and persistent air pollution, it is imperative to implement effective control policies to safeguard public health. The findings advocate for limiting outdoor activity to less than 8 h per day, especially for vulnerable occupational groups. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of considering body weight in health risk assessments.

背景空气污染已成为 21 世纪的一项严峻挑战，需要对臭氧和二氧化氮（NO2）F 等主要污染物进行警戒监测。本研究的目的是对各种情况下的二氧化氮和臭氧进行吸入健康风险评估，并进行时空分布插值。方法从德黑兰空气质量控制中心收集数据，包括 2019 年 3 月至 2022 年 2 月期间的 18 个监测站。结果在所有三种情况下，二氧化氮和臭氧的危害指数（HI）值分别为 0.24 至 1.56 和 0.04 至 0.49，在敏感性分析中，体重是降低风险的因素。使用 IDW 方法对 2019 年 3 月至 2022 年 2 月期间的臭氧、氮氧化物和二氧化氮进行插值的结果显示，总体而言，德黑兰北部和东北部的二氧化氮和氮氧化物浓度最高，北部和西部的臭氧浓度最高。由于德黑兰人口密度高，空气污染持续存在，因此必须实施有效的控制政策来保障公众健康。研究结果提倡将每天的户外活动时间限制在 8 小时以内，尤其是对于易受伤害的职业群体。此外，研究还强调了在健康风险评估中考虑体重的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of cooking practices in India to achieve SDGs 7.1.2 评估印度实现可持续发展目标 7.1.2 的烹饪做法

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103774

Pradeep Kumar , Era Upadhyay , Krishnamurthi Kannan , Anoop Yadav

Developing nations, like India use biomass as their main energy source. This includes wood, coal, manure, and agricultural waste. The majority of rural homes utilize traditional cooking techniques that require burning biomass. This procedure emits dangerous gases and particulates into the air, increasing the risk of indoor and outdoor air pollution and serious health problems like asthma, COPD, and cardiovascular disorders. Although they are available, alternative energy sources are not widely used. This study aimed to assess the health effects of different cooking fuels, their emissions, and their cooking behaviors in rural India. It evaluated the impact of government initiatives to lower emissions as well. The study examined 109 studies published between 2014 and 2024 that focused on indoor pollutants such as CO, NO₂, SO₂, and particulate matter (PM_2.5, PM₁₀). The results showed that particulate matter significantly affects poor health outcomes. The most convenient and safest cooking fuel to use was found to be LPG. Nevertheless, despite government programs like the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, adoption rates were low in places like Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, and Rajasthan. According to the analysis, both population increase and poor infrastructure can be blamed for the scheme's limited efficacy. Further studies should be conducted to track emissions and evaluate the practical effects of switching to clean fuels.

印度等发展中国家使用生物质作为主要能源。这包括木材、煤炭、粪便和农业废弃物。大多数农村家庭使用需要燃烧生物质的传统烹饪技术。这种做法会向空气中排放危险气体和微粒，增加室内外空气污染的风险，并引发哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和心血管疾病等严重健康问题。替代能源虽然可用，但并未得到广泛使用。这项研究旨在评估印度农村地区不同烹饪燃料、其排放物及其烹饪行为对健康的影响。研究还评估了政府降低排放措施的影响。研究考察了2014年至2024年期间发表的109项研究，这些研究主要关注一氧化碳、二氧化氮、二氧化硫和颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）等室内污染物。结果表明，颗粒物对不良健康后果有重大影响。研究发现，最方便、最安全的烹饪燃料是液化石油气。然而，尽管政府实施了 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 等计划，安得拉邦、德里和拉贾斯坦邦等地的采用率仍然很低。分析认为，人口增长和基础设施落后都是该计划成效有限的原因。应开展进一步研究，跟踪排放情况，评估改用清洁燃料的实际效果。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review the of literature on remote sensing tomato crops productivity 遥感番茄作物生产力文献的系统回顾

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103759

Mbulisi Sibanda, Esethu Bacela

The limitations of the sensing capabilities of earth observation sensors have allowed for the advancement of robust high-resolution technologies that are flexible and easy to operate at a low cost, especially in the context of mapping and monitoring the health of crops such as tomatoes in the global south. Although a lot of research efforts have been exerted towards assessing the literature on remote sensing of tomato crops, there are very limited studies that have quantitatively and systematically assessed the findings of those studies to identify the most optimal, sensors, spectral features, modelling algorithms as well as the spatial distribution of those studies. In this regard, this work assessed the progress, opportunities, challenges, and gaps of remote sensing techniques used in characterizing the productivity of tomato crops. Seventy-four articles were retrieved and systematically reviewed from Google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Results showed that about 44 % of the studies retrieved were conducted in Europe, with the most contributions coming from Italy, while a few studies were from Africa. The contribution of biomass, LAI, chlorophyll, and canopy yield was explored as the most prominent attributes and proxies for estimating the productivity of tomato crops. The most widely used sensors and algorithms which exhibit optimal accuracies in tomato productivity are Hyperspectral sensors (ASD), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Sentinel 2 Multispectral instruments (MSI), multi-variate techniques, and Machine Learning algorithms. The community of practitioners remains challenged by the high acquisition costs or remotely sensed data and weather constraints due to the restricted spatial properties of sensors in mapping and monitoring crop health to optimise agricultural productivity.

由于地球观测传感器传感能力的局限性，使得灵活、易于操作且成本低廉的高分辨率技术得以发展，特别是在绘制和监测全球南部番茄等作物的健康状况方面。虽然已经投入了大量研究工作来评估有关番茄作物遥感的文献，但对这些研究结果进行定量和系统评估，以确定最理想的传感器、光谱特征、建模算法以及这些研究的空间分布的研究非常有限。为此，本研究对用于描述番茄作物生产力特征的遥感技术的进展、机遇、挑战和差距进行了评估。从 Google scholar、Science Direct、Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据库中检索并系统审查了 74 篇文章。结果显示，所检索到的研究中约有 44% 是在欧洲进行的，其中来自意大利的研究最多，而少数研究来自非洲。生物量、LAI、叶绿素和冠层产量是估算番茄作物生产力的最主要属性和代用指标。在番茄生产率方面最广泛使用的传感器和算法是高光谱传感器（ASD）、无人机（UAV）、哨兵 2 号多光谱仪器（MSI）、多变量技术和机器学习算法。在绘制地图和监测作物健康状况以优化农业生产力的过程中，由于传感器的空间特性有限，从业人员仍然面临着遥感数据获取成本高、天气限制等挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Reassessing water resource challenges in a changing climate in the Kagera transboundary river basin, Tanzania 重新评估坦桑尼亚卡盖拉跨境河流流域在不断变化的气候中面临的水资源挑战

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103763

Estella Mgala , Brown Gwambene

The dynamic shifts in climatic patterns, particularly alterations in precipitation, have significantly impacted water resource availability and accessibility. These climate-induced changes affect hydrological processes, encompassing runoff, groundwater replenishment, water demand, and biophysical patterns within river basins. This study seeks to unravel the multifaceted implications encountered and challenges in water resource management within the river basin. It employed a survey-based approach for data collection, including Key informant interviews (KI), consultation methods and documentary reviews. The study utilized Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel for quantitative analysis and thematic synthesis for qualitative insights, including local community perspectives. The findings reveal substantial fluctuations in precipitation, protracted droughts, severe flooding, and other climatic extremes. The observed annual mean rainfall of 832 mm, with a standard deviation of 248, a standard error of 361, and a skewness of −945, accentuates the pronounced variability in mean precipitation, exhibiting a declining trend indicative of climatic shifts (R² = 0.1797 and P = 0.002). The challenges are limited access to hydrological and meteorological data, undermining prediction accuracy, infrastructure planning, and response strategies for water resource allocation and management. The absence of unified approaches, influenced by the politics of riparian states, feeble coordination, conflicting sectoral policies, and ambiguous priorities, hinders effective transboundary water resource management. The study addresses these complexities and advocates for institutionalizing robust water management strategies that capitalize on existing resources and foster innovative capacities among critical stakeholders. Central to these efforts is harmonizing and enforcing policies, regulations, and laws governing water use, coupled with a concerted focus on inclusive governance to ensure the sustainability of water resource management. Such effort entails synchronized strategies, programs, plans, and livelihood practices underpinned by active stakeholder involvement in pivotal facets of water resources management.

气候模式的动态变化，特别是降水量的变化，对水资源的可用性和可获取性产生了重大影响。这些由气候引起的变化影响着水文过程，包括径流、地下水补充、水需求以及流域内的生物物理模式。本研究试图揭示流域内水资源管理所遇到的多方面影响和挑战。研究采用了基于调查的数据收集方法，包括关键信息提供者访谈 (KI)、咨询方法和文件审查。研究利用社会科学统计软件包 (SPSS) 和 Microsoft Excel 进行定量分析，并利用专题综合法进行定性分析，包括当地社区的观点。研究结果显示了降水量的大幅波动、长期干旱、严重洪涝和其他极端气候。观测到的年平均降水量为 832 毫米，标准偏差为 248，标准误差为 361，偏度为-945，突出了平均降水量的明显变化，并呈现出表明气候转变的下降趋势（R2 = 0.1797，P = 0.002）。面临的挑战是水文和气象数据的获取受到限制，影响了预测的准确性、基础设施规划以及水资源分配和管理的应对策略。受沿岸国政治、协调不力、部门政策冲突和优先事项不明确的影响，缺乏统一的方法，阻碍了有效的跨境水资源管理。本研究探讨了这些复杂问题，并主张将强有力的水资源管理战略制度化，以利用现有资源，培养关键利益相关方的创新能力。这些努力的核心是协调和执行有关水资源利用的政策、法规和法律，同时协同关注包容性治理，以确保水资源管理的可持续性。这种努力需要同步的战略、方案、计划和生计实践，并以利益相关者积极参与水资源管理的关键环节为基础。

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引用次数: 0

Prediction of groundwater drought based on hydro-meteorological insights via machine learning approaches 基于水文气象洞察力的机器学习方法预测地下水干旱

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103757

Veysi Kartal , Okan Mert Katipoğlu , Erkan Karakoyun , Oguz Simsek , Veysel Süleyman Yavuz , Sema Ariman

This study aims to predict groundwater drought-based meteorological drought index using machine learning instead of traditional approaches. Groundwater drought (GWD) was predicted using machine learning methodologies such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Least Squares Boosting Tree (LSBT), Generalized Linear Regression (GLR) and k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN). In addition, monthly, seasonal, and annual drought indices such as the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), China Z Index (CZI), Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI), Decile Index (DI), Percent of Normal Index (PNI) and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) were used to analyse the drought of groundwater. These traditional drought indices were modified for the assessment of groundwater drought. Moreover, groundwater drought was predicted based on the hydro-meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall, groundwater level). The applied models’ performances were evaluated via Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), R-squared (R²), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Bias Factor, and Variance Account Factor (VAF). Linear SVM is generally the best model for predicting GWD, while GLR is the second-best performing model. The KNN algorithm obtained the weakest performances. Although all types of drought and wet categories were observed, normal drought occurred more than in the other drought and wet categories. This study can contribute to the assessment of groundwater drought in regions where there is no groundwater station.

本研究旨在利用机器学习代替传统方法，预测基于地下水干旱的气象干旱指数。采用人工神经网络（ANN）、长短期记忆（LSTM）、支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）、最小二乘提升树（LSBT）、广义线性回归（GLR）和k-近邻（KNN）等机器学习方法预测地下水干旱（GWD）。此外，还使用了月度、季节和年度干旱指数，如标准化降水-蒸散指数 (SPEI)、中国 Z 指数 (CZI)、标准化降水指数 (SPI)、Z 分指数 (ZSI)、十等分指数 (DI)、正常百分比指数 (PNI) 和降雨异常指数 (RAI) 来分析地下水的干旱情况。为评估地下水干旱，对这些传统干旱指数进行了修改。此外，根据水文气象参数（温度、相对湿度、风速、降雨量、地下水位）预测地下水干旱。应用模型的性能通过均方根误差 (RMSE)、平均绝对误差 (MAE)、阿凯克信息准则 (AIC)、R 方 (R2)、平均偏差 (MBE)、偏差因子和方差占比因子 (VAF) 进行了评估。线性 SVM 通常是预测 GWD 的最佳模型，而 GLR 是性能第二好的模型。KNN 算法的性能最弱。虽然观测到了所有类型的干旱和湿润，但正常干旱的发生率高于其他干旱和湿润类型。这项研究有助于在没有地下水站的地区评估地下水干旱。

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引用次数: 0

Geophysical investigation of the ground fissures and ground subsidence near Karla lake (eastern Thessaly basin, Greece) 卡拉湖（希腊塞萨利盆地东部）附近地表裂缝和地面沉降的地球物理调查

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103764

John D. Alexopoulos , Spyridon Dilalos , Serafim E. Poulos , Ioannis-Konstantinos Giannopoulos , Vasileios Gkosios

Ground fissures have occurred in the last four decades across the eastern Thessaly basin (Greece) resulting in damage to the villages of the area. Several studies for the area refer to the over-pumping of ground water as the main reason for their occurrence, causing sediment compaction due to the reduction of the aquifer level. In this paper, we depict the results of a joint geophysical survey trying to determine the subsurface regime of the basin and the exact reasons contributing to the existence of the ground fissures. The focal part of the survey includes gravity measurements for deeper investigation, combined with existing and already presented geoelectrical and electromagnetic data. Several borehole data have also been used for the calibration of the geophysical interpretation. The differential GNSS data of the gravity campaign revealed the ground subsidence of the area, reaching up to 9.16 m. The alpine basement of the area is comprised mainly of metamorphic rocks, such as marbles, mica schists and gneiss-schists, covered by thick fluviοterrestrial and alluvial deposits. Several structural maps were generated in order to delineate the lateral density variations that could be related to fault zones along with the interpretive sections for geological modelling. The alpine bedrock was adumbrated in relatively great depths, with a large anticline of NW-SE direction, rising and separating the basin in two parts. In the east part, the fluvioterrestrial deposits, which are expected to play an important role in the compaction due to their water aquifer, are located only west of this anticline. At the east part, where the old lake Karla was hosted, the alluvial deposits lay directly on the alpine basement in smaller depths. This complicated regime is responsible for differential sediment compaction and the ground subsidence of the surface.

过去四十年间，希腊东部塞萨利盆地发生了多起地裂缝，给该地区的村庄造成了破坏。对该地区的一些研究指出，过度抽取地下水是地裂缝发生的主要原因，由于含水层水位下降，导致沉积物压实。在本文中，我们描述了一项联合地球物理勘测的结果，该勘测旨在确定该盆地的地下状态以及造成地表裂缝存在的确切原因。勘测的重点部分包括用于深入调查的重力测量，以及现有和已提交的地质电学和电磁学数据。一些钻孔数据也用于地球物理解释的校准。该地区的高山基底主要由变质岩组成，如大理岩、云母片岩和片麻岩，被厚厚的流积层和冲积层覆盖。我们绘制了多幅构造图，以确定与断层带有关的横向密度变化，并绘制了地质建模的解释性剖面图。高山基岩的埋藏深度相对较深，西北-东南走向的大型反斜线隆起，将盆地分为两部分。在东部地区，由于含水层的存在，预计在压实过程中起重要作用的流积地层仅位于该反斜线以西。在卡拉老湖所在的东部地区，冲积层直接位于高山基底上，深度较小。这种复杂的机制是造成沉积物压实差异和地表下沉的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of microplastic contamination in the gastrointestinal tract of fish: A comparative study of various freshwater species 鱼类胃肠道微塑料污染调查：各种淡水物种的比较研究

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103760

Kalpana Patidar , Abdullah H. Alluhayb , Alaa M. Younis , U.C. Dumka , Balram Ambade

The aqueous environment has been reported to be seriously threatened by the pollution of microplastics (MPs), which has been confirmed in numerous studies affecting various aquatic habitats. Despite this, few investigations exist on MP contamination in fish of specific regions. Thus, the current study aims to determine MP concentrations in the fish species of the Chhota Nagpur zone of eastern India. From August to September 2023, fish samples were collected from 10 km distance between two locations of Subarnarekha and Kharkai river banks through fishermen. Microplastics were found in the gastrointestinal tract of 45 fish of 8 species out of 48 samples. Of these species, six species were secondary consumers, while the remaining two were primary consumers. The average amount of microplastics consumed by each fish (n = 48) was 3.0 ± 1.8. A total of 144 microplastics were found in collected samples of fish species. Among the analysed sample of MPs, 69.4% were fibers, films were (22.3%), and (8.3%) were fragments. The least contaminated species was T. ilisha (0.8 ± 0.7 particles/ind.), while L. rohita had the highest microplastic contamination (4.5 ± 1.7 particles/ind.). The present study found a negative correlation of - 0.83 between MP consumption and the mean body weight of fish. Similarly, a negative correlation of - 0.5 was found between the length of fish and MP intake. Polyamide (nylon), polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene polymers were found. The size of MPs ranged from 45 to 355 μm and mainly were fibers. They were also predominantly blue and black. Polyamide and polyvinyl chloride were the common MP types in every specimen. The possible sources of MPs were fishing nets, ropes, and packaging material. This investigation points to MP contamination in aquatic ecosystems and particular species. It provides advanced knowledge of MP pollution, sources, and effects on regional ecosystems and public health.

据报道，水环境受到微塑料（MPs）污染的严重威胁，影响各种水生生境的大量研究证实了这一点。尽管如此，有关特定地区鱼类体内微塑料污染的调查却寥寥无几。因此，本研究旨在确定印度东部乔塔-那格浦尔地区鱼类体内的微塑料浓度。从 2023 年 8 月到 9 月，通过渔民从 Subarnarekha 和 Kharkai 河岸两个地点之间 10 公里处采集了鱼类样本。在 48 个样本中，有 8 个物种的 45 种鱼的胃肠道中发现了微塑料。在这些鱼类中，6 种为次级消费者，其余 2 种为初级消费者。每条鱼（n = 48）摄入的微塑料平均量为 3.0 ± 1.8。在收集到的鱼类样本中，共发现了 144 种微塑料。在分析的微塑料样本中，纤维占 69.4%，薄膜占 22.3%，碎片占 8.3%。受污染最少的鱼种是伊利沙鱼（0.8 ± 0.7 微粒/英寸），而罗汉鱼的微塑料污染最高（4.5 ± 1.7 微粒/英寸）。本研究发现，MP 消费量与鱼类的平均体重呈负相关，相关系数为 -0.83。同样，鱼体长度与 MP 摄入量之间的负相关为 -0.5。研究还发现了聚酰胺（尼龙）、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯和聚乙烯聚合物。中压物质的大小从 45 微米到 355 微米不等，主要是纤维。它们还主要呈蓝色和黑色。聚酰胺和聚氯乙烯是每个样本中常见的 MP 类型。MP 的可能来源是渔网、绳索和包装材料。这项调查指出了水生生态系统和特定物种中的 MP 污染。它提供了有关 MP 污染、来源以及对区域生态系统和公众健康影响的先进知识。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial-temporal seasonal and annual rainfall trends and variability assessment in the Pangani Basin, East Africa 东非潘加尼盆地时空季节和年度降雨趋势及变化评估

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103762

Anna Msigwa , Ayodeji Samuel Makinde , Abel Ramoelo , Hans C. Komakech , Gideon C. Ufoegbune

Although in situ rainfall data remains the most accurate, the gauge network density in East Africa is sparse. It lacks continuity, thus making it inadequate to assess the spatial and long-term rainfall trend and variability accurately. As such, rainfall remote sensing data are normally used instead of ground station data. This study evaluates the capabilities and limitations of remote sensing data compared with ground-based observations in Tanzania's Pangani Basin in assessing the seasonal and annual rainfall trends and variability. Data from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) and twenty-three ground stations were analyzed, comprising a time series from 1990 to 2022. Trend analysis was conducted using the Mann-Kendall test, while the spatial distribution of precipitation was determined using Sen's slope method. CHIRPS annual rainfall showed good agreement with station rainfall data, with NSE, R², slope, Pbias, MAE, and RMSE values of 0.84, 0.92, 0.92, 7.55%, 297.4, and 397.1, respectively. The coefficient of variation from station data indicated extreme variability, exceeding 30% for annual rainfall, while CHIRPS data showed moderate variability, ranging from 20% to 30%. Both station data and remote sensing data showed an increasing trend for annual and seasonal rainfall at least 10 stations. However, stations like Maji Moshi, Kiungu Primary School, Segera C. Tank, and Kibong'oto exhibited an increasing trend for vuli rainfall with CHIRPS data, while station data indicated a significant decreasing trend.The study highlights the necessity for calibration and validation to avert misinterpretations in climate trend analyses, especially at the basin level.

尽管原地降雨量数据仍然是最准确的，但东非的雨量计网络密度却很稀疏。它缺乏连续性，因此不足以准确评估降雨的空间和长期趋势及变化。因此，通常使用降雨遥感数据来代替地面站数据。本研究评估了遥感数据与坦桑尼亚潘加尼盆地地面观测数据相比，在评估季节性和年度降雨趋势和变化方面的能力和局限性。分析了气候灾害小组红外降水站（CHIRPS）和 23 个地面站的数据，包括 1990 年至 2022 年的时间序列。采用 Mann-Kendall 检验法进行了趋势分析，并采用森斜率法确定了降水的空间分布。CHIRPS 年降水量与站点降水量数据显示出良好的一致性，NSE、R2、斜率、Pbias、MAE 和 RMSE 值分别为 0.84、0.92、0.92、7.55%、297.4 和 397.1。观测站数据的变异系数显示年降雨量的变异性极大，超过 30%，而 CHIRPS 数据显示变异性适中，介于 20% 至 30% 之间。站点数据和遥感数据都显示，至少有 10 个站点的年降雨量和季节降雨量呈上升趋势。然而，Maji Moshi、Kiungu Primary School、Segera C. Tank 和 Kibong'oto 等站点的 CHIRPS 数据显示其降雨量呈上升趋势，而站点数据则显示其降雨量呈显著下降趋势。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of river ecological health status and interbasin water transfer potential: Case study of Luapula River Basin in Zambia 河流生态健康状况和流域间调水潜力评估：赞比亚卢阿普拉河流域案例研究

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103761

Chalwe Chibwe, Nathan Nyambe, Justina Asa Kasabila, Henry Sichingabula, Imasiku Anayawa Nyambe, Kawawa Banda

Water transfer is one mechanism for meeting increasing water demand in water-stressed areas. However, moving water from one area to another often disturbs the ecosystem including the fisheries biodiversity and growth patterns. Thus, when contemplating water transfer, baseline information on the status of the fisheries biodiversity and condition is cardinal for sustainable fisheries management during and after water transfer implementation. This work aimed at investigating the current fisheries condition (biodiversity, weight length relationship and condition factor) of the Luapula River Basin (LRB) to explore potential and implications for future interbasin water transfer on the basin fisheries. The fishes were sampled during the 2022/2023 dry and wet season at selected sites in LRB. Biodiversity indices, fish weight/length relationship and condition factor were used to describe the fish biodiversity, growth patterns and wellbeing which described the status of the aquatic condition of the donor basin. Species Richness, Shannon Diversity Index, Simpson Index and Evenness ranged between 0.8902 and 1.664, 0.9167 to 2.1437, 0.4416 to 0.8683 and 0.4172 to 0.8940 respectively. The growth coefficient (b) ranged from 1.223 to 3.755 indicating negative and positive allometric growth. The condition factor ranged between 0.692 and 2.218. Thus, it can be said that the LRB has good fish biodiversity albeit with some species showing dominance, normal growth pattern and wellbeing showing bias towards undisturbed habitats and physiological state. As such, this status quo of LRB needs to be maintained prior to, during and after IBWT implementation.

调水是满足用水紧张地区日益增长的用水需求的一种机制。然而，将水从一个地区转移到另一个地区往往会扰乱生态系统，包括渔业生物多样性和生长模式。因此，在考虑调水时，有关渔业生物多样性和状况的基线信息对于调水期间和调水后的可持续渔业管理至关重要。这项工作旨在调查卢阿普拉河流域（Luapula River Basin，LRB）当前的渔业状况（生物多样性、重量长度关系和状况因子），以探索未来跨流域调水对流域渔业的潜力和影响。2022/2023 年旱季和雨季期间，在卢阿普拉河流域选定地点对鱼类进行了采样。采用生物多样性指数、鱼类体重/长度关系和状态因子来描述鱼类的生物多样性、生长模式和健康状况，从而描述供体流域的水生状况。物种丰富度、香农多样性指数、辛普森指数和均匀度分别介于 0.8902 至 1.664、0.9167 至 2.1437、0.4416 至 0.8683 和 0.4172 至 0.8940 之间。生长系数（b）介于 1.223 至 3.755 之间，表明存在负和正的异速生长。条件系数介于 0.692 和 2.218 之间。因此，可以说浐灞拥有良好的鱼类生物多样性，尽管有些鱼类表现出优势地位、正常的生长模式以及偏向于未受干扰的栖息地和生理状态。因此，在实施 IBWT 之前、期间和之后，都需要保持浐灞生态区的这种现状。

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引用次数: 0