Nutrition and Cancer-An International Journal最新文献

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most prevalent form of leukemia in children and adolescents. Despite high survival rates due to advanced treatments, these therapies often result in significant treatment-related adverse effects. This scoping review explores dietary supplementation strategies for managing these adverse effects in pediatric leukemia patients. Twelve studies were included, involving participants aged between 0.8 and 21 years, all undergoing chemotherapy at various treatment phases. Chemotherapy-related adverse effects identified in this review included gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiometabolic risk factors, hepatotoxicity, osteopathies, neuro-psychiatric effects, hematological disorders, and changes in body composition. The dietary supplements evaluated for managing these effects were probiotics, ginger, glutamine, omega-3, vitamin D, calcium, potassium, honey, chamomile, and medium-chain triglyceride. Most of these supplements showed promising outcomes in reducing or preventing adverse effects. However, there is a demand for more rigorous clinical trials with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols to validate the efficacy of these interventions. Further research to identify optimal dosages, better understand long-term effects, and develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of dietary supplements in managing treatment-related adverse effects in children and adolescents with leukemia is needed.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between diet compositions and lung cancer (LC) risk.

Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to assess the causal relationship between diet and LC risk, including three LC subtypes. Instrumental variables (IVs) for three diet compositions were selected from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Summary statistics for LC and its subtypes came from the largest meta-analysis. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main MR analysis, with sensitivity analyses to ensure result robustness. Then, we conducted an observational study using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to verify the relationship.

Results: Our results showed significant evidence that fat intake was correlated with the lower risk of lung adenocarcinoma. There were also suggestive correlations between fat intake and overall LC. However, no significant associations were found between other macronutrients and LC risk. NHANES data further showed that higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was linked to better outcomes in LC patients.

Conclusion: PUFA intake may have a protective effect against LC. Adjusting dietary proportions could potentially help in the primary prevention of LC.

This review analyzed existing literature regarding the relationship between different diets and chemotherapy toxicities, as well as the quality of life (QOL) among patients undergoing treatment. It aims to identify the most advantageous diet for cancer patients. PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase were used to select randomized control trials (RCTs) assessing the relationship between a specific diet and chemotherapy toxicities and/or QOL in patients as of October 2023. Out of 1,419 records, 11 RCTs were included. Analyses were stratified by diet type. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from the random-effect model using STATA. We included 7 studies testing fasting variations; 1 testing a ketogenic diet; 1 testing a Mediterranean diet; 1 testing a plant-based, high-protein diet; and 1 testing an anti-inflammatory diet. Four fasting studies were in the meta-analysis. The random-effects meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the incidence of chemotherapy toxicities between fasting and non-fasting patients. There is insufficient evidence to determine which dietary intervention is the most advantageous, however, there is evidence that all the diets examined may complement conventional cancer therapy by helping to reduce chemotherapy toxicities. No intervention can be ruled out. More research is needed in this field.

Sarcopenia, being prevalent in up to 70% of cancer patients, is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The use of the Simple Questionnaire for Rapidly Diagnose of Sarcopenia (SARC-F), a questionnaire developed to screen for sarcopenia, remains to be investigated in cancer patients. The aim in this study was to assess the prognostic value of SARC-F on one-year mortality in cancer patients at high nutritional risk. This retrospective cohort study included patients at high nutritional risk undergoing cancer treatment and who were screened with the SARC-F questionnaire. The primary outcome was one-year all-cause mortality. A total of 185 patients were included with a median age of 68 years, with 58.6% male. The main cancer sites were digestive system (36.2%), and respiratory system (27.6%). The prevalence of sarcopenia risk was 59.5% and was more common in patients with older age, greater comorbidities and frailty. There was an association between sarcopenia risk and one-year mortality in all cancer patients (p = 0.002) and non-metastatic cancer patients (p = 0.005). There was no association between the risk of sarcopenia and one-year mortality in patients with metastatic cancer. The SARC-F score might be applicable to identify prognosis for cancer patients.

Emerging research underscores the relationship between diet quality in patients with breast cancer and their cardiovascular health. This study examines the role of diet quality in patients post-breast cancer diagnosis in a single cohort in the midwestern United States (US), along with barriers to the adoption of a healthy diet and willingness to change diet. This cross-sectional study surveyed 108 patients with breast cancer. Diet quality was assessed using the Rapid Assessment of Eating in Participants - Shortened version (REAP-S). Participants had an average total REAP-S Score of 28.44 on a scale of 13-39. This score is lower than that of the average omnivorous population of the US and remained so as time since diagnosis progressed despite participants' overwhelming willingness to make changes toward a better quality diet. Several key barriers to healthier eating were identified, including unpredictable schedules and time constraints. Subaverage diet quality scores suggest that breast cancer patients elevate their future risk of adverse cardiovascular health and underscores the necessity for targeting interventions and reducing barriers to enhance diet quality.

Objective: This study investigated the safe indocyanine green retention rate at the 15-minute (ICG-R15) threshold for hepatectomy and the effect of nutritional management on ICG-R15 and posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 70 hepatectomy patients with chronic liver disease, divided into routine care and nutrition intervention groups. ICG-R15 was measured pre- and postoperatively, along with PHLF occurrence and other health metrics.

Results: Seventy patients with chronic liver disease were divided into two groups: one received routine care, while the other followed a nutrition plan based on Omaha theory. The intervention group showed a significantly lower incidence of PHLF (15.8% vs 41.2%, p = 0.009) and clinically relevant PHLF (5.3% vs 19.6%, p = 0.031), along with shorter hospital stays (11.3 ± 6.4 days vs 21.5 ± 15.5 days, p = 0.012) and fewer complications (26.3% vs 47.1%, p = 0.020). The optimal ICG-R15 threshold for predicting PHLF was 4.5%, with 8.5% being critical.

Conclusion: ICG-R15 is a reliable predictor of PHLF, with 4.5% being safe and 8.5% critical. Nutritional management based on Omaha theory improves outcomes and quality of life. Further validation is needed.

Background: The role of early oral feeding (EOF) following esophagectomy remains debated. This study evaluates whether postoperative EOF improves patients' quality of life.

Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across eight databases to identify relevant studies. The effects of continuous variables were assessed using the mean difference (MD). The effects of dichotomous variables were assessed using the relative risk (RR).

Results: Seven studies were included in the analysis. EOF significantly improved postoperative overall quality of life [MD = 9.64, 95% CI (6.11, 13.16), p < 0.001], dysphagia [MD = -7.37, 95% CI (-14.32, -0.42), p = 0.040], and eating difficulty [MD = -6.72, 95% CI (-10.62, -2.82), p < 0.001]. However, no significant differences were observed in postoperative reflux [MD = -5.90, 95% CI (-12.52, 0.73), p = 0.080], esophageal pain [MD = -1.86, 95% CI (-5.51, 1.78), p = 0.320], anastomotic leakage [RR = 0.70, 95% CI (0.37, 1.35), p = 0.290], and pulmonary infection [RR = 0.44, 95% CI (0.15, 1.35), p = 0.150].

Conclusion: EOF after esophagectomy appears to improve patients' quality of life; however, these findings are constrained by the limited number and quality of studies. Further research is needed to validate these results.

Ferroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage, generally mediated by iron and lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we measured the protective effects of puerarin against corticosterone-induced neuronal injury via PI3K/AKT-mediated activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). After exposing corticosterone-treated PC12 cells to indicated compounds, we measured the key regulators of ferroptosis (ferritin, SLC7A11, and Ptgs2), ferroptosis events (levels of iron, ROS, MDA, and GSH), and the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 axis. Corticosterone induced ferroptosis in PC12 cells, evidenced by reduced levels of ferritin, SLC7A11, and GSH and increased levels of iron, ROS, and MDA. These effects were reversed by inhibiting ferroptosis with ferrostatin-1. Puerarin-mediated activation of Nrf2 repressed ferroptosis in corticosterone-treated PC12 cells by upregulating ferritin and SLC7A11 expression. Moreover, the protective effects of puerarin on ferroptosis in corticosterone-treated cells relied on the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway though the upregulation of nuclear Nrf2. These findings indicate that ferroptosis plays an essential role in corticosterone-induced neuronal damage, and puerarin protects against ferroptosis in corticosterone-treated cells via PI3K/AKT-mediated activation of Nrf2.

Impaired vitamin D status is highly prevalent among women with UFs. The objective of this first-ever systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the size of uterine fibroids (UFs). We performed a comprehensive literature search for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to September 2022. Five trials including 511 participants (256 cases and 255 controls) were included. Pooling results from five trials, which compared size of UFs between experimental and placebo groups, revealed that vitamin D supplementation could significantly decrease the size of UFs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.66, -0.31) and cause improvement in serum level of vitamin D compared to placebo group (SMD: 3.1, 95% CI: 0.66, 5.55). A significant effect was observed in the subset of trials administering vitamin D supplementation for >8 wk (SMD: -0.62, 95% CI: -0.88, -0.37). In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation significantly increases serum levels of vitamin D and reduces the size of UFs. However, larger, well-designed RCTs are still needed to determine the effect of vitamin D on other parameters of UFs.

Abdominal adiposity is associated with tumor development and poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer (BC) and can be identified by the measurement of waist circumference (WC) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This study aimed to evaluate the association between waist circumference (WC) and imaging measurement of central adiposity according to age group in women with BC. Abdominal adiposity was assessed by WC and VAT, obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body mass index (BMI) was assessed. The presence of inflammation was investigated by measuring C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to verify the association between WC and VAT. The significance level adopted for all tests was 5%. This study included 112 women with a mean age of 55.5 ± 11.4 years. After adjusted models, WC remained associated with VAT and for every centimeter increase in WC, there was an increase of 3.12 cm² (CI: 2.40 - 3.85; p < 0.001) in VAT. WC was associated with VAT in women with breast cancer, proving to be a simple, fast, and noninvasive approach that can be used as a proxy to identify visceral fat.