Physics and Chemistry of the Earth最新文献

{"title":"Advanced hydrogeochemical facies classification: A comparative analysis of Machine Learning models with SMOTE in the Tawi basin","authors":"Ajay Kumar Taloor ,&nbsp;Shiwalika Sambyal ,&nbsp;Ravi Sharma ,&nbsp;Surya Dev ,&nbsp;Sourabh Shastri ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water is an important natural resource and clean water is vital for maintaining health and hygiene of all living organisms. Estimating and classifying water quality facies is a critical way to analyse water quality and proper water management. The present study underlines the applicability of Machine Learning (ML) models to assess water quality by classifying hydrogeochemical facies within the Tawi basin of the Jammu region. This study employs a range of ML algorithms, including Decision Tree (DT), XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to evaluate their effectiveness in accurately classifying hydrogeochemical facies derived from Piper's diagram. The dataset, consisting of chemical parameters extracted from water samples collected from the Tawi basin, was initially imbalanced, with a large majority of samples belonging to a single facies. To address this, we applied the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), ensuring balanced class distributions for more reliable model training and evaluation. The classification results demonstrate high accuracy across the models, with DT achieving 93%, RF 99%, XGBoost 96%, KNN 81%, and ANN 96%. In addition to overall accuracy, we employed other evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score, and the precision-recall curve to provide a more comprehensive assessment of model performance. The results underscore the potential of ML in automating water quality assessment based on hydrogeochemical parameters. The findings of the study provide a robust framework for using ML models in determining water quality, particularly in regions where data is scarce and conventional analysis is limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosols in the urban atmosphere in Amman, Jordan","authors":"Afnan Al-Hunaiti ,&nbsp;Zaid Bakri ,&nbsp;Xinyang Li ,&nbsp;Lian Duan ,&nbsp;Asal Al-Abdallat ,&nbsp;Andres Alastuey ,&nbsp;Mar Viana ,&nbsp;Sharif Arar ,&nbsp;Tuukka Petäjä ,&nbsp;Tareq Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The urban particulate matter (PM) carbonaceous and water-soluble ions were investigated in Amman, Jordan during May 2018–March 2019. The PM_2.5 total carbon (TC) annual mean was 7.6 ± 3.6 μg/m³ (organic carbon (OC) 5.9 ± 2.8 μg/m³ and elemental carbon (EC) 1.7 ± 1.1 μg/m³), which was about 16.3% of the PM_2.5. The PM₁₀ TC annual mean was 8.4 ± 3.9 μg/m³ (OC 6.5 ± 3.1 μg/m³ and elemental carbon (EC) 1.9 ± 1.1 μg/m³), about 13.3% of the PM₁₀. The PM_2.5 total water-soluble ions annual mean was 7.9 ± 1.9 μg/m³ (about 16.9%), and that of the PM₁₀ was 10.1 ± 2.8 μg/m³ (about 16.0%). The minor ions (F⁻, NO₂⁻, Br⁻, and PO₄³⁻) constituted less than 1% in the PM fractions. The significant fraction was for SO₄²⁻ (PM_2.5 4.7 ± 1.6 μg/m³ (10.0%) and PM₁₀ 5.3 ± 1.9 μg/m³ (8.3%)). The NH₄⁺ had higher amounts of PM_2.5 (1.3 ± 0.6 μg/m3; 2.7%) than that PM₁₀ (0.9 ± 0.4 μg/m³; 1.4%). During sand and dust storm (SDS) events, TC, Cl⁻, and NO₃⁻ were doubled in PM, SO₄²⁻ did not increase significantly, and NH₄⁺ slightly decreased. Regression analysis revealed: (1) carbonaceous aerosols come equally from primary and secondary sources, (2) about 50% of the OC came from non-combustion sources, (3) traffic emissions dominate the PM, (4) agricultural sources have a negligible effect, (5) SO₄²⁻ is completely neutralized by NH₄⁺ in the PM_2.5 but there could be additional reactions involved in the PM₁₀, and (6) (NH₄)₂SO₄, was the major species formed by SO₄²⁻and NH₄⁺ instead of NH₄HSO₄. It is recommended to perform long-term sampling and chemical speciation for the urban atmosphere in Jordan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and impact of airborne particulate matter over Varanasi: A year-long study on concentration, morphology, and elemental composition","authors":"Prashant Kumar Chauhan ,&nbsp;Dileep Kumar Gupta ,&nbsp;Abhay Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is an important worldwide issue, especially pronounced in metropolitan and suburban regions, significantly affecting both public health and surroundings. This study investigates the particles' morphology and elemental analysis in Varanasi, a highly inhabited metropolis in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The research was conducted over a year, from April 2019 to March 2020, utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Ion Chromatography, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to analyse particulate matter. Results indicated that mean values of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 106.5 ± 67.2μg/m³ and 180.8 ± 71.4 μg/m³, respectively. Often, these amounts exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. SEM-EDX analysis revealed diverse particle morphologies, with significant contributions from both manmade sources including industrial activities and vehicle emissions, and natural sources, like soil dust. Elemental analysis identified major components, including Carbon, Oxygen, Fluorine, Aluminium, and Silicon. IC analysis highlighted dominant ionic species, such as Ca⁺⁺, SO₄^−-, NO₃⁻, and Cl⁻, with monthly variations reflecting different emission sources. Heavy metals concentrations such as Ni, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Fe were quantified, with concentrations varying significantly across months. The findings underscore the complex nature of aerosols in Varanasi and highlight the immediate need for targeted control over air quality measures to minimize the particulate matter's detrimental effects on the local population and ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic abundance, characteristics, and heavy metal contamination in coastal environments of Western Sri Lanka","authors":"Hansika Piyumali ,&nbsp;Madushika Sewwandi ,&nbsp;Thilakshani Atugoda ,&nbsp;Hasintha Wijesekara ,&nbsp;Kushani Mahatantila ,&nbsp;Meththika Vithanage","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to assess the abundance of microplastics and associated metal contamination at selected beaches in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Beach sand samples were collected from four beaches: Modera, Negombo, Mount Lavinia, and Panadura. Microplastics were extracted from dried sand samples using a saturated NaCl solution, followed by sieving. Particles were identified using Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrophotometer, and associated heavy metals; Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni were subjected to acid digestion for 24 h before analysis using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. More than half of the extracted plastics (56.31%) were identified as microplastics. The average microplastic abundance in beach sand samples ranged from 42.0 to 91.3 items/kg. The sand collected at Mount Lavinia exhibited the lowest sbundance, whereas those from Panadura beach revealed the highest. Hydrodynamic factors like ocean currents, wave patterns, associated with Southwest monsoon period, and human activities may have caused the variability in microplastic abundances and metal contamination. The majority of the microplastics (52.29%) were polyethylene, followed by polypropylene (35.18%), resembling the records of the most common plastic waste types in the country. Most of the microplastics were found to be fragments (87.95%), while white being the prominent color (53.49%). The toxic trace element concentration ranged from 5.0 × 10⁻³ to 1.8 × 10² μg/g in beaches. This study establishes a baseline for the west coastline prior to the X-press Pearl Ship Disaster in 2021. Future studies are encouraged to assess the beach microplastic pollution across the- Sri Lankan coastline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing critical flood-prone districts and optimal shelter zones in the Brahmaputra Valley: Strategies for effective flood risk management","authors":"Jatan Debnath ,&nbsp;Dhrubajyoti Sahariah ,&nbsp;Gowhar Meraj ,&nbsp;Kesar Chand ,&nbsp;Suraj Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Shruti Kanga ,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequent flooding has become a persistent issue in floodplain regions, causing significant disasters during each rainy season due to insufficient disaster management planning. This study proposes a methodology to prioritize flood susceptibility areas at the district level and identify suitable sites for flood shelters using a combination of machine learning algorithms and multi-criteria analysis, supported by geospatial technology. Flood shelter suitability mapping was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while flood susceptibility zones were assessed using four different machine learning models: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Naive Bayes. The integration of machine learning models with the AHP technique is vital in situations where conventional numerical models face challenges due to limited data, such as river discharge and water levels. The methodology includes a multicollinearity assessment to ensure the independence of selected flood-causing factors, information gain ratio to identify the most influential factors, Spearman's rho test to verify correlations between the machine learning models, and ROC-AUC along with statistical regression for validating the accuracy of the flood susceptibility maps. The findings indicate that the SVM algorithm, given its strong performance and effective training datasets, is recommended for areas with similar physical characteristics. The district-wise priority map generated from the weighted results of flood susceptibility assessments will be useful for flood management and mitigation strategies. Additionally, the study found that applying the AHP technique to determine flood shelter suitability, after assessing flood-prone areas, enhanced the efficiency of the flood management process. This research offers valuable insights for authorities to better address flooding and improve flood prevention and management efforts in floodplain regions, contributing to broader climate change adaptation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103772"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flagella, palmella and cyst Haematococcus lacustris microalgae cells decorated on graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets-activated carbon as novel adsorbents for the removal of lead from water","authors":"Kholiswa Yokwana ,&nbsp;Hideaki Nagare ,&nbsp;Bulelwa Ntsendwana ,&nbsp;Adeniyi S. Ogunlaja ,&nbsp;Sabelo D. Mhlanga","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrialization has led to generation of large quantities of waste which constitutes various toxic heavy metals such as lead (Pb). In this work, novel bio-nanostructured graphene-based microalgae nanohybrid adsorbents, using three different cell types of <em>Haematococcus lacustris</em> (<em>i.e.</em>, flagella (flg-C), palmella (Pal-C) and cyst (Cyst-C)) to introduce more functional moieties and enhance the surface properties of the nanohybrids. The nanostructured graphene oxide-activated carbon modified with algae cells (GO-AC@algae) and graphene nanoplatelets-activated carbon modified with algae cells (GNPs-AC@algae) nanohybrids were characterized and used for the removal of Pb ions. The GO-AC@algae nanohybrids demonstrated a high lead removal efficiency of over 98.0%, whereas the GNPs-AC@algae nanohybrids achieved more than 85.0%. Among the GO-AC@algae nanohybrids, the nanohybrid with cyst cell (GO-AC@Cyst-C) shown remarkable efficacy as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions due to its high specific area, abundance of oxygen-nitrogen-based functional moieties, hydrophilicity, and pore structure. Chemisorption was found to be a beneficial process for both GO-AC@algae and GNPs-AC@algae samples, where Pb²⁺ was adsorbed in a single layer onto the uniform material surface. Among the various adsorbents, GO-AC@Cyst-C achieved the highest monolayer adsorption capacity of 25.58 mg/g according to the Langmuir model, making it the most effective nanoadsorbents. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption mechanism of GO-AC@algae were better described by the second-order kinetic model. Meanwhile, the first-order kinetic model was found to be suited for GNPs-AC@algae samples. The nanohybrids could be employed as greener adsorbents at industrial scale for wastewater treatment without incurring significant costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote detection of polluted gases based on thermal infrared spectral imaging in the field","authors":"Zhixiong Yang ,&nbsp;Debiao Du ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Feng ,&nbsp;Bangze Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reports the new progress of long wave infrared remote sensing in the field, focusing on the implementation process of window scanning spatiotemporal modulation Fourier spectroscopic imaging technology. Utilizing the self-developed CHIPED-1 device, the spatial modulation interference was achieved through the use of a cone mirror Michelson interferometer. By combining it with a cooled long-wave infrared focal plane detector component and applying data processing steps such as acquisition, recombination, calibration, etc., high-spectral resolution imaging in long-wave infrared region was accomplished. The detection sensitivity index nesr (Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance) of the self-developed CHIPED-1 long wave infrared hyperspectral imaging principle experimental device reaches 5.6 × 10⁻⁸w/(cm⁻¹.sr.cm²) in single pixel，Equivalent to commercial time modulation interferometric hyperspectral imagers; It reflects the progressiveness of the technology, and leaves much room for improvement.By testing the transmittance curve of polypropylene film, the spectral response range of CHIPED-1 infrared hyperspectral imaging principle experimental device reached 11.5 μm.The article also studied the hyperspectral imaging detection method for two-dimensional distributed chemical gas VOCs, taking the detection experiments of field high-rise buildings and ether gas as examples.Under complex backgrounds and low experimental concentrations, the presence of ether vapor cannot be observed from the infrared spectrum slices at the same wave number. However, after differential spectral processing, the spatial distribution of ether vapor can be clearly seen.The hyperspectral method is applied in the field of infrared detection of organic vapor VOCs, which has many advantages over wide-band thermal imaging methods, such as high sensitivity, strong anti-interference ability, and wide recognition range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental assessment of toxic heavy metals and natural radionuclides in irrigation water from Rustenburg, South Africa","authors":"Peter Oluwadamilare Olagbaju,&nbsp;Olanrewaju Bola Wojuola","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water is a transparent, tasteless and odourless inorganic compound, essential for life and sustainable development. It is important for food and energy production, socio-economic growth, healthy ecosystems and human existence. Global attention is given to water quality monitoring due to the role it plays in human exposure to different kinds of contaminants, including radioactive and toxic contaminants from industrial, agrochemicals, mining and other anthropogenic activities. This work presents the results of measured natural radionuclides and toxic heavy metals in Rustenburg, and their associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn are 0.00007 mg/l, 0.0087 mg/l, 0.0033 mg/l, 0.0636 mg/l, 0.0052 mg/l, 0.0217 mg/l, 0.0003 mg/l and 0.0047 mg/l respectively and are below the safe limit of toxic heavy metals in water. The activity concentration of ⁴⁰K and ²³⁸U ranges from 7.07 Bq/l to 13.2 Bq/l and 1.24 × 10⁻⁰⁴ Bq/l to 1.09 × 10⁻⁰² Bq/l, with a mean activity concentration of 11.6 Bq/l and 2.78 × 10⁻⁰³ Bq/l respectively. ²³²Th was not found in all measured water samples. The estimated average committed effective dose from ingestion of natural radionuclides was observed to be below 170 μSv/yr for ⁴⁰K, 120 μSv/yr for ²³²Th and ²³⁸U, and a total of 290 μSv/yr reported by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. The assessment of human health risks resulting from exposure to toxic heavy metals shows negligible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to the exposed population, making the water sources from which the sample was collected, safe for agricultural and domestic use. The obtained results will also serve as reference data for future environmental studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An approach to demarcate prospective areas for groundwater recharge a case study of Upper Thurinjalar Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Marykutty Abraham ,&nbsp;K. Santhanam ,&nbsp;Mohammad Suhail Meer ,&nbsp;Jayanta Das","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>India, as the world's largest consumer of groundwater, faces an alarming water crisis, particularly in southern regions like Upper Thurinjalar, Tamil Nadu. The relentless extraction of groundwater has severely depleted reserves, making it increasingly difficult to meet the water demands of households, agriculture, and industry. This unsustainable usage endangers the region's water security, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable management practices. Immediate action is essential to safeguard these vital resources and secure a sustainable water future for the region. The present study addresses the critical need to identify optimal groundwater recharge areas to mitigate the adverse effects of groundwater depletion. Utilizing Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this research focuses on delineating suitable recharge zones in Upper Thurinjalar, Tamil Nadu, to promote sustainable water resource management. Through geospatial analysis, thematic maps were generated, incorporating variables such as geomorphology, geology, subsurface lithology, lineaments, land use, drainage density, soil types, and slope. Utilizing satellite data within the GIS framework, groundwater recharge zones were classified into three categories: highly suitable (61.06 km²), moderately suitable (214.18 km²), and least suitable (48.07 km²). Additionally, prioritized interventions for 18 rural reservoirs within the same catchment area included sediment removal, depth enhancement, and infrastructure upgrades. The application of artificial groundwater recharge in these targeted areas is anticipated to significantly alleviate irrigation water deficits, thereby advancing sustainable development and rehabilitating degraded land. The use of a weighted overlay technique within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has proven to be a highly effective method for optimizing water resource management, facilitating the sustainable development of groundwater resources. The results emphasize the importance of promptly undertaking focused interventions, such as prioritizing tank improvements and deploying artificial recharge procedures, in order to guarantee the long-term availability of water. Implementing these proactive measures is essential for reducing water scarcity and promoting the development of unused land in the designated recharge areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and their controlling mechanisms in irrigation and non-irrigation areas - A comparative study in the Guanzhong Plain of China","authors":"Qiang He ,&nbsp;Peiyue Li ,&nbsp;Yuanhang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong He ,&nbsp;Misbah Fida ,&nbsp;Vetrimurugan Elumalai","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2024.103781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gaining insight into groundwater chemistry and its evolution in irrigation areas is essential for optimizing irrigation strategies. This study explores the origins and influencing variables of groundwater chemistry across both irrigated and non-irrigated areas of the Guanzhong Plain, China, aiming to elucidate how irrigation practices impact hydrochemical changes. Hydrochemical data, isotopic data, multivariate statistical techniques and hydrochemical methods were used in this study. The findings underscored that groundwater in the non-irrigation areas had low total dissolved solids (TDS), with 90% of the groundwater samples exhibiting the HCO₃–Ca·Mg type. In comparison, groundwater from the irrigation areas showed elevated TDS levels and diverse hydrochemical types, including HCO₃–Ca·Mg, HCO₃–Na, and SO₄·Cl–Ca·Mg types. These categories collectively represented 88% of the water samples from the irrigation areas. Isotopic and hydrochemical analyses revealed that groundwater in the irrigation areas experienced more intense evaporation and cation exchange. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities like sewage and manure had a more pronounced effect on groundwater chemistry in the irrigation areas. Groundwater suitability for irrigation deteriorated from the western irrigation area to the eastern irrigation area. This research offers a robust scientific foundation for the careful management and conservation of groundwater resources in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 103781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}