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Drift when applying biocides to control crawling and flying insects on walls 使用杀菌剂控制墙壁上的爬虫和飞虫时的漂移
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00993-8
Tina Langkamp-Wedde, Dieter von Hörsten, Jens Karl Wegener

Background

Insecticides are sprayed on external building walls for treatments against crawling and flying insects. These applications can lead to drift into non-target areas and thus to undesirable environmental pollution. This emission pathway needs to be considered during exposure assessments within product authorisations to assess potential environmental risks. However, now, there is only one default value for deposition that is used in all calculations based on the Emission Scenario Document of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development at a distance of 50 cm to the treatment area. This is not sufficient for a risk assessment.

Results

When applying a chemical barrier of 50 cm at the bottom of the building wall, wind direction had the greatest influence on drift, while changing the nozzle type had no significant effect. Compared with the measured ground sediments, the OECD default value was deemed to be realistic at a distance of 57 cm from the treatment area. When treating the entire building wall, the wind direction as well as the nozzle used show significant influence on the measured values of drift. The default value for deposition proposed for modelling environmental exposure in OECD document ESD PT18 No. 18 was exceeded. Thus, the exposure estimation might not be protective enough.

Conclusion

Drift values used for the environmental exposure assessment of biocidal products during treatments of building walls should be adapted. This is especially relevant for treatments of entire building walls, where the current default value was exceeded for all distances from the building wall. Wind direction and nozzle type can reduce environmental impact. This finding can be used as a measure to reduce unnecessary exposure in the environment in the future.

背景在建筑物外墙喷洒杀虫剂,用于防治爬行昆虫和飞虫。这些喷洒会导致杀虫剂漂移到非目标区域,从而造成不良的环境污染。在产品授权的暴露评估中需要考虑这一排放途径,以评估潜在的环境风险。然而,现在只有一个默认的沉积值,所有计算都是根据经济合作与发展组织的排放情景文件进行的,距离处理区域 50 厘米。结果当在建筑物墙壁底部使用 50 厘米的化学屏障时,风向对漂移的影响最大,而改变喷嘴类型则没有明显影响。与测量的地面沉降物相比,在距离处理区 57 厘米处,经合组织的默认值被认为是符合实际情况的。在处理整个建筑物墙面时,风向和使用的喷嘴对漂移的测量值有显著影响。超出了经合组织文件 ESD PT18 第 18 号中提出的用于模拟环境暴露的沉积默认值。因此,暴露估计值可能没有足够的保护作用。结论在对建筑物墙壁进行处理时,应调整用于杀菌剂产品环境暴露评估的漂移值。这一点对于整个建筑墙面的处理尤其重要,因为从建筑墙面开始的所有距离都超过了当前的默认值。风向和喷嘴类型可减少对环境的影响。这一发现可作为今后减少不必要的环境暴露的措施。
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引用次数: 0
A guidance for the enrichment of micropollutants from wastewater by solid-phase extraction before bioanalytical assessment 在进行生物分析评估前通过固相萃取富集废水中微污染物的指南
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00990-x
Tobias Schulze, Peta A. Neale, Jörg Ahlheim, Liza-Marie Beckers, Maria König, Janet Krüger, Margit Petre, Aleksandra Piotrowska, Rita Schlichting, Susanne Schmidt, Martin Krauss, Beate I. Escher

Background

Wastewater can contain a complex mixture of organic micropollutants, with both chemical analysis and effect-based methods needed to identify relevant micropollutants and detect mixture effects. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is commonly used to enrich micropollutants prior to analysis. While the recovery and stability of individual micropollutants by SPE has been well studied, few studies have optimized SPE for effect-based methods. The aim of the current study was to develop and evaluate two standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the enrichment of micropollutants in preparation for chemical analysis and bioanalysis, one covering a broad range of chemicals and the other selective for estrogenic chemicals.

Results

Pristine surface water spiked with > 600 micropollutants was used to develop a generic extraction method for micropollutants with a wide range of physiochemical properties, while water spiked with estrogenic chemicals was used to identify a selective extraction method. Three different SPE sorbents were tested, with recoveries of individual chemicals and effect in assays indicative of mutagenicity, estrogenic activity, and fish embryo toxicity assessed. The sorbent HRX at pH 7 was selected for the generic extraction method as it showed the best recovery of both individual chemicals and effect in the bioassays. The sorbent HLB at pH 3 showed optimal recovery of estrogenic chemicals and estrogenic activity. The two optimal SPE methods were applied to spiked and unspiked wastewater effluents, with the concentrations of detected chemicals and observed effects similar to those of previous studies. The long-term storage of both extracts and SPE cartridges for estrogens and estrogenic activity after extraction with the HRX and HLB methods were evaluated, with estrogenic effectiveness close to 100% after 112 days when HLB was used.

Conclusions

HRX is recommended for generic extraction, while HLB is optimal for the selective extraction of estrogenic micropollutants. However, if a laboratory only wants to use a single SPE sorbent, HLB can be used for both generic and selective extraction as it yielded similar chemical and effect recovery as HRX for a wide range of micropollutants. This paper is supplemented by the final SOP that includes a variant for generic extraction and one for the extraction of estrogenic chemicals.

背景废水中可能含有复杂的有机微污染物混合物,需要采用化学分析和基于效应的方法来识别相关微污染物并检测混合物效应。固相萃取(SPE)通常用于在分析前富集微污染物。固相萃取法对单个微污染物的回收率和稳定性进行了深入研究,但很少有研究针对基于效应的方法对固相萃取法进行优化。本研究的目的是开发和评估两种富集微污染物的标准操作程序 (SOP),以便为化学分析和生物分析做准备,其中一种涵盖了广泛的化学物质,另一种则选择性地富集雌激素类化学物质。结果用添加了 > 600 种微污染物的地表水开发了一种通用萃取方法,用于富集具有广泛理化特性的微污染物;而用添加了雌激素类化学物质的水确定了一种选择性萃取方法。对三种不同的固相萃取吸附剂进行了测试,评估了各种化学物质的回收率以及在致突变性、雌激素活性和鱼胚胎毒性试验中的效果。选择 pH 值为 7 的吸附剂 HRX 作为通用萃取方法,因为该吸附剂在生物测定中对各种化学物质的回收率和效果都最好。pH 值为 3 的吸附剂 HLB 对雌激素化学物质和雌激素活性的回收率最佳。这两种最佳的固相萃取法适用于加标和未加标废水,检测到的化学物质浓度和观察到的效果与之前的研究结果相似。对使用 HRX 和 HLB 方法萃取后的提取物和固相萃取柱进行了雌激素和雌激素活性的长期储存评估,使用 HLB 方法 112 天后,雌激素的有效性接近 100%。不过,如果实验室只想使用一种固相萃取吸附剂,那么 HLB 既可用于一般萃取,也可用于选择性萃取,因为它对多种微污染物的化学回收率和效果与 HRX 相似。本文的最终 SOP 是对本文的补充,其中包括一个用于普通萃取的变体和一个用于萃取雌激素类化学物质的变体。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the impact of the 2021 flood event on the archaeological heritage of the Rhineland (Germany) 评估 2021 年洪水事件对莱茵兰(德国)考古遗产的影响
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00991-w
Isabell Schmidt, Bruno Boemke, Irmela Herzog, Claudia Koppmann, Hannah Witte, Florian Sauer, Erich Claßen, Frank Lehmkuhl

Background

Archaeological sites are increasingly threatened by climate-related hazards. In response, heritage management authorities initiated projects to document damage and plan risk assessment measures. We present a project initiated after the heavy rainfall and subsequent flood event of July 2021, which involved extensive fieldwork to document the damage to archaeological sites in the Rhineland. We use this database to characterise and assess the damage and investigate site-specific and geospatial factors to identify potential predictive parameters for site damage.

Results

During fieldwork, we found that the flood damaged 19% of the 538 archaeological sites surveyed. The majority of damaged sites are relatively recent, dating from the medieval or modern periods, and are associated with the use of water power. Damage was mainly caused by erosion, floating debris and washout, e.g. mortar. In a case study, we tested the option of comparing pre- and post-disaster Airborne Laser Scanning elevation data to identify damages. It showed that not only the damage detected during fieldwork was found but also additional areas of loss. In general, however, and quantified based on the entire dataset, the ordnance survey Airborne Laser Scanning data were of limited use for monitoring flood-related damage and could not replace fieldwork. Our statistical analysis of possible risk factors, including both site characteristics and geospatial parameters, using Naïve Bayes Modelling and chi-squared tests, showed that no set of parameters could consistently predict the preservation or damage of archaeological sites across all catchments. In contrast, some external geospatial factors correlated with the occurrence of damage.

Conclusions

The study highlights both the strengths and limitations of the approaches used to assess and predict the damage to the archaeological heritage in the 2021 flood zones of the Rhineland. It also demonstrates the complexity of the data and spatial processes involved, which limits generalisation but can still inform decision-making for archaeological site management and on-site protection measures in flood-prone areas. With the prospect of more frequent heavy rainfall due to climate change, the specific needs of the archaeological heritage should be integrated into broader prevention and disaster management plans.

背景考古遗址日益受到气候灾害的威胁。为此,遗产管理机构启动了一些项目,以记录损害情况并规划风险评估措施。我们介绍了在 2021 年 7 月的暴雨和随后的洪水事件后启动的一个项目,该项目涉及广泛的实地工作,以记录莱茵地区考古遗址遭受的破坏。我们利用这个数据库来描述和评估破坏情况,并调查特定遗址和地理空间因素,以确定遗址破坏的潜在预测参数。结果在实地考察中,我们发现洪水破坏了所调查的 538 个考古遗址中的 19%。大部分受损遗址的年代相对较近,可追溯到中世纪或近代,并且与水力利用有关。损坏主要由侵蚀、漂浮物和冲刷(如灰泥)造成。在一项案例研究中,我们测试了比较灾前和灾后机载激光扫描高程数据来识别损坏情况的方案。结果表明,不仅发现了实地考察中发现的损坏,还发现了其他损失区域。然而,总体而言,根据整个数据集进行量化,军械勘测机载激光扫描数据在监测与洪水相关的损失方面作用有限,无法取代实地工作。我们使用奈伊夫贝叶斯模型和卡方检验对可能的风险因素(包括遗址特征和地理空间参数)进行了统计分析,结果表明,没有一组参数能够一致地预测所有集水区考古遗址的保存或损坏情况。与此相反,一些外部地理空间因素与损坏的发生相关联。研究还显示了相关数据和空间过程的复杂性,这限制了研究的普遍性,但仍可为洪水易发地区的考古遗址管理和现场保护措施提供决策依据。鉴于气候变化可能导致更频繁的暴雨,考古遗产的特殊需求应被纳入更广泛的预防和灾害管理计划中。
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引用次数: 0
Dioxin-like and estrogenic activity screening in fractionated sediments from a German catchment after the 2021 extreme flood 2021 年特大洪水后德国集水区分馏沉积物中的二恶英类和雌激素活性筛选
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00989-4
Sarah Johann, Moritz Düster, Piero Bellanova, Jan Schwarzbauer, Alexandra Weber, Stefanie Wolf, Holger Schüttrumpf, Frank Lehmkuhl, Henner Hollert

Background

The flood in July 2021 is considered one of the largest flood disasters in Western Europe in decades, with massive socio-economic consequences. The potential emission and remobilization of anthropogenic pollutants can lead to additional environmental consequences, which need to be addressed in long-term mitigation strategies. The Inde River and its tributary, the Vichtbach River, form a catchment located at the transition from the low mountain ranges of the Eifel to the lowlands of the Lower Rhine Embayment in Germany. The area has been an industrial and mining hotspot for centuries, making it a high-risk area for flood sediment pollution. The present study provides an ecotoxicological screening of flood sediments of the Vicht–Inde catchment to gain an impression of the degree of contamination by organic pollutants by means of in vitro effect-based method. Sediment samples were collected within days after the flood and fractionated prior to biotesting, and supportive instrumental geochemical analysis was performed.

Results

Flood sediments did not reveal estrogenic potential, which was included in the testing strategy as a relevant endpoint for industrial chemicals and untreated wastewater. In contrast, moderate-to-high dioxin-like activity was observed in 70% of the sediment samples with a peak dioxin-like potential at the restored section of the Inde. Overall, four hotspot samples were identified as at risk, which aligned mostly with the high concentration of organic pollutants including PAHs and PCBs. The fractionation allowed the identification of PAHs and their derivates as the most likely toxicity drivers for dioxin-like activity in the sediments of the Vicht–Inde catchment.

Conclusion

The results provide first information on the prioritization of hotspot locations at risk for a detailed ecotoxicological profiling and a post-flood monitoring of organic contamination. The identified sinks of contamination in the floodplain areas can be considered a source for remobilization of pollution in future flood events, which is highly relevant for the receiving Rur River.

背景 2021 年 7 月的洪水被认为是西欧几十年来最大的洪水灾害之一,造成了巨大的社会经济后果。人为污染物的潜在排放和再移动会导致额外的环境后果,需要在长期缓解战略中加以解决。因德河及其支流维赫特巴赫河形成了一个集水区,位于德国埃菲尔低山脉向莱茵河下河口低地的过渡地带。几个世纪以来,该地区一直是工业和采矿业的热点地区,因此成为洪水沉积物污染的高风险区。本研究采用基于体外效应的方法,对维希特-因德集水区的洪水沉积物进行生态毒理学筛选,以了解有机污染物的污染程度。洪水过后几天内采集了沉积物样本,在进行生物测试前对样本进行了分馏,并进行了辅助性的仪器地球化学分析。相比之下,在 70% 的沉积物样本中观察到了中度到高度的二恶英类活性,在英德河恢复河段的二恶英类潜力达到峰值。总体而言,有四个热点样本被确定为存在风险,这主要与多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物的高浓度有关。通过分馏,可以确定多环芳烃及其衍生物最有可能是维赫特-因德河流域沉积物中二恶英类活性的毒性驱动因素。洪泛区已确定的污染汇可被视为未来洪水事件中污染再移动的源头,这与受纳鲁尔河高度相关。
{"title":"Dioxin-like and estrogenic activity screening in fractionated sediments from a German catchment after the 2021 extreme flood","authors":"Sarah Johann,&nbsp;Moritz Düster,&nbsp;Piero Bellanova,&nbsp;Jan Schwarzbauer,&nbsp;Alexandra Weber,&nbsp;Stefanie Wolf,&nbsp;Holger Schüttrumpf,&nbsp;Frank Lehmkuhl,&nbsp;Henner Hollert","doi":"10.1186/s12302-024-00989-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12302-024-00989-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The flood in July 2021 is considered one of the largest flood disasters in Western Europe in decades, with massive socio-economic consequences. The potential emission and remobilization of anthropogenic pollutants can lead to additional environmental consequences, which need to be addressed in long-term mitigation strategies. The Inde River and its tributary, the Vichtbach River, form a catchment located at the transition from the low mountain ranges of the Eifel to the lowlands of the Lower Rhine Embayment in Germany. The area has been an industrial and mining hotspot for centuries, making it a high-risk area for flood sediment pollution. The present study provides an ecotoxicological screening of flood sediments of the Vicht–Inde catchment to gain an impression of the degree of contamination by organic pollutants by means of in vitro effect-based method. Sediment samples were collected within days after the flood and fractionated prior to biotesting, and supportive instrumental geochemical analysis was performed.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Flood sediments did not reveal estrogenic potential, which was included in the testing strategy as a relevant endpoint for industrial chemicals and untreated wastewater. In contrast, moderate-to-high dioxin-like activity was observed in 70% of the sediment samples with a peak dioxin-like potential at the restored section of the Inde. Overall, four hotspot samples were identified as at risk, which aligned mostly with the high concentration of organic pollutants including PAHs and PCBs. The fractionation allowed the identification of PAHs and their derivates as the most likely toxicity drivers for dioxin-like activity in the sediments of the Vicht–Inde catchment.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results provide first information on the prioritization of hotspot locations at risk for a detailed ecotoxicological profiling and a post-flood monitoring of organic contamination. The identified sinks of contamination in the floodplain areas can be considered a source for remobilization of pollution in future flood events, which is highly relevant for the receiving Rur River.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":546,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Sciences Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12302-024-00989-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Problems and prospects of thermal modernization of farm buildings in rural areas in Poland 波兰农村地区农场建筑热能现代化的问题与前景
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00988-5
Arkadiusz Piwowar

Background

Thermal upgrading is an important element in the economic transformation of Poland towards a low-emission economy. This paper presents the results of research into the current status and plans of inhabitants of rural areas in Poland with regard to thermal upgrading of residential buildings and other buildings used in the agricultural activity of the study participants. The main purpose of the article is to identify thermal modernization needs and to analyse factors influencing individual thermal modernization plans in terms of replacement or modernization of heating systems. A key element of the analyses was the issue of upgrading priorities and the dependency between declared intentions in terms of thermal upgrading work and the production and economic features of the farms studied.

Results

The main research material were surveys conducted with a randomly selected sample of 480 farming households in Poland. The analyses used, amongst others, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to determine and assess the relationships between the variables studied. Detailed correspondence analysis shows that there are strong dependencies between plans for thermal upgrading of farm buildings and the system of agricultural production (φ2 = 0.1503), the economic size of farms (φ2 = 0.1100), and the location of farms (φ2 = 0.0947).

Conclusions

The research showed that there is a need for thermal upgrading in the examined area of study, especially with regard to the replacement or modernisation of heating systems. The issue of thermal upgrading of residential and farm buildings in rural areas in Poland requires support and engagement at all levels of administration, as well as the modernisation of assistance programmes.

背景热能升级是波兰向低排放经济转型的一个重要因素。本文介绍了波兰农村地区居民对住宅建筑和其他农业活动中使用的建筑进行热能升级的现状和计划的研究结果。文章的主要目的是确定热能现代化的需求,并分析在更换或更新供热系统方面影响个人热能现代化计划的因素。分析的一个关键因素是热能升级的优先次序问题,以及热能升级工作的申报意图与所研究农场的生产和经济特征之间的相关性。分析主要采用多重对应分析法(MCA)来确定和评估所研究变量之间的关系。详细的对应分析表明,农场建筑的热能升级计划与农业生产系统(φ2 = 0.1503)、农场的经济规模(φ2 = 0.1100)和农场的位置(φ2 = 0.0947)之间存在很强的相关性。波兰农村地区住宅和农场建筑的热能改造问题需要各级行政部门的支持和参与,以及援助计划的现代化。
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引用次数: 0
Sorption of pharmaceutically active compounds to soils: a review 土壤对药物活性化合物的吸附:综述
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00984-9
Ahmad M. Alhalabi, Mohammed A. Meetani, Ahmad Shabib, Munjed A. Maraqa

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous contaminants that can pollute the environment. This study critically analyzes the sorption of PACs to soil materials based on 137 published papers encompassing 106 PACs and 212 soil materials. The batch technique is commonly employed for sorption studies of PACs to soil, but the experimental setups vary in terms of the type and number of PACs, mixing time, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, solution type, range of initial concentration, and bio-inhibition method. Sorption competition among PACs or between PACs and dissolved organic matter occurs for certain cases. Linear or close to linear behavior was reported for sorption of many PACs to soil, but sorption of some PACs deviates from linearity. The reaction of PACs to soil is fast at the initial stages but slows down as it approaches equilibrium. PACs characteristics, soil properties, and solution attributes intricately influence the sorption process. Zwitterionic PACs exhibit the highest sorption affinity, whereas neutral PACs display increased sensitivity to soil hydrophobicity. The average sorption coefficient (K) ranges from 0.0915 mL/g for anionic sulfonamides to 84725.5 mL/g for zwitterionic norfloxacin. An increase in the molar volume corresponds to heightened sorption for cationic PACs and reduced sorption for anionic PACs. Increasing solubility, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, S/L ratio, and soil surface area while decreasing pH, ionic strength, and temperature result in an increase in K. The values of K determined by the batch technique are higher than their column-determined counterparts, possibly due to variations in the employed residence times between the two systems. Several models have been developed to estimate K of PACs, but they are limited in their applicability to specific PACs and soil types. Future research related to sorption of PACs to soils has been suggested.

药物活性化合物 (PAC) 是一种无处不在的污染物,会对环境造成污染。本研究基于已发表的 137 篇论文(包括 106 种 PAC 和 212 种土壤材料),对 PAC 对土壤材料的吸附进行了批判性分析。PACs 对土壤的吸附研究通常采用间歇技术,但实验设置在 PACs 的类型和数量、混合时间、固液比(S/L)、溶液类型、初始浓度范围和生物抑制方法等方面各不相同。在某些情况下,PAC 之间或 PAC 与溶解有机物之间会发生吸附竞争。据报道,许多 PAC 对土壤的吸附呈线性或接近线性,但有些 PAC 的吸附则偏离了线性。PAC 与土壤的反应在初始阶段速度很快,但在接近平衡时速度会减慢。PAC 的特性、土壤性质和溶液属性对吸附过程有着错综复杂的影响。两性离子型 PAC 具有最高的吸附亲和力,而中性 PAC 对土壤疏水性的敏感性更高。平均吸附系数(K)从阴离子磺胺类药物的 0.0915 毫升/克到齐聚物诺氟沙星的 84725.5 毫升/克不等。摩尔体积越大,阳离子 PAC 的吸附力越强,阴离子 PAC 的吸附力越弱。增加溶解度、土壤有机碳、阳离子交换容量、S/L 比值和土壤表面积,同时降低 pH 值、离子强度和温度,都会导致 K 值增加。目前已开发出多种模型来估算 PAC 的 K 值,但这些模型对特定 PAC 和土壤类型的适用性有限。建议今后对 PAC 在土壤中的吸附进行相关研究。
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引用次数: 0
Forecasting of meteorological drought using ensemble and machine learning models 利用集合模型和机器学习模型预报气象干旱
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00975-w
Chaitanya Baliram Pande, Lariyah Mohd Sidek, Abhay M. Varade, Ismail Elkhrachy, Neyara Radwan, Abebe Debele Tolche, Ahmed Elbeltagi

This study highlights drought forecasting for understanding the semi-arid area in India, where drought phenomena play vital role in the irrigation, drinking water supplies, and sustaining the ecological with economic balance for every nation. Therefore, drought forecasting is important for the future drought planning based on the machine learning (ML) models. Hence, The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at 3- and 6-month periods have been selected and used for future drought forecasting scenarios in area. The combinations of ten inputs SPI-1- and SPI-10 were used for predicting modeling for SPI-3 and SPI-6 timescales, that modeling developed based on the historical SPI datasets from 1989 to 2019 years. The SPI-3 and SPI-6 maximum and minimum values are shown SPI-3 (2.03 and -5.522) and SPI-6 (1.94 and -6.93). The SPI is a popular method for estimating the drought analysis and has been used everywhere at global level. The developed models have been compared with each other, with the best combination of input variables selected using subset regression models and sensitivity studies. After that, the active input parameters were used for forecasting of SPI-3 and SPI-6 values to understanding of drought in semi-arid area. The finest input variables combination have been used in the Ml models and established the novel five models such as robust linear regression, bagged trees, boosted trees, support vector regression (SVM-Linear), and Matern Gaussian Process Regression (Matern GPR) models. Such kind of models first time has been applied for the forecasting of future drought conditions. Whole models were fine and improved modeling by using hyperparameters tuning, bagging, and boosting models. Entire ML models’ accuracy was compared using different statistical metrics. Compared with five ML models accuracy, we have found that the Matern GPR model better accuracy than other ML models. The best model accuracy is R2 = 0.95 and 0.93, RMSE, MSE, MAE, MARE, and NSE values, respectively, for predicting SPI-3 and SPI-6 values in the area. Therefore, the Matern GPR model was identified as the finest ML algorithm for predicting SPI-3 and SPI-6 associated with other algorithms. This research demonstrates the Matern GPR model's efficacy in predicting multiscale SPI-3 and SPI-6 under climate variations. It can be helpful in soil and water resource conservation planning and management and understanding droughts in the entire basin areas of the country India.

干旱现象在印度的灌溉、饮用水供应以及维持生态与经济平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用。因此,基于机器学习(ML)模型的干旱预报对于未来的干旱规划非常重要。因此,我们选择了 3 个月和 6 个月的标准化降水指数(SPI),并将其用于该地区未来的干旱预报方案。十个输入 SPI-1- 和 SPI-10 的组合被用于 SPI-3 和 SPI-6 时间尺度的预测模型,该模型是基于 1989 年至 2019 年的历史 SPI 数据集开发的。SPI-3 和 SPI-6 的最大值和最小值分别为 SPI-3(2.03 和 -5.522)和 SPI-6(1.94 和 -6.93)。SPI 是一种常用的干旱分析估算方法,在全球范围内得到广泛应用。通过子集回归模型和敏感性研究,选出了输入变量的最佳组合,并对所开发的模型进行了相互比较。然后,使用有效输入参数预测 SPI-3 和 SPI-6 值,以了解半干旱地区的干旱情况。在 Ml 模型中使用了最佳输入变量组合,并建立了五种新型模型,如稳健线性回归模型、袋装树模型、助推树模型、支持向量回归模型(SVM-Linear)和高斯过程回归模型(Matern GPR)。此类模型首次应用于未来干旱状况的预测。通过使用超参数调整、bagging 和 boosting 模型,对整个模型进行了优化和改进。使用不同的统计指标对整个 ML 模型的准确性进行了比较。与五个 ML 模型的准确性相比,我们发现 Matern GPR 模型的准确性优于其他 ML 模型。在预测该地区的 SPI-3 和 SPI-6 值时,最佳模型精度 R2 = 0.95 和 0.93,RMSE、MSE、MAE、MARE 和 NSE 值分别为 0.95 和 0.93。因此,与其他算法相比,Matern GPR 模型被认为是预测 SPI-3 和 SPI-6 的最佳 ML 算法。这项研究证明了 Matern GPR 模型在预测气候变化下的多尺度 SPI-3 和 SPI-6 方面的功效。它有助于水土资源保护规划和管理,以及了解印度整个流域地区的干旱情况。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking aquatic non-native macroinvertebrate species in Germany using long-term data 利用长期数据追踪德国水生非本地大型无脊椎动物物种
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00986-7
Phillip J. Haubrock, Irmak Kurtul, Antonín Kouba

Biological invasions pose a global challenge, threatening both biodiversity and human well-being. Projections suggest that as invasions increase, the financial costs associated with management and the ecological harm they cause will also escalate. Here, we examined whether long-term biomonitoring strategies were adequate to identify and track benthic aquatic non-native macroinvertebrate species by using the German subset (151 time series; 129 of which reported non-native species) of the currently most comprehensive European long-term dataset of 1816 macroinvertebrate community time series from 22 European countries. The detection of aquatic non-native species was directly linked to the availability of long-term sites and thus, monitoring effort, having identified the spatio-temporal occurrence of 32 non-native species. The available long-term monitoring site data were mostly concentrated in the western part of Germany, predominantly covering the Rhine River and its tributaries. The spatially biased network of long-term monitoring sites, therefore, naturally skews the detection and reporting of aquatic non-native species toward this area and underestimates Eastern and Southern regions, impeding the comprehension of invasion dynamics. However, based on the available data, we found that the absolute number of non-native species increased and the proportion of non-native species relative to native species decreased over time. This indicates complex ecological interactions between native and non-native species and underlines the value of long-term data for investigating invasion dynamics. Considering the value of comprehensive monitoring networks, a spatially biased network delays the application of management and mitigation plans, possibly worsening the ecological and economic effects of biological invasions in Germany. The results provided here indicate the disadvantages of biased datasets, but simultaneously underline the enormous potential of a dense network of long-term monitoring. Our results also highlight the urgent need to increase and diversify long-term biomonitoring efforts throughout Germany to cover the main freshwater resources and their connections where the introduction risk of non-native species is the highest. Centrally collating such data would provide a profound basis for the monitoring of spreading aquatic non-native species and could serve the implementation of national biosecurity efforts.

生物入侵是一项全球性挑战,威胁着生物多样性和人类福祉。据预测,随着入侵的增加,与管理相关的经济成本及其造成的生态危害也将不断攀升。在此,我们利用目前最全面的欧洲长期数据集(来自 22 个欧洲国家的 1816 个大型无脊椎动物群落时间序列)中的德国子集(151 个时间序列;其中 129 个报告了非本地物种),研究了长期生物监测策略是否足以识别和跟踪底栖水生非本地大型无脊椎动物物种。水生非本地物种的发现与是否有长期监测点直接相关,因此也与监测工作有关,已确定了 32 个非本地物种的时空出现情况。现有的长期监测点数据主要集中在德国西部,主要覆盖莱茵河及其支流。因此,有空间偏差的长期监测点网络自然会使水生非本地物种的检测和报告偏向于这一地区,而低估了东部和南部地区,从而阻碍了对入侵动态的理解。不过,根据现有数据,我们发现随着时间的推移,非本地物种的绝对数量在增加,而非本地物种相对于本地物种的比例在下降。这表明本地物种与非本地物种之间存在复杂的生态互动关系,也凸显了长期数据对研究入侵动态的价值。考虑到综合监测网络的价值,有空间偏差的网络会延误管理和缓解计划的实施,可能会恶化德国生物入侵的生态和经济影响。本文提供的结果表明了有偏差的数据集的缺点,但同时也强调了密集的长期监测网络的巨大潜力。我们的研究结果还突出表明,迫切需要在德国各地增加长期生物监测工作并使其多样化,以覆盖非本地物种引入风险最高的主要淡水资源及其连接点。集中整理这些数据将为监测水生非本地物种的扩散提供深厚的基础,并有助于实施国家生物安全工作。
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引用次数: 0
Persistent post-flood hillslope activity posing a potential landslide dam hazard in the Ahr valley, Germany 德国阿赫河谷洪水后山坡的持续活动构成潜在的滑坡坝危险
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00985-8
Till Wenzel, Rainer Bell, Michael Dietze, Lothar Schrott

Background

Extreme floods are known to severely reorganise inhabited landscapes by inundation, clogging, scouring and damaging infrastructure and lives. However, their post-event impacts are poorly understood, especially concerning coupled hillslope channel feedbacks such as the reactivation of slope instabilities connected to the river and that may be able to block it upon sudden failure. The July 2021 Ahr valley flood exemplified this ability of concurrent and sustained landscape reorganisation. Here, we study a retrogressive slope instability near the town of Müsch, in the upper Ahr valley using field mapping, repeat airborne laser scanning, electrical resistivity tomography and passive seismic monitoring to reveal the failure geometry, its mechanisms and transient activity.

Results

The old landslide developed in lower Devonian rocks. It is 100 m wide, 200 m long and approximately 15–20 m deep, which leads to a total volume of about 430,000 m3. This landslide was severely undercut by the 2021 flood with 7000 m3 of material eroded at the landslide toe. The landslide has started to react. Given the narrow section of the river at this location, there is a potential landslide dam hazard. We modelled the inundation volumes and back fill times for different failure scenarios, ranging between 20,000 m3 and 330,000 m3 accumulating within 5 min and 20 h.

Conclusions

Our results imply a need to systematically screen flood impacted landscapes for sustained post-event hillslope activity that governs hillslope-channel coupling, driving both persistent sediment injection into the stream and sudden river blocking and subsequent damming.

背景众所周知,特大洪水会淹没、堵塞、冲刷并破坏基础设施和生命,从而严重破坏居住区的景观。然而,人们对洪水过后的影响却知之甚少,尤其是山坡河道的耦合反馈作用,如与河流相连的斜坡不稳定性的重新激活,可能会在突然溃决时阻断河流。2021 年 7 月的阿赫河谷洪水就体现了这种并发和持续的地貌重组能力。在此,我们利用实地测绘、重复机载激光扫描、电阻率层析成像和被动地震监测技术,对阿赫尔河谷上游穆什镇附近的逆行斜坡不稳定性进行了研究,以揭示崩塌的几何形状、机理和瞬态活动。它宽 100 米,长 200 米,深约 15-20 米,总体积约为 43 万立方米。该滑坡在 2021 年的洪水中被严重冲毁,滑坡脚处有 7000 立方米的物质被侵蚀。滑坡已开始发生反应。由于该处河段狭窄,存在潜在的滑坡坝危险。我们模拟了不同溃决情况下的淹没量和回填时间,在 5 分钟和 20 小时内累积的淹没量和回填时间介于 20,000 立方米和 330,000 立方米之间。结论我们的研究结果表明,有必要对受洪水影响的地貌进行系统筛选,以确定洪水过后山坡的持续活动,这种活动会影响山坡与河道的耦合,导致泥沙持续注入河道,以及河道突然阻塞并随后筑坝。
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引用次数: 0
Limited role of fungal diversity in maintaining soil processes in grassland soil under concurrent fungicide stress 真菌多样性在同时受到杀真菌剂胁迫的草地土壤中维持土壤过程的作用有限
IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00983-w
Jeane A. dela Cruz, Tessa Camenzind, Baile Xu, Matthias C. Rillig

Background

Fungicides are an effective tool for protecting crops and maintaining a steady food supply. However, as pathogens continue to evolve, it is crucial to prolong the effectiveness of fungicides by delaying resistance development. A key strategy to achieving this is to combine or rotate fungicides with different modes of action. As fungicides lack specificity, they inevitably affect both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi when surrounding environments are unintentionally contaminated. Our study aims to investigate the effects of recommended application methods to prevent resistance development, specifically repeated-single fungicide, simultaneous mixture, and sequential applications on non-target soil fungi, and the subsequent impacts on important soil processes. We used fungicides with different modes of action on soil microcosms inoculated with fungi at varying levels of diversity (3, 5, and 8 species) isolated from a protected grassland.

Results

We found that repeated treatments of individual isopyrazam and prothioconazole differentially inhibited fungal activity. Although mixture applications are considered more protectant against crop pathogen resistance than repeated application, our study revealed stronger negative effects of simultaneous application on saprobic fungi and consequently on soil processes. However, contrary to expectations, higher fungal diversity did not translate to improved soil function under these conditions.

Conclusions

The simultaneous application of fungicides with different modes of action (MoA) has more pronounced non-target effects on soil compared to the individual or sequential application of fungicides. These non-target effects extend beyond the intended control of pathogenic fungi, impacting saprobic and beneficial soil microbes and the critical processes they drive. When fungicides are applied concurrently, microbial activities in the soil are significantly altered, even in soils with high microbial diversity. Our study emphasizes the importance of carefully considering the unintended consequences of fungicide use in agriculture. As we strive for a secure food supply, it is crucial to investigate the broader environmental impacts of these chemical interventions, including their effects on non-pathogenic fungi and overall soil health.

背景杀菌剂是保护农作物和维持稳定粮食供应的有效工具。然而,随着病原体的不断演变,通过延缓抗药性的产生来延长杀菌剂的效力至关重要。实现这一目标的关键策略是结合或轮换使用具有不同作用模式的杀菌剂。由于杀菌剂缺乏特异性,当周围环境受到无意污染时,它们不可避免地会影响病原真菌和非病原真菌。我们的研究旨在调查为防止抗药性产生而推荐的施用方法,特别是重复施用单一杀菌剂、同时混合施用和连续施用对非目标土壤真菌的影响,以及随后对重要土壤过程的影响。我们使用了不同作用模式的杀真菌剂,对接种了从受保护草地分离出来的不同多样性真菌(3、5 和 8 种)的土壤微生态系统进行了研究。结果我们发现,重复施用单独的异菌脲和丙硫菌唑对真菌活动的抑制作用不同。虽然混合施用比重复施用更能防止作物产生病原体抗药性,但我们的研究表明,同时施用对吸水真菌的负面影响更大,因此对土壤过程的负面影响也更大。结论与单独或连续施用杀菌剂相比,同时施用具有不同作用模式(MoA)的杀菌剂对土壤的非目标影响更为明显。这些非目标效应超出了对病原真菌的预期控制,影响到土壤中的无菌和有益微生物及其驱动的关键过程。同时施用杀真菌剂时,土壤中的微生物活动会发生显著变化,即使在微生物多样性较高的土壤中也是如此。我们的研究强调了仔细考虑农业中使用杀菌剂的意外后果的重要性。在我们努力确保粮食供应的同时,研究这些化学干预措施对环境的广泛影响,包括对非病原真菌和整体土壤健康的影响,也是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Sciences Europe
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