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Toxic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on co-culture model of human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (THP-1) 多环芳烃(PAHs)对人肺泡上皮细胞(A549)和巨噬细胞(THP-1)共培养模型的毒性效应
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-01003-7
Pennapa Takam, Andreas Schäffer, Sarunya Laovitthayanggoon, Wasin Charerntantanakul, Panwad Sillapawattana

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are particulate matter bound environmental contaminants known to cause adverse effects on human health. The toxicity of carcinogenic PAH such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) has been extensively investigated, whereas other PAHs have received less attention. The present work investigated the toxic effects of three less investigated PAHs with distinct molecular weights in comparison to BaP on co-culture model of human epithelial lung cells (A549) and macrophages (THP-1). Due to the involvement of more than one cell type in the response to PAH exposure, the new co-culture model is considered to be suitable for the prediction of undesired toxicological effects of PAHs. To do so, the co-culture was established and exposed to 0–400 µM of phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and, benzo [ghi] perylene (BghiP) for 24 h. Subsequently, cytotoxicity, micronucleus formation, and cytokine excretion were analyzed. The results revealed that the viability of A549 cells decreased after being exposed to increasing concentrations of PAHs. The formation of micronuclei in binucleated cells (BNC) was found more frequently in cells treated with PAHs in comparison to the untreated group, indicating the genotoxic effect of these compounds. Moreover, an exposure to PAHs enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokine, i.e., interleukin-6 secretion, while diminished the anti-inflammatory cytokine, i.e., interleukin-10. In summary, PAHs possess negative effects on A549 and THP-1 co-culture model, implying an adverse effect on human health when coming into contact with these chemicals via respiration.

多环芳烃(PAHs)是与颗粒物质结合在一起的环境污染物,已知会对人类健康造成不良影响。苯并[a]芘(BaP)等致癌多环芳烃的毒性已得到广泛研究,而其他多环芳烃则较少受到关注。与 BaP 相比,本研究调查了三种较少调查的不同分子量的多环芳烃对人类上皮肺细胞(A549)和巨噬细胞(THP-1)共培养模型的毒性影响。由于在多环芳烃暴露的反应中涉及到不止一种细胞类型,新的共培养模型被认为适用于预测多环芳烃的不良毒理效应。为此,我们建立了共培养模型,并将其暴露于 0-400 µM 的菲类(PHE)、荧蒽(FLA)和苯并[ghi]苝(BghiP)中 24 小时,随后分析了细胞毒性、微核形成和细胞因子排泄。结果表明,A549 细胞在暴露于浓度越来越高的多环芳烃后,活力下降。与未处理组相比,经 PAHs 处理的细胞更容易形成双核细胞(BNC)中的微核,这表明这些化合物具有基因毒性作用。此外,暴露于 PAHs 会增加促炎细胞因子(即白细胞介素-6)的分泌,同时减少抗炎细胞因子(即白细胞介素-10)的分泌。总之,多环芳烃对 A549 和 THP-1 共培养模型有负面影响,这意味着通过呼吸接触这些化学物质会对人体健康产生不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring NOx during periodic technical inspection of diesel vehicles 在柴油车辆定期技术检查期间测量氮氧化物
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-01002-8
Jacopo Franzetti, Tommaso Selleri, Natalia Fonseca González, Anastasios Melas, Roberto Gioria, Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa

Background

All light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles circulating in the European Union undergo regular checks during mandatory periodic technical inspections (PTI). These inspections promote road safety and environmental protection. Vehicles with defective deNOx aftertreatment systems can result in high emissions of NOx, which is an important air pollutant. The ongoing revision of the “so-called” Roadworthiness Package by the European Commission propose including a new method for measuring NOx from vehicles’ exhaust during PTI (NOx-PTI).

Results

The results obtained showed an increase in NOx emissions, 8 to 28 times, when the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit was not working. The applicability of the NOx-PTI idling test procedure to Euro VI HD vehicles was also investigated satisfactorily. Furthermore, methods to warm-up the vehicle’s aftertreatment prior to the NOx-PTI idling test, including standing still free accelerations and urban speed drives, as well as systems conditions before the test, were studied. Five different NOx analysers were assessed against reference equipment to ensure the accuracy of NOx measurements to assess their suitability for PTI purposes. The findings indicate that an urban speed drive is suitable for warming up both LD and HD vehicles. The tested analysers appeared to be suitable for use in PTI.

Conclusions

The high NOx emissions recorded when the SCR unit was not working, and their potential environmental impact, highlight the importance of a PTI test capable of detecting malfunctioning vehicles. The study demonstrated that the idle test procedure, testing conditions, and NOx analysers used were effective in performing a NOx-PTI check on both light- and heavy-duty Diesel vehicles, successfully discriminating between functioning and malfunctioning SCR systems.

背景在欧盟流通的所有轻型(LD)和重型(HD)车辆都要在强制性定期技术检查(PTI)期间接受定期检查。这些检查促进了道路安全和环境保护。脱硝后处理系统有缺陷的车辆会导致氮氧化物的高排放,而氮氧化物是一种重要的空气污染物。欧盟委员会正在对 "所谓 "的 "适路性一揽子方案 "进行修订,建议在 PTI(NOx-PTI)过程中采用一种新方法来测量汽车尾气中的氮氧化物。氮氧化物-怠速空转测试程序对欧 VI HD 车辆的适用性研究也令人满意。此外,还研究了氮氧化物-PTI 空转测试前车辆后处理的预热方法,包括静止自由加速和城市高速行驶,以及测试前的系统条件。对照参考设备对五种不同的氮氧化物分析仪进行了评估,以确保氮氧化物测量的准确性,从而评估其是否适用于 PTI 目的。研究结果表明,城市高速驱动器适用于为低速和高速车辆预热。结论当选择性催化还原装置不工作时记录到的高氮氧化物排放量及其对环境的潜在影响,突出了能够检测故障车辆的 PTI 测试的重要性。该研究表明,所使用的怠速测试程序、测试条件和氮氧化物分析仪可有效地对轻型和重型柴油车辆进行氮氧化物-PTI 检查,并成功区分出 SCR 系统的功能和故障。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of short-term total dissolved gas supersaturation on cognitive function and swimming performance in medaka (Oryzias latipes) 短期总溶解气体过饱和度对鳉鱼认知功能和游泳表现的影响
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-01004-6
Jialin Liao, Hui Chen, Xin Yang, Haoran Shi, Quan Yuan

During the flood season, high dam discharge rates result in total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation. This condition causes gas bubble trauma and can lead to fish mortality, which poses a significant threat to downstream river ecosystems. Assessing the ecological risks of TDG supersaturation is a challenge in waterpower-intensive river basins worldwide. Few studies have explored the impact of TDG supersaturation on fish behaviours, such as aggression and memory, which are crucial for feeding, reproduction, and predator avoidance. In this study, behavioural tests were conducted in a T-maze to investigate the effects of acute TDG supersaturation on swimming behaviour, aggression, and memory in medaka (Oryzias latipes). The results demonstrated that medaka exposed to TDG levels of 115% and 130% for 2 h had significantly reduced swimming performance.At TDG levels of 100%, 115% and 130%, medaka activity rates in the mirror arm of the maze in the mirror test were 44.34 ± 12.88%, 40.27 ± 15.44% and 35.35 ± 16.07%, respectively. Similarly, the activity rates of medaka in the active stimulus arm of the maze in the memory test were 50.35 ± 14.75%, 40.76 ± 12.51% and 35.35 ± 18.47%, respectively. The behaviour of medaka changed with increasing TDG supersaturation. These findings contribute to the development of an ecological risk assessment model for TDG supersaturation based on memory and aggression in fish and provide data for developing management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of TDG supersaturation.

在洪水季节,大坝的高排水率会导致总溶解气体 (TDG) 过饱和。这种情况会造成气泡创伤,导致鱼类死亡,对下游河流生态系统构成严重威胁。评估 TDG 过饱和的生态风险是全球水力密集型流域面临的一项挑战。很少有研究探讨了 TDG 过饱和对鱼类行为的影响,如攻击性和记忆力,它们对摄食、繁殖和躲避捕食者至关重要。本研究在 T 型迷宫中进行了行为测试,以研究急性 TDG 过饱和对青鱼(Oryzias latipes)游泳行为、攻击性和记忆的影响。结果表明,将青鳉暴露在 115% 和 130% 的 TDG 水平下 2 小时后,其游泳性能明显降低。在 100%、115% 和 130% 的 TDG 水平下,青鳉在迷宫镜像臂中的镜像测试活动率分别为 44.34 ± 12.88%、40.27 ± 15.44% 和 35.35 ± 16.07%。同样,在记忆测试中,青鳉在迷宫主动刺激臂的活动率分别为(50.35 ± 14.75%)、(40.76 ± 12.51%)和(35.35 ± 18.47%)。青鳉的行为随 TDG 过饱和度的增加而变化。这些研究结果有助于建立基于鱼类记忆和攻击性的 TDG 过饱和生态风险评估模型,并为制定管理策略以减轻 TDG 过饱和的不利影响提供数据。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental resilience of the largest European public transport providers during the COVID-19 pandemic 欧洲最大公共交通提供商在 COVID-19 大流行期间的环境复原力
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00996-5
Jordi Rosell

The environmental commitment of public transport authorities plays a role in addressing the challenges ahead. After the COVID-19 pandemic, we can analyze the strength of green commitments during that turbulent time. Green public procurement (GPP) is a government tool dedicated to mitigating the environmental impact of public acquisitions. These actions can be monitored as an indicator that captures efforts for green actions by organizations. GPP adoption rates among public transport suppliers are comparable across countries because they operate in the same sector and share characteristics that facilitate comparison. In this study, the largest public transport suppliers in 38 European cities are compared from 2010 to 2023. A subsample of 13,280 contract notices was employed for the public transport sector from the Tender Electronic Database and GPP adoption was found to be higher on bus vehicle acquisitions than on tramway/metro vehicle acquisitions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a marked GPP fall. These findings also indicate that while GPP adoption rates are higher among the 38 large public transport suppliers compared with medium and lower ones, the largest ones are not the front-runners in terms of GPP adoption. Our results suggest that environmental priorities are not as significant as one might expect.

公共交通机构的环保承诺在应对未来挑战方面发挥着作用。在 COVID-19 大流行之后,我们可以分析一下在那段动荡时期绿色承诺的力度。绿色公共采购 (GPP) 是一种政府工具,致力于减轻公共采购对环境的影响。这些行动可以作为一项指标进行监测,以反映各组织在绿色行动方面所做的努力。公共交通供应商的 GPP 采用率在各国之间具有可比性,因为它们在同一行业运营,且具有便于比较的共同特征。本研究对欧洲 38 个城市最大的公共交通供应商在 2010 年至 2023 年期间的情况进行了比较。研究采用了招标电子数据库中公共交通行业 13280 份合同通知的子样本,发现公交车辆采购中采用 GPP 的比例高于有轨电车/地铁车辆采购中采用 GPP 的比例。在 COVID-19 大流行期间,全球购买力平价明显下降。这些研究结果还表明,虽然 38 家大型公共交通供应商的 GPP 采用率高于中型和小型供应商,但在采用 GPP 方面,大型供应商并非领跑者。我们的结果表明,环境优先并不像人们预期的那样重要。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution and driving factors of carbon emission in Shandong Province: based on the perspective of land use 基于土地利用视角的山东省碳排放时空演变及驱动因素分析
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-01000-w
Jiahui Wu, Kongqing Li

Land use/cover change is the second major contributor to carbon emissions, following energy emissions. Studying provincial land-use carbon emissions is crucial for achieving the “double carbon” goal. This study selects 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province as the research object. It analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of carbon emissions in Shandong Province based on land-use data and energy consumption. In terms of net carbon emissions, this study utilizes the standard deviation ellipse and kernel density estimation to analyze net carbon emissions change from the municipal and regional perspectives. In terms of carbon ecological carrying capacity, not only the carbon ecological carrying capacity of forest and grassland was considered, but also the carbon ecological carrying capacity of crops in Shandong Province, which is a large grain province. Using the geographic detector to explore the drivers. Research findings indicate that carbon sources and sinks show a clear spatial and temporal distribution pattern, with the center of gravity of net carbon emissions extending to the northeast. Areas with high carbon ecological carrying capacity have high forest coverage, grassland coverage, and crop yields. Regarding driving factors, the urbanization rate, economic aggregate, and technological progress demonstrate significant explanatory power through single and interaction tests, suggesting that these factors are critical drivers of land-use carbon emissions within Shandong Province. Based on the spatiotemporal pattern analysis of land-use carbon emissions in Shandong Province, each city's growth rate and spatial distribution characteristics can be clarified, providing a scientific basis for the local government to formulate regional and differentiated emission-reduction policies. In addition, by exploring the driving factors of land-use carbon emissions in Shandong Province, the influence level of factors on carbon emissions can be revealed to provide references for formulating regional sustainable development strategies.

土地利用/覆盖变化是继能源排放之后的第二大碳排放源。研究省级土地利用碳排放对实现 "双碳 "目标至关重要。本研究选取山东省 16 个地级市作为研究对象。根据土地利用数据和能源消耗情况,分析山东省碳排放的时空分布格局。在碳净排放量方面,本研究利用标准偏差椭圆和核密度估计,从市域和区域角度分析碳净排放量的变化。在碳生态承载力方面,不仅考虑了森林和草地的碳生态承载力,还考虑了粮食大省山东省农作物的碳生态承载力。利用地理探测器探究驱动因素。研究结果表明,碳源和碳汇呈现明显的时空分布格局,碳净排放重心向东北延伸。碳生态承载力高的地区,森林覆盖率、草地覆盖率和农作物产量都较高。在驱动因素方面,城镇化率、经济总量和技术进步通过单一检验和交互检验显示出显著的解释力,表明这些因素是山东省土地利用碳排放的关键驱动因素。基于山东省土地利用碳排放的时空格局分析,可以明确各城市的碳排放增长率和空间分布特征,为地方政府制定区域性、差异化的减排政策提供科学依据。此外,通过探究山东省土地利用碳排放的驱动因素,可以揭示各因素对碳排放的影响程度,为制定区域可持续发展战略提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative analysis of microplastics in Nile tilapia from a recirculating aquaculture system using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 利用热解-气相色谱-质谱法对循环水产养殖系统中尼罗罗非鱼体内的微塑料进行定量分析
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00987-6
Feride Öykü Sefiloglu, Marthinus Brits, Azora König Kardgar, Martin J. M. van Velzen, Emily Kaldenbach, A. Dick Vethaak, Darragh Doyle, Bethanie Carney Almroth, Marja H. Lamoree

Microplastic (MP) ingestion through fish consumption is a concern for human exposure. While the presence of plastic particles in fish tissues has been documented worldwide, information on microplastic concentrations in edible tissues, especially those smaller than 10 µm, remains scarce. Spectrometric techniques provide a complementary analytical tool to measure MP mass for human exposure studies without intrinsic size limitations; however, their application to fish analysis is limited. In this study, we utilized pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) for the identification and quantification of MPs in fish muscle tissues. Two sample preparation methods, pressurized liquid extraction, and chemical digestion, were tested for compatibility with Py-GC–MS analysis. An analytical method using chemical digestion was validated for analyzing particles ≥ 0.7 µm for 4 polymer types: polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate. The developed method was applied to 24 adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) samples from a recirculating aquaculture system. MPs were detected in 42% of the samples, with an average concentration of 0.14 ± 0.32 µg/g, while high variations within subsamples were observed. Our findings reveal trace amounts of MPs in edible fish tissues from aquaculture, highlighting the potential risk of microplastic ingestion through fish consumption. This underscores the need for further risk assessments to evaluate the impact on human health and to develop appropriate mitigation measures.

Graphical Abstract

通过食用鱼类摄入微塑料 (MP) 是人类面临的一个问题。虽然世界各地都有关于鱼类组织中存在塑料微粒的记录,但有关可食用组织中微塑料浓度的信息仍然很少,尤其是那些小于 10 µm 的微塑料。光谱分析技术为人类暴露研究提供了测量 MP 质量的补充分析工具,且不受固有尺寸的限制;然而,其在鱼类分析中的应用却很有限。在这项研究中,我们利用热解气相色谱-质谱法(Py-GC-MS)对鱼类肌肉组织中的 MPs 进行了鉴定和定量。我们测试了加压液体萃取和化学消解两种样品制备方法与 Py-GC-MS 分析的兼容性。使用化学消解的分析方法对聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯这 4 种聚合物中≥ 0.7 µm 的颗粒进行了分析验证。所开发的方法适用于循环水产养殖系统中的 24 份尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)成鱼样本。在 42% 的样本中检测到了 MPs,平均浓度为 0.14 ± 0.32 µg/g,同时观察到子样本内的差异很大。我们的研究结果表明,在水产养殖的可食用鱼类组织中存在微量 MPs,这凸显了通过食用鱼类摄入微塑料的潜在风险。这凸显了进一步开展风险评估的必要性,以评估微塑料对人类健康的影响并制定适当的缓解措施。
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引用次数: 0
Testing microbial pest control products in bees, a comparative study on different bee species and their interaction with two representative microorganisms 在蜜蜂中测试微生物害虫控制产品,对不同种类蜜蜂及其与两种代表性微生物相互作用的比较研究
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00994-7
Karoline Wueppenhorst, Kevin Nack, Silvio Erler, Jens Pistorius, Abdulrahim T. Alkassab

Background

The evaluation of the impact of pesticides on non-target species, like bees, is a crucial factor in registration procedures. Therefore, standardized test procedures have been developed on OECD level assessing the effects of chemicals on honey bees or bumble bees. Unfortunately, these protocols cannot directly be adapted for testing products that contain microorganisms. Interest in the use of microorganisms has increased in recent years due to their specificity to target species while not harming non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate optimal conditions to assess the effects of microbial plant protection products on bee species according to currently available test protocols. Some of the most commonly used microorganisms for plant protection, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (B. t. a. ABTS 1857) and Beauveria bassiana (B. b. ATCC 74040) were tested on Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, and Osmia bicornis at different temperatures (18, 26, 33 °C) under laboratory conditions.

Results

Exposure to the product containing B. t. a. ABTS 1857 resulted in higher mortality compared to B. b. ATCC 74040 in all tested bee species. A temperature-dependent effect towards higher mortality at higher temperatures of 26 °C or 33 °C was observed in O. bicornis exposed to both microorganisms. A. mellifera showed variable responses, but for B. terrestris there was mostly no effect of temperature when exposed to microorganisms in high concentrations. However, temperature affected longevity of bee species in the non-exposed control group. A. mellifera mortality increased with decreasing temperatures, while B. terrestris and O. bicornis mortality increased with increasing temperatures. A test duration of 15 or 20 days was found to be suitable for testing these microorganisms.

Conclusion

In conclusion, 26 °C should be considered the worst-case scenario for testing B. bassiana on all tested bee species. For testing B. thuringiensis, a temperature of 33 °C is recommended for A. mellifera, whereas B. terrestris and O. bicornis should be tested at 26 °C.

背景评估农药对蜜蜂等非目标物种的影响是登记程序中的一个关键因素。因此,经合组织(OECD)制定了标准化测试程序,评估化学品对蜜蜂或大黄蜂的影响。遗憾的是,这些规程不能直接用于测试含有微生物的产品。近年来,由于微生物对目标物种具有特异性,同时不会对非目标生物造成伤害,因此人们对使用微生物的兴趣与日俱增。本研究旨在根据目前可用的测试协议,评估微生物植保产品对蜜蜂物种影响的最佳条件。一些最常用的植物保护微生物,苏云金芽孢杆菌亚种 aizawai(B. t. a. ABTS 1857)和巴氏杆菌 Beauveria bassiana(B. b. ATCC 74040)进行了测试。ATCC74040)在不同温度(18、26、33 °C)下对蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)、土蜂(Bombus terrestris)和茭白(Osmia bicornis)进行了测试。在 26 °C 或 33 °C 的较高温度下,暴露于这两种微生物的 O. bicornis 死亡率较高。A. mellifera 的反应不一,但 B. terrestris 在接触高浓度微生物时大多不受温度影响。然而,温度影响了未接触对照组蜜蜂物种的寿命。A. mellifera 的死亡率随着温度的降低而增加,而 B. terrestris 和 O. bicornis 的死亡率则随着温度的升高而增加。总之,在对所有受试蜂种进行 B. bassiana 试验时,应将 26 °C 视为最坏的情况。在测试苏云金杆菌时,建议对 A. mellifera 在 33 °C 的温度下进行测试,而对 B. terrestris 和 O. bicornis 则应在 26 °C 的温度下进行测试。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of waste stabilization ponds, Giza, Egypt 评估埃及吉萨废物稳定池的物理、化学和微生物特性
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00965-y
Mohamed N. F. Shaheen, Elmahdy Mohamed Elmahdy, Neveen M. Rizk, Sayeda M. Abdo, Nahla A. Hussein, Asmaa Elshershaby, Yasser E. Shahein, Mariam E. Fawzy, Mohamed Azab El-Liethy, Mohamed A. Marouf, Fagr Kh. Abdel-Gawad, Anyi Hu, Mahmoud Gad

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contain a diverse array of microbes, underscoring the need for regular monitoring to ensure treatment efficacy and protect health. However, detailed studies on waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are scarce. This study evaluates a full-scale WSP, located in Giza Governorate, Egypt, including anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds, examining an array of parameters such as enteric viruses, microeukaryotes (protozoa and algae), bacterial indicators, bacterial pathogens, and physicochemical characteristics. Utilizing multivariate statistical models, we identified significant distinctions in physicochemical parameters and microbial communities, primarily driven by treatment stages rather than temporal variations. In addition, seven viruses (human rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, polyomavirus, and papillomavirus) were detected during the different stages (inlet, anaerobic, facultative, and outlet) of the WSP, except norovirus and papillomavirus were absent in the outlet stage. The viral log means reductions ranged from 1.24 to 5.94, depending on the stage and virus type. The removal efficiency of bacterial pathogens was more than 99%. High throughput 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated the dominance of animal parasitic Apicomplexa species and Vermamoeba spp. in the WSP. Network analysis indicated significant roles for Ciliophora in virus reduction. Notably, the maturation pond's outlet was dominated by Spirulina maxima, whose mat-forming tendencies may inhibit pathogen removal by providing protective shelters. Although the WSP effectively reduced pathogen levels, the high initial loads resulted in considerable concentrations in the final effluent, posing ongoing public health concerns. This study highlights the imperative of including pathogen standards in national regulations for wastewater reuse.

污水处理厂(WWTPs)含有多种微生物,因此需要定期监测,以确保处理效果并保护健康。然而,有关废物稳定塘(WSP)的详细研究却很少。本研究评估了位于埃及吉萨省的一个完整规模的 WSP,包括厌氧池、兼性池和成熟池,检查了一系列参数,如肠道病毒、微真核生物(原生动物和藻类)、细菌指标、细菌病原体和理化特性。利用多元统计模型,我们确定了理化参数和微生物群落的显著差异,这些差异主要受处理阶段而非时间变化的影响。此外,在水处理系统的不同阶段(进水、厌氧、兼性和出水)检测到七种病毒(人类轮状病毒、腺病毒、诺如病毒、星状病毒、甲型肝炎病毒、多瘤病毒和乳头状瘤病毒),只有诺如病毒和乳头状瘤病毒在出水阶段没有检测到。根据不同阶段和病毒类型,病毒对数平均减少量从 1.24 到 5.94 不等。细菌病原体的去除率超过 99%。高通量 18S rRNA 基因扩增片段测序表明,动物寄生虫 Apicomplexa 种和 Vermamoeba 种在 WSP 中占主导地位。网络分析表明,纤毛虫在减少病毒方面发挥着重要作用。值得注意的是,成熟池塘的出口处主要是最大螺旋藻,其垫状倾向可能会通过提供保护性庇护所来抑制病原体的清除。虽然 WSP 有效地降低了病原体水平,但高初始负荷导致最终污水中的病原体浓度相当高,从而引发了持续的公共卫生问题。这项研究强调了将病原体标准纳入废水回用国家法规的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing model selection across global countries for managing pesticide emission and surface freshwater quality: a hierarchical screening approach 优化全球各国农药排放和地表淡水质量管理的模型选择:分层筛选法
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00964-z
Yabi Huang, Zijian Li

Pesticides in surface freshwater primarily originate from their emissions in agricultural lands, potentially leading to violations of surface freshwater quality standards. To aid global regulatory agencies in effectively managing surface freshwater quality by estimating and controlling pesticide emission rates, this study proposes a hierarchical screening approach for countries and regions worldwide to select appropriate modeling tools. Hierarchical indicators are introduced to classify countries globally, considering their spatial distribution areas, pesticide emission conditions, and legislative systems. Consequently, different categories of countries are matched with suitable model groups, such as the standard model group for regulatory scenarios, the general model group for continental scenarios, and the advanced model group with high spatial resolution. Results indicated that a total of 193 countries worldwide were categorized into six country groups, of which 153, 34, and 6 countries were found to fit the standard, general, and advanced model groups, respectively, based on the model assignments for these country groups. Furthermore, 12 commonly used pesticides were selected to demonstrate the back-calculation process, which estimates the pesticide emission rate (input) by pesticide surface freshwater quality standards (output) by standard and general model groups. The Advanced model group was not applied in this process due to its intensive computation. An approximate approach was developed to simplify the calculation of the emission rate factor of pesticides using the PWC and TOXSWA selected in the standard model group as well as SWAT in the general model group, serving as a demonstration. This approach can be applied to control pesticide emission rates from surface freshwater quality standards across countries that fit in the standard and general model groups. The results highlight that pesticide fate models selected through the hierarchical screening approach, can assist global countries in establishing a quantitative relationship between pesticide emission rates and surface freshwater quality standards, which can help global agencies manage pesticide emissions and freshwater quality from a legal perspective. There is a need to update and simplify suitable advanced model for calculation demonstration in future studies to aid in pesticide management. Further research is needed to thoroughly investigate pesticide emissions and freshwater residue concentrations under varying conditions.

地表淡水中的农药主要来源于农田中的排放,有可能导致违反地表淡水水质标准。为了帮助全球监管机构通过估算和控制农药排放率来有效管理地表淡水水质,本研究提出了一种分级筛选方法,供全球各国和各地区选择合适的建模工具。考虑到各国的空间分布区域、农药排放条件和立法体系,本研究引入分层指标对全球各国进行分类。因此,不同类别的国家与合适的模型组相匹配,如用于监管情景的标准模型组、用于大陆情景的一般模型组和具有高空间分辨率的高级模型组。结果表明,全球共有 193 个国家被分为 6 个国家组,根据这些国家组的模型分配,分别有 153 个、34 个和 6 个国家适合标准模型组、一般模型组和高级模型组。此外,还选择了 12 种常用农药来演示反向计算过程,即通过标准模型组和一般模型组的农药地表淡水质量标准(输出)来估算农药排放率(输入)。由于高级模式组的计算量较大,因此未在此过程中使用。在标准模式组中选择了 PWC 和 TOXSWA,在一般模式组中选择了 SWAT,开发了一种近似方法来简化农药排放率系数的计算,作为示范。这种方法可用于控制符合标准模型组和一般模型组的各国地表淡水质量标准中的农药排放率。研究结果表明,通过分层筛选法选出的农药归宿模型可以帮助全球各国建立农药排放率与地表淡水质量标准之间的定量关系,从而帮助全球机构从法律角度管理农药排放和淡水质量。在未来的研究中,有必要更新和简化合适的先进模型进行计算示范,以帮助农药管理。需要进一步开展研究,以深入调查不同条件下的农药排放和淡水残留浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal and spatial variations in the effect-based ecotoxicological assessment of streams 基于效应的溪流生态毒理学评估的时空变化
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00992-9
Delia Hof, Thomas Bing, Sebastian Heß, Jens Mayer, Jörg Oehlmann, Matthias Oetken

Background

Water bodies are affected by chemical contamination, including micropollutants, which is not fully captured by conventional chemical monitoring methods. The inclusion of integrative, effect-based in vivo and in vitro methods in standardized assessment procedures offers the possibility of bridging discrepancies between chemical and biological assessments and has already been proposed in several studies. However, there is a need to develop a comparable ecotoxicological assessment system for surface waters as for chemical and ecological status. This study aims to contribute to this discourse by investigating the temporal and spatial variation of ecotoxicological effects by assessing water grab samples of 15 different sites in central Germany over the course of 1 year using different in vitro assays.

Results

The level of measured estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity varied between the four measurement campaigns, while baseline toxicity, dioxin-like effects and mutagenicity showed relatively constant detectable effects over the study period. The impact of conventionally treated wastewater appeared to be one of the strongest influencing stressors, as direct comparisons of ecotoxicity upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plant dischargers showed a significant increase for most of the conducted bioassays. Comparison of the measured estrogenicity with proposed threshold values showed effects within ecotoxicologically relevant ranges.

Conclusions

Bioassays record ecotoxicological effects on the basis of specific modes of action, allowing whole groups of substances to be identified as pollutants. Recording ecotoxicological status in this way is a useful complement to water assessment tools and can contribute to successful water management. Although most of the assays in this study were very consistent in detecting strong anthropogenic influences, possible temporal variations of individual assays should be taken into account when planning sampling strategies to improve the comparability of results.

背景水体受到包括微污染物在内的化学污染的影响,而传统的化学监测方法并不能完全捕捉到这些污染。将基于效应的体内和体外综合方法纳入标准化评估程序,为弥合化学评估和生物评估之间的差异提供了可能,并已在多项研究中提出。然而,有必要为地表水制定一个与化学和生态状况相当的生态毒理学评估系统。本研究的目的是通过使用不同的体外检测方法,对德国中部 15 个不同地点的水样进行为期一年的评估,调查生态毒理学效应的时空变化,从而为上述讨论做出贡献。常规处理废水的影响似乎是影响最大的压力源之一,因为直接比较废水处理厂排放口上游和下游的生态毒性,发现大多数生物测定的生态毒性都显著增加。将测得的雌激素毒性与建议的阈值进行比较,结果显示其影响在生态毒理学相关范围内。以这种方式记录生态毒理学状况是对水评估工具的有益补充,有助于成功的水管理。尽管本研究中的大多数检测方法在检测强烈的人为影响方面非常一致,但在规划采样策略时,应考虑到个别检测方法可能存在的时间差异,以提高结果的可比性。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Sciences Europe
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