Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0023
Ji-Hye Lee, Sang-Hwan Kim
Introduction: The formation and function of the corpus luteum (CL) increase the likelihood of pregnancy and efficiently manage implantation. Apoptosis must occur at an appropriate time in the formation of the CL. This also affects its function. However, it is still unclear if the type of apoptosis affects the function.
Material and methods: We conducted morphological analysis of the CL collected on day 15 between the middle and late oestrous phases of Yorkshire pigs and mini-pigs, and measured the difference in hormone expression and apoptosis using an immunoassay method and messenger RNA level.
Results: The CL cells were more uniform in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs, and the composition of the CL was also fuller. The expression of luteinising hormone was higher in the Yorkshire pigs. Apoptosis and the rate of action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were different between the two pig types. Expression of MMPs was higher in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs. However, the expression of caspase 3 and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a progesterone inhibitor, was potentiated in the mini-pigs.
Conclusion: Autophagy throughout the CL was more extensive in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs, suggesting that autophagy and cell reorganisation by MMPs were highly correlated. The occurrence of autophagy in the formation and function of the CL may affect the action of hormones and expression of cell reconstitution factors.
{"title":"Functional and morphological maturation of the full-sized and mini-pig corpus luteum by programmed cell death mechanism.","authors":"Ji-Hye Lee, Sang-Hwan Kim","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The formation and function of the corpus luteum (CL) increase the likelihood of pregnancy and efficiently manage implantation. Apoptosis must occur at an appropriate time in the formation of the CL. This also affects its function. However, it is still unclear if the type of apoptosis affects the function.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We conducted morphological analysis of the CL collected on day 15 between the middle and late oestrous phases of Yorkshire pigs and mini-pigs, and measured the difference in hormone expression and apoptosis using an immunoassay method and messenger RNA level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CL cells were more uniform in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs, and the composition of the CL was also fuller. The expression of luteinising hormone was higher in the Yorkshire pigs. Apoptosis and the rate of action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were different between the two pig types. Expression of MMPs was higher in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs. However, the expression of caspase 3 and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a progesterone inhibitor, was potentiated in the mini-pigs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Autophagy throughout the CL was more extensive in the Yorkshire pigs than in the mini-pigs, suggesting that autophagy and cell reorganisation by MMPs were highly correlated. The occurrence of autophagy in the formation and function of the CL may affect the action of hormones and expression of cell reconstitution factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80478115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0030
Iwona Matraszek-Źuchowska, Alicja Kłopot, Katarzyna Sielska, Beata Korycińska, Sebastian Witek, Paulina Zdonek, Piotr Jedziniak
Introduction: Because of the activities and effects they induce, hormones are prohibited for use for anabolic purposes in farm animals intended for slaughter, which is regulated in the European Union by relevant legal provisions. Therefore, there is an obligation to monitor residues of hormones in animals and food of animal origin to ensure consumer safety. A hormone banned but used formerly for fattening cattle, stanozolol, and its metabolite 16β-OH-stanozolol are synthetic compounds that belong to a large group of steroid hormones. This study investigates residues of these compounds in animal urine.
Material and methods: From 2006-2022, 2,995 livestock urine samples were tested for stanozolol residues in Poland as part of the National Residue Monitoring Programme. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine stanozolol and 16β-OH-stanozolol in animal urine was developed and validated according to the required criteria. Urine sample analysis was based on enzymatic hydrolysis of hormones potentially present in it to the free form, extraction of them from the sample with a mixture of n-hexane and butyl alcohol, purification of an extract on an NH2 amine column and finally, instrumental detection.
Results: The apparent recovery and precision parameters of the developed method were in line with the established criteria, while its decision limits CCα and detection capabilities CCβ were lower than the recommended concentration for analytical purposes set at 2 μg L-1 (valid until December 15, 2022; currently set as 0.5 μg L-1).
Conclusion: All examined samples were compliant with the evaluation criteria.
{"title":"Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of stanozolol and l6β-hydroxy-stanozolol in animal urine.","authors":"Iwona Matraszek-Źuchowska, Alicja Kłopot, Katarzyna Sielska, Beata Korycińska, Sebastian Witek, Paulina Zdonek, Piotr Jedziniak","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Because of the activities and effects they induce, hormones are prohibited for use for anabolic purposes in farm animals intended for slaughter, which is regulated in the European Union by relevant legal provisions. Therefore, there is an obligation to monitor residues of hormones in animals and food of animal origin to ensure consumer safety. A hormone banned but used formerly for fattening cattle, stanozolol, and its metabolite 16β-OH-stanozolol are synthetic compounds that belong to a large group of steroid hormones. This study investigates residues of these compounds in animal urine.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>From 2006-2022, 2,995 livestock urine samples were tested for stanozolol residues in Poland as part of the National Residue Monitoring Programme. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine stanozolol and 16β-OH-stanozolol in animal urine was developed and validated according to the required criteria. Urine sample analysis was based on enzymatic hydrolysis of hormones potentially present in it to the free form, extraction of them from the sample with a mixture of n-hexane and butyl alcohol, purification of an extract on an NH2 amine column and finally, instrumental detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The apparent recovery and precision parameters of the developed method were in line with the established criteria, while its decision limits CCα and detection capabilities CCβ were lower than the recommended concentration for analytical purposes set at 2 μg L<sup>-1</sup> (valid until December 15, 2022; currently set as 0.5 μg L<sup>-1</sup>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All examined samples were compliant with the evaluation criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81002496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0029
Magdalena Chłopecka, Łukasz Kiraga, Kijan Crowley, Michał Jank, Urszula Latek, Marta Mendel, Wojciech Karlik
Introduction: Due to the growing interest in the use of cannabinoids in supportive therapies, they are increasingly used together with anti-inflammatory drugs. Cannabinoids inhibit gastrointestinal motility, while steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influence motility in other ways. The aim of the research was to study the interactions between cannabidiol (CBD) and these two classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in the context of gastrointestinal motility. Dexamethasone (DEX) was selected as a steroidal drug and diclofenac (DCF) as a nonsteroidal counterpart.
Material and methods: The experiments were performed on isolated rat colon strips in isometric conditions. The contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) (1 μM) was measured with no substance applied as a control value and was measured after application of CBD (80 μM), DEX (100 μM), DCF (100 μM), or a combination of these substances.
Results: Cannabidiol strongly inhibited intestinal motility mediated by ACh application, DCF inhibited it non-significantly, while DEX intensified it. When CBD was co-administered with DEX, the combination inhibited intestinal motility non-significantly relative to the ACh-only control. Co-administration of CBD with DCF inhibited motility more than when these substances were administered separately.
Conclusion: Inhibition of the intestinal response to ACh is likely due to the synergistic effect of CBD and endogenous cannabinoids. Dexamethasone lessened the inhibitory effect of CBD, likely because of diminished availability of the arachidonic acid necessary for endogenous cannabinoid synthesis. However, diclofenac may increase endogenous cannabinoid synthesis, because of the greater availability of arachidonic acid caused by DCF blocking the cyclooxygenation pathway.
简介:由于人们对在辅助疗法中使用大麻素的兴趣与日俱增,大麻素越来越多地与消炎药一起使用。大麻素会抑制胃肠道蠕动,而类固醇和非类固醇消炎药会以其他方式影响胃肠道蠕动。这项研究的目的是研究大麻二酚(CBD)与这两类抗炎药物在胃肠道运动方面的相互作用。研究选择地塞米松(DEX)作为类固醇药物,双氯芬酸(DCF)作为非类固醇药物:实验在等长条件下对离体大鼠结肠条带进行。在未使用任何物质作为对照值的情况下测量对乙酰胆碱(ACh)(1 μM)的收缩反应,在使用 CBD(80 μM)、DEX(100 μM)、DCF(100 μM)或这些物质的组合后测量收缩反应:结果:大麻二酚强烈抑制由 ACh 应用介导的肠道运动,DCF 的抑制作用不明显,而 DEX 则增强了肠道运动。当大麻二酚与二羟乙基乙酸联合用药时,与仅使用乙酰胆碱的对照组相比,联合用药对肠道运动的抑制不显著。CBD与DCF联合用药对肠蠕动的抑制作用大于单独用药时的抑制作用:结论:抑制肠道对 ACh 的反应可能是由于 CBD 和内源性大麻素的协同作用。地塞米松减轻了 CBD 的抑制作用,这可能是因为内源性大麻素合成所需的花生四烯酸减少了。不过,双氯芬酸可能会增加内源性大麻素的合成,因为 DCF 阻断了环氧化途径,从而增加了花生四烯酸的供应量。
{"title":"Diclofenac and dexamethasone modulate the effect of cannabidiol on the rat colon motility <i>ex vivo</i>.","authors":"Magdalena Chłopecka, Łukasz Kiraga, Kijan Crowley, Michał Jank, Urszula Latek, Marta Mendel, Wojciech Karlik","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0029","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Due to the growing interest in the use of cannabinoids in supportive therapies, they are increasingly used together with anti-inflammatory drugs. Cannabinoids inhibit gastrointestinal motility, while steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influence motility in other ways. The aim of the research was to study the interactions between cannabidiol (CBD) and these two classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in the context of gastrointestinal motility. Dexamethasone (DEX) was selected as a steroidal drug and diclofenac (DCF) as a nonsteroidal counterpart.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The experiments were performed on isolated rat colon strips in isometric conditions. The contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) (1 μM) was measured with no substance applied as a control value and was measured after application of CBD (80 μM), DEX (100 μM), DCF (100 μM), or a combination of these substances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cannabidiol strongly inhibited intestinal motility mediated by ACh application, DCF inhibited it non-significantly, while DEX intensified it. When CBD was co-administered with DEX, the combination inhibited intestinal motility non-significantly relative to the ACh-only control. Co-administration of CBD with DCF inhibited motility more than when these substances were administered separately.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inhibition of the intestinal response to ACh is likely due to the synergistic effect of CBD and endogenous cannabinoids. Dexamethasone lessened the inhibitory effect of CBD, likely because of diminished availability of the arachidonic acid necessary for endogenous cannabinoid synthesis. However, diclofenac may increase endogenous cannabinoid synthesis, because of the greater availability of arachidonic acid caused by DCF blocking the cyclooxygenation pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83720146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0033
Barbara Kazuń, Krzysztof Kazuń, Joanna Małaczewska, Rafał Kamiński, Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska, Justyna Sikorska, Jacek Wolnicki, Hubert Szudrowicz
Introduction: The experiment was set to determine the effects of long-term (55-day) use of three commercial prebiotics including Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived β-glucans and one including inulin on juvenile vimba (Vimba vimba) reared intensively under controlled conditions.
Material and methods: Six-month-old fish were fed commercial feed (Control group, n = 90), or the same feed supplemented with 0.02% Leiber Beta-S (BS group, n = 90), 0.20% Biolex MB40 (MB group, n = 90), 0.30% CeFi (CE group, n = 90) or 1.00% inulin Orafti GR (IN group, n = 90) for 55 days.
Results: In the BS group, the final growth parameters were significantly lower than in the Control group, while the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher. No significant differences were found between any other group and the Control group in the respective parameters. The respiratory burst activity of the head-kidney phagocytes was significantly lower in all fish groups fed the prebiotic-supplemented diets compared to the Control group. The proliferative response of the head-kidney lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A was lower in the BS group than in the Control group, while in other groups this response was not affected. No significant differences were found in histopathological analyses of the digestive tract, liver or pancreas.
Conclusion: The long-term supplementation of fish diets with prebiotics can negatively influence the growth, feed conversion, nonspecific cellular resistance and proliferative activity of the T lymphocytes of vimba juveniles.
{"title":"Effects of long-term administration of various dietary prebiotic supplements on the growth, immune cell activity and digestive tract histology of juvenile vimba <i>(Vimba vimba)</i>.","authors":"Barbara Kazuń, Krzysztof Kazuń, Joanna Małaczewska, Rafał Kamiński, Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska, Justyna Sikorska, Jacek Wolnicki, Hubert Szudrowicz","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The experiment was set to determine the effects of long-term (55-day) use of three commercial prebiotics including <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>-derived β-glucans and one including inulin on juvenile vimba <i>(Vimba vimba)</i> reared intensively under controlled conditions.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Six-month-old fish were fed commercial feed (Control group, n = 90), or the same feed supplemented with 0.02% Leiber Beta-S (BS group, n = 90), 0.20% Biolex MB40 (MB group, n = 90), 0.30% CeFi (CE group, n = 90) or 1.00% inulin Orafti GR (IN group, n = 90) for 55 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the BS group, the final growth parameters were significantly lower than in the Control group, while the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher. No significant differences were found between any other group and the Control group in the respective parameters. The respiratory burst activity of the head-kidney phagocytes was significantly lower in all fish groups fed the prebiotic-supplemented diets compared to the Control group. The proliferative response of the head-kidney lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A was lower in the BS group than in the Control group, while in other groups this response was not affected. No significant differences were found in histopathological analyses of the digestive tract, liver or pancreas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The long-term supplementation of fish diets with prebiotics can negatively influence the growth, feed conversion, nonspecific cellular resistance and proliferative activity of the T lymphocytes of vimba juveniles.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91000558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) is a pathogen causing bovine mastitis that results in considerable economic losses in the livestock sector. To understand the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of S. agalactiae from dairy cow mastitis cases in China, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out and the serotypes and drug resistance characteristics of the bacteria in the region were analysed.
Material and methods: A total of 21 strains of bovine S. agalactiae were characterised based on MLST, molecular serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the presence of drug resistance genes.
Results: The serotypes were mainly Ia and II, accounting for 47.6% and 42.9% of all serotypes, respectively. Five sequence types (STs) were identified through MLST. The ST103 and ST1878 strains were predominant, with rates of 52.4% and 28.6%, respectively. The latter is a novel, previously uncharacterised sequence type. More than 90% of S. agalactiae strains were susceptible to penicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, florfenicol and sulfamethoxazole. The bacteria showed high resistance to tetracycline (85.7%), clindamycin (52.1%) and erythromycin (47.6%). Resistant genes were detected by PCR, the result of which showed that 47.6%, 33.3% and 38.1% of isolates carried the tet(M), tet(O) and erm(B) genes, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that S. agalactiae show a high level of antimicrobial resistance. It is necessary to monitor the pathogens of mastitis to prevent the transmission of these bacteria.
{"title":"Molecular characterisation and antimicrobial resistance of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> isolates from dairy farms in China.","authors":"Xiaojiao Ma, He Chen, Fulan Wang, Shuai Wang, Yating Wu, Xianlan Ma, Yong Wei, Wei Shao, Yankun Zhao","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae)</i> is a pathogen causing bovine mastitis that results in considerable economic losses in the livestock sector. To understand the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of <i>S. agalactiae</i> from dairy cow mastitis cases in China, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out and the serotypes and drug resistance characteristics of the bacteria in the region were analysed.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 21 strains of bovine <i>S. agalactiae</i> were characterised based on MLST, molecular serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the presence of drug resistance genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The serotypes were mainly Ia and II, accounting for 47.6% and 42.9% of all serotypes, respectively. Five sequence types (STs) were identified through MLST. The ST103 and ST1878 strains were predominant, with rates of 52.4% and 28.6%, respectively. The latter is a novel, previously uncharacterised sequence type. More than 90% of <i>S. agalactiae</i> strains were susceptible to penicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, florfenicol and sulfamethoxazole. The bacteria showed high resistance to tetracycline (85.7%), clindamycin (52.1%) and erythromycin (47.6%). Resistant genes were detected by PCR, the result of which showed that 47.6%, 33.3% and 38.1% of isolates carried the <i>tet(M)</i>, <i>tet(O)</i> and <i>erm(B)</i> genes, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study indicate that <i>S. agalactiae</i> show a high level of antimicrobial resistance. It is necessary to monitor the pathogens of mastitis to prevent the transmission of these bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74919597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0035
Zhen Xiao, Zhina Qu, Na Liu, Juan Wang, Jianmei Zhao, Junhui Liu, Lin Wang, Xiumei Huang, Qingqing Zhang, Yubin Gao, Junwei Wang, Zhiyong Yu, Jiajia Guan, Huanqi Liu
Introduction: To understand the prevalence of avian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the current status of drug resistance in Qingdao, a comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation and analysis of evolutionary relationships of MRSA isolates from broiler and layer chickens and waterfowl was conducted.
Material and methods: One hundred and two avian MRSA strains were identified by multi-locus sequence typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and whole-genome sequencing.
Results: The sequence type (ST) 9-t899-SCCmec IVb type represented the highest proportion of avian-derived MRSA strains (71.57%), with ST398 type strains occasionally observed in broilers and waterfowl. The poultry-derived MRSA strains were all resistant to eight or more antimicrobials. Avian-derived MRSA strains carried 20 resistance genes, 109 virulence genes and 10 plasmids. Strains carrying the cfr oxazolidinone resistance gene were occasionally seen in broiler- and layer-derived MRSA. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) core genome evolution and locus difference analysis showed that the closest strains were all of ST9-t899 type (to which also affiliated the highest number of strains) and this type occurred on all three kinds of poultry farm, but the SNP difference loci between strains of the same type ranged from 0 to 1472.
Conclusion: The dominant type of MRSA from different poultry sources in Qingdao is ST9-t899-SCCmec IVb, which is commonly resistant to a variety of antimicrobial drugs and carries a variety of resistance genes and a large number of virulence genes. Sequence type 9-t899 type is widely spread among the three kinds of poultry investigated, but there are differences in affiliations.
{"title":"Molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolutionary relationships of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> of different avian origins in Qingdao, China, using whole-genome sequencing.","authors":"Zhen Xiao, Zhina Qu, Na Liu, Juan Wang, Jianmei Zhao, Junhui Liu, Lin Wang, Xiumei Huang, Qingqing Zhang, Yubin Gao, Junwei Wang, Zhiyong Yu, Jiajia Guan, Huanqi Liu","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0035","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To understand the prevalence of avian methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and the current status of drug resistance in Qingdao, a comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation and analysis of evolutionary relationships of MRSA isolates from broiler and layer chickens and waterfowl was conducted.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>One hundred and two avian MRSA strains were identified by multi-locus sequence typing, staphylococcal protein A (<i>spa</i>) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome <i>mec</i> (SCCmec) typing, and whole-genome sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sequence type (ST) 9-t899-SCC<i>mec</i> IVb type represented the highest proportion of avian-derived MRSA strains (71.57%), with ST398 type strains occasionally observed in broilers and waterfowl. The poultry-derived MRSA strains were all resistant to eight or more antimicrobials. Avian-derived MRSA strains carried 20 resistance genes, 109 virulence genes and 10 plasmids. Strains carrying the <i>cfr</i> oxazolidinone resistance gene were occasionally seen in broiler- and layer-derived MRSA. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) core genome evolution and locus difference analysis showed that the closest strains were all of ST9-t899 type (to which also affiliated the highest number of strains) and this type occurred on all three kinds of poultry farm, but the SNP difference loci between strains of the same type ranged from 0 to 1472.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dominant type of MRSA from different poultry sources in Qingdao is ST9-t899-SCC<i>mec</i> IVb, which is commonly resistant to a variety of antimicrobial drugs and carries a variety of resistance genes and a large number of virulence genes. Sequence type 9-t899 type is widely spread among the three kinds of poultry investigated, but there are differences in affiliations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79962404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16eCollection Date: 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0028
Mariola Bochniarz, Przemysław Błaszczyk, Marek Szczubiał, Iosif Vasiu, Łukasz Adaszek, Katarzyna Michalak, Dorota Pietras-Ożga, Marco Wochnik, Roman Dąbrowski
Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyse the total protein (TP), casein (CAS), lactose (LAC), and fat content of milk from cows with subclinical (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) caused by Streptococcus spp.
Material and methods: A total of 60 milk samples from diseased cows and 30 milk samples from healthy cows were included in the study. Milk samples were taken from Holstein-Friesian cows from four dairy farms in Lublin Province. The bacteriological examination of the milk was performed and the somatic cells count in 1 mL of milk was determined using a SomaCount FC automatic cell counter. Determination of TP, CAS, LAC, FAT and FA levels in milk was carried out using a DairySpec FT automated Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.
Results: Total protein in milk from HE was significantly higher than in milk from cows with mastitis (4.04% vs 3.57% in milk from SCM cows and 3.7% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001). The CAS level was 2.73% in milk from CM cows and 2.92% in milk from SCM cows vs 3.30% in milk from HE cows, P = 0.001. The changes in CAS and TP in milk resulted in a significant difference in the CAS/TP ratio (81.7% in milk from HE cows vs 73.8% in milk from CM cows). A decrease in levels was also recorded for LAC (4.8% in milk from HE cows vs 4.51% in milk from SCM cows and 4.01% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001). The fat level was significantly higher in milk from healthy cows than in milk from cows with mastitis (4.0% vs 2.3% in milk from SCM cows and 1.64% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001).
Conclusion: It should be emphasised that the decrease in the levels of TP, LAC and FAT was significant not only in milk from CM cows but also in milk from SCM cows. This is very unfavourable, because the reduction in the main milk components results in poor quality dairy products and impairs line processes.
引言研究旨在分析由链球菌引起的亚临床(SCM)和临床乳腺炎(CM)奶牛牛奶中的总蛋白(TP)、酪蛋白(CAS)、乳糖(LAC)和脂肪含量:研究共包括 60 份患病奶牛的牛奶样本和 30 份健康奶牛的牛奶样本。牛奶样本取自卢布林省四个奶牛场的荷斯坦-弗里斯兰奶牛。对牛奶进行了细菌学检查,并使用 SomaCount FC 自动细胞计数器测定了 1 毫升牛奶中的体细胞数。使用 DairySpec FT 自动傅立叶变换红外光谱仪测定了牛奶中的 TP、CAS、LAC、FAT 和 FA 含量:高产奶牛牛奶中的总蛋白含量明显高于患有乳腺炎的奶牛(单膜奶牛牛奶中的总蛋白含量为 4.04%,单膜奶牛牛奶中的总蛋白含量为 3.57%,双膜奶牛牛奶中的总蛋白含量为 3.7%,P = 0.001)。CM奶牛和SCM奶牛的CAS水平分别为2.73%和2.92%,而HE奶牛的CAS水平为3.30%,P = 0.001。牛奶中 CAS 和 TP 的变化导致 CAS/TP 比率的显著差异(HE 奶牛牛奶中的 CAS/TP 比率为 81.7%,而 CM 奶牛牛奶中的 CAS/TP 比率为 73.8%)。LAC水平也有所下降(HE奶牛的牛奶为4.8%,SCM奶牛的牛奶为4.51%,CM奶牛的牛奶为4.01%,P = 0.001)。健康奶牛牛奶中的脂肪含量明显高于患有乳腺炎的奶牛牛奶(健康奶牛牛奶中的脂肪含量为 4.0% vs 2.3% SCM 奶牛牛奶中的脂肪含量为 2.3%,CM 奶牛牛奶中的脂肪含量为 1.64%,P = 0.001):需要强调的是,TP、LAC 和 FAT 水平的下降不仅在 CM 奶牛的牛奶中明显,在 SCM 奶牛的牛奶中也同样明显。这是非常不利的,因为牛奶中主要成分的减少会导致乳制品质量下降,并影响生产线工艺。
{"title":"Comparative analysis of total protein, casein, lactose, and fat content in milk of cows suffering from subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by <i>Streptococcus</i> spp.","authors":"Mariola Bochniarz, Przemysław Błaszczyk, Marek Szczubiał, Iosif Vasiu, Łukasz Adaszek, Katarzyna Michalak, Dorota Pietras-Ożga, Marco Wochnik, Roman Dąbrowski","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0028","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to analyse the total protein (TP), casein (CAS), lactose (LAC), and fat content of milk from cows with subclinical (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) caused by <i>Streptococcus</i> spp.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 60 milk samples from diseased cows and 30 milk samples from healthy cows were included in the study. Milk samples were taken from Holstein-Friesian cows from four dairy farms in Lublin Province. The bacteriological examination of the milk was performed and the somatic cells count in 1 mL of milk was determined using a SomaCount FC automatic cell counter. Determination of TP, CAS, LAC, FAT and FA levels in milk was carried out using a DairySpec FT automated Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total protein in milk from HE was significantly higher than in milk from cows with mastitis (4.04% <i>vs</i> 3.57% in milk from SCM cows and 3.7% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001). The CAS level was 2.73% in milk from CM cows and 2.92% in milk from SCM cows <i>vs</i> 3.30% in milk from HE cows, P = 0.001. The changes in CAS and TP in milk resulted in a significant difference in the CAS/TP ratio (81.7% in milk from HE cows <i>vs</i> 73.8% in milk from CM cows). A decrease in levels was also recorded for LAC (4.8% in milk from HE cows <i>vs</i> 4.51% in milk from SCM cows and 4.01% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001). The fat level was significantly higher in milk from healthy cows than in milk from cows with mastitis (4.0% <i>v</i>s 2.3% in milk from SCM cows and 1.64% in milk from CM cows, P = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It should be emphasised that the decrease in the levels of TP, LAC and FAT was significant not only in milk from CM cows but also in milk from SCM cows. This is very unfavourable, because the reduction in the main milk components results in poor quality dairy products and impairs line processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75524008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.
Material and methods: A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR.
Results: It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates.
Conclusion: This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.
{"title":"Prevalence of the <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> genes among extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.","authors":"Hayyun Durrotul Faridah, Freshindy Marissa Wibisono, Freshinta Jellia Wibisono, Nabilatun Nisa, Fatimah Fatimah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shendy Canadya Kurniawan, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0025","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2023-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if <i>Escherichia coli</i> produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> genes among ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of <i>E. coli</i>. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The <i>E. coli</i> isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> genes was identified using a PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated <i>E. coli</i> were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> and 13/34 (38.2%) the <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> genes. The <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10740326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80891346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Opeyemi G Oso, Joseph O Sunday, Alexander B Odaibo
Lymnaea natalensis is the only snail intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica, the causative agent of fascioliasis, in Nigeria. The species also serves as intermediate host for many other African trematode species of medical and veterinary importance, and it is found throughout the country. However, there is no detailed information on the factors that influence its distribution and seasonal abundance in the tropical aquatic habitats in Nigeria. This study used the geographic information system and remotely sensed data to develop models for predicting the distribution of L. natalensis in South-Western Nigeria. Both land surface temperature (LST) and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) were extracted from Landsat satellite imagery; other variables (slope and elevation) were extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) while rainfall data were retrieved from the European Meteorology Research Programme (EMRP). These environmental variables were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to predict suitable habitats of L. natalensis using exploratory regression. A total of 1410 L. natalensis snails were collected vis-à-vis 22 sampling sites. Built-up areas recorded more L. natalensis compared with farmlands. There was no significant difference in the abundance of snails with season (p 0.05). The regression models showed that rainfall, NDVI, and slope were predictors of L. natalensis distribution. The habitats suitable for L. natalensis were central areas, while areas to the north and south were not suitable for L. natalensis.Contribution: The predictive risk models of L. natalensis in the study will be useful in mapping other areas where the snail sampling could not be conducted.
{"title":"Temporal modelling of Lymnaea natalensis (Krauss, 1848) in tropical aquatic habitats.","authors":"Opeyemi G Oso, Joseph O Sunday, Alexander B Odaibo","doi":"10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymnaea natalensis is the only snail intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica, the causative agent of fascioliasis, in Nigeria. The species also serves as intermediate host for many other African trematode species of medical and veterinary importance, and it is found throughout the country. However, there is no detailed information on the factors that influence its distribution and seasonal abundance in the tropical aquatic habitats in Nigeria. This study used the geographic information system and remotely sensed data to develop models for predicting the distribution of L. natalensis in South-Western Nigeria. Both land surface temperature (LST) and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) were extracted from Landsat satellite imagery; other variables (slope and elevation) were extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) while rainfall data were retrieved from the European Meteorology Research Programme (EMRP). These environmental variables were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to predict suitable habitats of L. natalensis using exploratory regression. A total of 1410 L. natalensis snails were collected vis-à-vis 22 sampling sites. Built-up areas recorded more L. natalensis compared with farmlands. There was no significant difference in the abundance of snails with season (p 0.05). The regression models showed that rainfall, NDVI, and slope were predictors of L. natalensis distribution. The habitats suitable for L. natalensis were central areas, while areas to the north and south were not suitable for L. natalensis.Contribution: The predictive risk models of L. natalensis in the study will be useful in mapping other areas where the snail sampling could not be conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10244977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9589894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaster Samkange, Simbarashe Chitanga, Georgina N Tjipura-Zaire, Vimanuka G Mutjavikua, Jan W Smith, Luis Neves, Tshepo Matjila
Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that occurs worldwide and is one of the most important causes of abortion, especially in cattle. However, no studies have been performed in Namibia to determine the N. caninum status in livestock. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum in cattle and the associated risk factors in the Khomas region of Namibia. A total of 736 sera were collected from cows in 32 farming establishments. These comprised 698 beef and 38 dairy cattle sera and were tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Questionnaires were concurrently administered to determine possible risk factors associated with N. caninum seropositivity. A total of 42 sera were positive (all beef), giving an animal-level seroprevalence rate of 5.7%. Eight of the 32 establishments had at least one positive animal, giving a herd-level seroprevalence of 25%. There was no significant association between seropositivity and the presence of dogs, jackals, history of abortions, farm size, number of cattle or average annual rainfall. The establishments with moderate to high numbers of Feliformia were 9.8 times more likely to be seropositive to N. caninum than those with none to low levels of the former (p = 0.0245). The authors concluded that the seroprevalence level of N. caninum in the Khomas region was relatively low compared with other parts of the world and that the role of Feliformia in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis needed to be further investigated.Contribution: Serological evidence of bovine neosporosis and the associated risk factors are reported in Namibia for the first time. This study contributes to the scientific body of knowledge on N. caninum in Africa, which is currently limited.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine neosporosis in the Khomas region of Namibia.","authors":"Alaster Samkange, Simbarashe Chitanga, Georgina N Tjipura-Zaire, Vimanuka G Mutjavikua, Jan W Smith, Luis Neves, Tshepo Matjila","doi":"10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that occurs worldwide and is one of the most important causes of abortion, especially in cattle. However, no studies have been performed in Namibia to determine the N. caninum status in livestock. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum in cattle and the associated risk factors in the Khomas region of Namibia. A total of 736 sera were collected from cows in 32 farming establishments. These comprised 698 beef and 38 dairy cattle sera and were tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Questionnaires were concurrently administered to determine possible risk factors associated with N. caninum seropositivity. A total of 42 sera were positive (all beef), giving an animal-level seroprevalence rate of 5.7%. Eight of the 32 establishments had at least one positive animal, giving a herd-level seroprevalence of 25%. There was no significant association between seropositivity and the presence of dogs, jackals, history of abortions, farm size, number of cattle or average annual rainfall. The establishments with moderate to high numbers of Feliformia were 9.8 times more likely to be seropositive to N. caninum than those with none to low levels of the former (p = 0.0245). The authors concluded that the seroprevalence level of N. caninum in the Khomas region was relatively low compared with other parts of the world and that the role of Feliformia in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis needed to be further investigated.Contribution: Serological evidence of bovine neosporosis and the associated risk factors are reported in Namibia for the first time. This study contributes to the scientific body of knowledge on N. caninum in Africa, which is currently limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":54685,"journal":{"name":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10157435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9412977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}