International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences最新文献_第2页

Experimental insights into CO2 flow in fractured crystalline rock 裂隙结晶岩中CO2流动的实验研究

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106443

Nikita Bondarenko , Hyunbin Kim , Kiseok Kim , Roman Y. Makhnenko

The injection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or the non-wetting fluid intrusion into crystalline rock remains being a poorly understood process due to the complexities in characterizing very low permeable and stiff geomaterials. This knowledge gap is critical for enhanced geothermal systems and in-situ carbon mineralization projects where CO₂ may serve as a mobile fluid within fractured crystalline formations. Most of the existing studies rely on numerical simulations with limited experimental validations and do not fully consider the complexity of multi-phase flow. Hereby, we adopt a novel method to evaluate the degree of saturation of the non-wetting fluid in a tight rock with nanometer scale pore sizes from accurate poromechanical and hydraulic measurements, as well as wetting and non-wetting fluid characteristics. We select thermally damaged granite and naturally fractured rhyolite as representative crystalline rock, fully saturate them with water, and perform simultaneous injection of water and liquid CO₂. The flow properties are measured using the core flooding device that allows observation of multiple fluid flow at controlled rates. CO₂ breakthrough pressures for pressurized fractured crystalline rock are measured to be on the order of 0.1–1 MPa. The exponent values for relative water permeabilities are 1.6 for granite and 1.9 for rhyolite – significantly lower than those typically reported for tight rock, meaning that the fluid flow is mainly governed by the fractures. The exponent values for relative CO₂ permeability are above 5.5, indicating high sensitivity to the degree of CO₂ saturation. Moreover, CO₂ saturation appears to remain below 50%, even when CO₂ is the only injected fluid and its overpressures exceeds 6 MPa. Overall, this study highlights significant limitations in using CO₂ as a working fluid for geoenergy projects in crystalline rock.

由于表征极低渗透性和刚性岩土材料的复杂性，对注入二氧化碳（CO2）或非润湿流体侵入结晶岩石的过程仍然知之甚少。这种知识差距对于强化地热系统和原位碳矿化项目至关重要，在这些项目中，二氧化碳可能作为断裂晶体地层中的流动流体。现有的研究大多依赖于数值模拟，实验验证有限，没有充分考虑多相流的复杂性。为此，我们采用了一种新颖的方法，通过精确的孔隙力学和水力测量，以及润湿和非润湿流体特性，来评价纳米尺度致密岩石中非润湿流体的饱和度。选取热损伤花岗岩和自然断裂流纹岩作为典型结晶岩，充分饱和水，同时注入水和液态CO2。流动特性是使用岩心驱油装置来测量的，该装置可以在控制速率下观察多种流体的流动。经测量，受压破碎结晶岩的CO2突破压力约为0.1-1 MPa。花岗岩的相对渗透率指数为1.6，流纹岩的相对渗透率指数为1.9，明显低于通常报道的致密岩石的相对渗透率指数，这意味着流体流动主要受裂缝控制。CO2相对渗透率指数值均在5.5以上，表明对CO2饱和度的敏感性较高。此外，即使只有二氧化碳注入流体，且其超压超过6 MPa， CO2饱和度似乎仍低于50%。总的来说，这项研究强调了在结晶岩石中使用二氧化碳作为地能项目的工作流体的重大局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Permeability impairment by hydrodynamic pore bridging: Probabilistic pore-network modeling and microfluidic experiments 水动力孔隙桥接对渗透率的损害：概率孔隙网络模型和微流体实验

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106423

Cyprien Soulaine, Walid Okaybi, Laurez Fogouang Maya, Emmanuel Le Trong, Sophie Roman

Permeability impairment caused by the migration and retention of suspended particles is a critical issue in numerous industrial and environmental processes. While pore-network models (PNMs) have successfully described clogging by sieving and particle aggregation, they have failed to capture hydrodynamic bridging – a mechanism where particle arches form and block pore throats. This study introduces a novel probabilistic PNM that incorporates a stochastic law for arch formation, accounting for the particle-to-throat size ratio, particle concentration, and pore geometry. The probability law is calibrated using high-fidelity CFD–DEM simulations of single-pore bridging. Microfluidic experiments in heterogeneous micromodels representative of the rock microstructure are carried out to investigate the effect of particle size and concentration, and flow rate on permeability reduction. The proposed probabilistic framework successfully reproduces experimental trends in clogging dynamics and permeability decline, thereby extending the capability of PNMs to capture all three pore-clogging mechanisms.

在许多工业和环境过程中，由悬浮颗粒的迁移和滞留引起的渗透性损害是一个关键问题。虽然孔隙网络模型（pmms）已经成功地描述了通过筛分和颗粒聚集造成的堵塞，但它们未能捕捉到水动力桥接——一种颗粒拱形成并阻塞孔喉的机制。本研究引入了一种新的概率PNM，该PNM结合了拱形形成的随机规律，考虑了颗粒与喉道的尺寸比、颗粒浓度和孔隙几何形状。使用高保真的CFD-DEM模拟单孔桥接来校准概率律。采用代表岩石微观结构的非均质微模型进行了微流控实验，研究了粒径、浓度和流速对渗透率降低的影响。所提出的概率框架成功地再现了堵塞动力学和渗透率下降的实验趋势，从而扩展了pmms捕获所有三种孔隙堵塞机制的能力。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of fracture shear dilation on flow anisotropy for variable normal stress and fracture size 变法向应力和变裂缝尺寸时裂缝剪切扩张对流动各向异性的影响

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106428

Jinkyo Lee , Ki-Bok Min , Liangchao Zou , Vladimir Cvetkovic

Fracture shear can induce flow channeling within the fracture plane, enhancing flow perpendicular to the fracture shear direction. The resulting flow anisotropy is crucial for determining optimal well locations at geothermal sites, where efficient heat extraction relies on productive fluid circulation. This research examines the impact of shear on flow anisotropy under variable conditions of normal stress, shear displacement, and fracture size. The research comprises three main stages: (1) simulating fracture shear incorporating asperity degradation, (2) modeling preferential fluid flow within a sheared fracture, and (3) upscaling the laboratory-scale results to the reservoir scale of a hundred-meter. Two fracture surfaces with dimensions of 10

\times

10 cm and one fracture surface with a dimension of 1

\times

1m are used for analysis. A numerical shear model based on elastic-plastic contact mechanics is employed to simulate asperity degradation during shear. Flow simulation on a sheared surface reveal significantly increased permeability anisotropy ratio defined as the ratio of permeability perpendicular to parallel to the shear direction. This permeability anisotropy ratio still prevailed and even increased with higher normal stress, emphasizing the importance of considering flow anisotropy under high-stress conditions. The effect of fracture sizes is investigated using square fractures with side length from 10 cm to 60 cm, extracted from the 1

\times

1m fracture. While increasing fracture size led to higher permeability and reduced variation in flow anisotropy across the fractures, anisotropy remained evident and significant. To investigate the effect of anisotropy in reservoir scale, a hundred-meter scale reservoir model with an upscaled sheared fracture was constructed. Injection tests showed that higher flow rates were observed when injection and production wells were positioned perpendicular to shear. The results demonstrate that perpendicular flow is enhanced both at the laboratory and reservoir scale, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of fracture shear on flow anisotropy for optimizing well locations.

裂缝剪切可以诱导裂缝面内的窜流，增强垂直于裂缝剪切方向的流动。由此产生的流体各向异性对于确定地热站点的最佳井位至关重要，在地热站点中，有效的热量提取依赖于生产流体循环。本研究考察了在不同的正应力、剪切位移和裂缝尺寸条件下，剪切对流动各向异性的影响。该研究包括三个主要阶段：(1)模拟含粗糙度降解的裂缝剪切；(2)模拟剪切裂缝内的优先流体流动；(3)将实验室规模的结果扩大到百米的油藏规模。分析采用两个尺寸为10 × 10 cm的断裂面和一个尺寸为1× 1m的断裂面。采用基于弹塑性接触力学的数值剪切模型来模拟剪切过程中的粗糙度退化。剪切表面上的流动模拟表明，渗透率各向异性比（垂直于剪切方向的渗透率与平行于剪切方向的渗透率之比）显著增加。这种渗透率各向异性比在较高的法向应力条件下仍然存在，甚至有所增加，强调了在高应力条件下考虑流动各向异性的重要性。采用边长为10 ~ 60 cm的方形裂缝，从1× 1m的裂缝中提取裂缝尺寸的影响。虽然增大裂缝尺寸会提高渗透率，降低裂缝间流动各向异性的变化，但各向异性仍然明显而显著。为了研究各向异性对储层尺度的影响，建立了百米尺度剪切裂缝模型。注入测试表明，当注入井和生产井垂直于剪切方向时，可以观察到更高的流量。结果表明，在实验室和油藏尺度上，垂直流动都得到了增强，这突出了考虑裂缝剪切对流动各向异性的影响对优化井位的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of laser parameters on rock damage: an experimental exploration and machine learning-based predictive modeling 激光参数对岩石损伤影响的实验探索及基于机器学习的预测建模

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106442

Zhengkuo Ma , Chunshun Zhang , Yiwei Liu , Tong Ye , Haizeng Pan

Laser rock-breaking technology, a non-mechanical contact method, has garnered attention for its reduced tool wear, high accuracy, and enhanced efficiency in hard-rock fragmentation. However, current research lacks a comprehensive understanding of how laser parameters influence rock-breaking effects, particularly the changes in rock strength after laser irradiation and the development of predictive optimization models. To address these gaps, this study systematically analyzed the effects of laser power (P), irradiation time (t), spot shape size (S), and irradiation distance (d) on rock-breaking using a custom-built test bench for laser irradiation and indirect tensile tests on granite samples. Orthogonal and equivalent energy test schemes were employed to measure and characterize these parameters. A predictive optimization model was developed using Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), with the mass-specific energy and indirect tensile strength as optimization targets. Orthogonal results indicate that the significance order of parameters is P > t > S > d, with an optimal combination being P = 1000 W, t = 16 s, S = D2 (circular spot with a diameter of 2 mm), and d = 40 mm. Equivalent energy tests revealed that moderate P and t, with constant laser energy, optimize rock-breaking. This study clarifies laser parameters’ nonlinear regulation on rock-breaking and strength decay scientifically; the BPNN-NSGA-II framework enables accurate prediction and optimization to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption, providing reliable practical guidance.

激光破岩技术是一种非机械接触的破岩方法，因其减少工具磨损、精度高、效率高而备受关注。然而，目前的研究缺乏对激光参数如何影响破岩效果的全面认识，特别是激光照射后岩石强度的变化以及预测优化模型的建立。为了解决这些空白，本研究系统地分析了激光功率(P)、照射时间(t)、光斑形状尺寸(S)和照射距离(d)对岩石破碎的影响，使用定制的激光照射试验台和花岗岩样品的间接拉伸试验。采用正交和等效能量试验方案对这些参数进行测量和表征。以质量比能和间接抗拉强度为优化目标，采用反向传播神经网络（BPNN）和非支配排序遗传算法- ii （NSGA-II）建立了预测优化模型。正交试验结果表明，各参数的显著性顺序为P >； t > S > d，其中最优组合为P = 1000 W, t = 16 S, S = D2（直径为2mm的圆斑），d = 40 mm。等效能量试验表明，在恒定的激光能量下，适当的P和t对破岩效果最优。科学地阐明了激光参数对岩石破碎和强度衰减的非线性规律；BPNN-NSGA-II框架实现了准确的预测和优化，提高了效率，降低了能耗，提供了可靠的实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and 3D numerical study on the damage and fracture mechanisms of hot dry rock cores under microwave irradiation 微波辐照下干热岩心损伤破裂机理的实验与三维数值研究

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106440

Luming Zhou , Zhihong Zhao , Zhibo Duan , Jun Yang , Yaoyao Zhao , Yunzhe Jin , Yang Wu

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a deep geothermal resource with significant development potential, but its dense structure and low permeability necessitate reservoir stimulation to improve extraction efficiency. As a low-energy and efficient reservoir stimulation approach, microwave irradiation has potential for enhancing reservoir permeability. In this study, HDR cores from the Matouying site at depths of 3509–3712 m were investigated through laboratory coaxial microwave irradiation experiments, revealing their temperature rise responses and typical fracture patterns. Based on these experiments, a 3D multiphysics numerical simulation method integrating COMSOL finite element software and peridynamics was developed, allowing comprehensive simulation of temperature evolution as well as damage and fracture processes in the samples. Experimental results showed that HDR samples exhibited three typical failure modes: central penetrating brittle fracture, localized surface melting, and heterogeneous interface-induced melting-shear fracture. The fracture paths and morphologies were mainly governed by the spatial distribution of relative dielectric constant and interface effects. The simulated temperature curves, hotspot distributions, and damage evolution closely matched the experimental results, effectively capturing key phenomena such as energy accumulation at metal-rock interfaces, local melting, and the initiation of main fractures. These findings reveal temperature-field-dominated damage initiation and directional propagation under microwave irradiation, providing a physical basis for efficient and controllable geothermal reservoir stimulation.

热干岩（HDR）是一种极具开发潜力的深层地热资源，但其致密的结构和低渗透率需要进行储层改造以提高开采效率。微波辐射作为一种低能量、高效的储层增产手段，具有提高储层渗透率的潜力。通过室内同轴微波辐照实验，对3509 ~ 3712 m深度的马头营HDR岩心进行了研究，揭示了岩心的温升响应和典型裂缝模式。在此基础上，开发了COMSOL有限元软件与周动力学相结合的三维多物理场数值模拟方法，可以全面模拟试样的温度演变以及损伤和断裂过程。实验结果表明，HDR试样呈现三种典型破坏模式：中心穿透脆性断裂、局部表面熔融断裂和非均质界面诱导熔融剪切断裂。相对介电常数的空间分布和界面效应主要决定了裂缝的路径和形态。模拟的温度曲线、热点分布和损伤演化与实验结果吻合较好，有效捕捉了金属-岩石界面能量聚集、局部熔化和主裂缝起裂等关键现象。研究结果揭示了微波辐射下以温度场为主导的损伤起裂和定向传播规律，为高效可控的地热储层改造提供了物理基础。

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引用次数: 0

Constructing large-scale high-fidelity fracture networks based on generative AI 基于生成式AI的大规模高保真裂缝网络构建

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106426

Mengmeng Nie , Xuhai Tang , Fei Gao , Quansheng Liu , Jiangmei Qiao

Accurate fracture network modeling is crucial for many fields, such as geothermal resources exploitation, underground infrastructure construction and nuclear waste disposal. However, only small-scale fracture network images can generally be obtained in field work, which is insufficient for engineering-scale analysis. Therefore, based on generative artificial intelligence (AI), we introduced a novel algorithm, termed Upscaling-GAN, to generate large-scale high-fidelity fracture networks by directly learning from small-scale fracture network images collected in the field. The algorithm employs a two-stage generation process: (1) Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model is trained to generate small-scale fracture networks; (2) based on the patch-by-patch generation paradigm, a large-scale fracture network is generated from these small-scale fracture networks, which are obtained by applying the trained model. The achieved AI-generated fracture networks have significant advantages: 1) compared to fractal-geometry-based methods or stochastic discrete fracture network model, the present method can exactly characterize the geometrical characteristics and topological structures of natural fracture systems; 2) compared to previous GAN-based method, our algorithm can rigorously capture the spatial variability of fracture apertures by directly learning from raw fracture network images without laborious preprocessing procedures such as binarization and skeletonization; 3) when the size of the target image increases, the GPU memory consumption remains nearly unchanged. And the effectiveness of the Upscaling-GAN model in fracture network modeling is rigorously validated through qualitative and quantitative evaluations.

准确的裂缝网络建模对于地热资源开发、地下基础设施建设和核废料处理等领域至关重要。然而，在现场工作中，通常只能获得小尺度的裂缝网络图像，不足以进行工程尺度的分析。因此，基于生成式人工智能（AI），我们引入了一种名为upscale - gan的新算法，通过直接学习现场收集的小规模裂缝网络图像来生成大规模高保真裂缝网络。该算法采用两阶段生成过程：(1)训练生成式对抗网络（GAN）模型生成小规模裂缝网络；(2)基于逐块生成范式，将这些小尺度裂缝网络应用训练好的模型生成大尺度裂缝网络。人工智能生成的裂缝网络具有显著的优势：1)与基于分形几何的方法或随机离散裂缝网络模型相比，该方法能够准确表征天然裂缝系统的几何特征和拓扑结构；2)与以往基于gan的方法相比，该算法可以直接从原始裂缝网络图像中学习，而无需进行二值化和骨架化等繁琐的预处理，从而严格捕获裂缝孔径的空间变异性；3)当目标图像的大小增加时，GPU的内存消耗几乎保持不变。通过定性和定量评价，严格验证了升级gan模型在裂缝网络建模中的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of fluid-entry clusters and diagnosis of downhole events based on high-frequency water hammer pressure 基于高频水锤压力的流体进入簇识别与井下事件诊断

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106437

Shuangshuang Sun , Yongming He , Lijun Liu , Yanchao Li , Longqing Zou , Liang Yang

Accurate identification of fluid-entry clusters during hydraulic fracturing, and fine-scale diagnosis of downhole fracturing events, are crucial for optimizing fracturing design and enhancing reservoir stimulation performance. However, existing water hammer pressure-based monitoring methods for fracturing are mostly limited to identifying the dominant fluid-entry cluster within a stage and struggle to provide a fine-scale diagnosis of downhole fracturing events. This study establishes a fracturing monitoring method based on high-frequency water hammer pressure. By performing time-domain and frequency-domain analysis on the high-frequency water hammer signal and employing a composite filtering method, the signal quality was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, this study achieved the identification of multiple fluid-entry clusters within a stage and the fine-scale diagnosis of downhole fracturing events through cepstrum analysis and time-depth conversion, as well as the effective characterization of the dynamic distribution of fracturing fluid under different conditions. Verification with simulated data confirms that the identification results are consistent with the simulation settings, thus validating the reliability of the method. Field application has enabled the fine-scale diagnosis of downhole fracturing events such as diverter effectiveness, plug leakage, and plug slippage, and further analyzed the cepstral response characteristics and treating pressure curve characteristics associated with different events. The proposed method provides an effective tool for diagnosing fracturing conditions during field operations, thereby offering valuable insights for optimizing fracturing design and enhancing reservoir stimulation effectiveness.

水力压裂过程中流体进入簇的准确识别和井下压裂事件的精细诊断，对于优化压裂设计和提高储层增产效果至关重要。然而，现有的基于水锤压力的压裂监测方法大多局限于识别一个压裂段内的主要流体进入簇，难以提供井下压裂事件的精细诊断。本研究建立了一种基于高频水锤压力的压裂监测方法。通过对高频水锤信号进行时域和频域分析，并采用复合滤波方法，显著提高了信号质量。通过倒谱分析和时间-深度转换，实现了同一段内多个流体进入簇的识别和井下压裂事件的精细诊断，有效表征了压裂液在不同条件下的动态分布。仿真数据验证，识别结果与仿真设置一致，验证了方法的可靠性。通过现场应用，可以对暂堵剂有效性、桥塞泄漏和桥塞滑移等井下压裂事件进行精细诊断，并进一步分析不同事件相关的倒谱响应特征和处理压力曲线特征。该方法为现场作业中的压裂状况诊断提供了有效工具，从而为优化压裂设计和提高储层增产效果提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental insight into water-driven fracture of granite under coupled stress–temperature conditions 应力-温度耦合条件下花岗岩水致破裂的实验研究

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106441

Taiwen Li , Lankai Liu , Rong Wang , Juhui Zhu , Zidong Fan , Xiaofang Nie , Li Ren , Qin Zhou

Rock fracture toughness testing under coupled stress-temperature conditions remains unaddressed by the ISRM-suggested methods, limiting understanding of water-injection-driven rock fractures in deep horizons. To bridge this gap, hydraulic fracturing experiments on Jining granite employed hollow double-wing crack specimens under coupled stress-temperature conditions mimicking burial depths (2200–4500 m) were performed. Key findings reveal: (1) Confining pressure densifies the granite microstructure, promoting transgranular failure and enhancing fracture toughness; (2) Heated water, rather than elevated temperature alone, drastically reduces fracture toughness via thermochemical reactions—grain boundary weakening and mineral alteration—with these effects intensifying with increasing depth; (3) Competition between geostress strengthening and water-induced degradation creates a counterintuitive depth-dependence, i.e., fracture toughness peaks near 3000 m; (4) Despite the increasing degradation from water–rock interactions at greater depths, geostress-induced strengthening remains dominant across studied depths, resulting in fracture toughness under conditions mimicking deep horizons still exceeding that under ambient conditions simulating the Earth's surface. These findings advance the understanding of coupled stress–temperature–fluid effects on fracture toughness and provide practical guidance for hydraulic-fracturing design in deep geothermal reservoirs.

在应力-温度耦合条件下的岩石断裂韧性测试仍然没有得到isrm建议的方法的解决，这限制了对深部地层注水驱动岩石裂缝的理解。为了弥补这一空白，在模拟埋藏深度（2200-4500 m）的应力-温度耦合条件下，对济宁花岗岩进行了空心双翼裂缝水力压裂试验。主要研究结果表明：(1)围压使花岗岩显微组织致密化，促进穿晶破坏，增强断裂韧性；(2)加热水，而不是单纯的温度升高，通过热化学反应（晶界减弱和矿物蚀变）显著降低断裂韧性，并且随着深度的增加，这些影响加剧；(3)地应力增强和水致退化之间的竞争产生了一种反直觉的深度依赖关系，即断裂韧性在3000 m附近达到峰值；(4)尽管水-岩相互作用在更深的深度上的退化越来越严重，但在研究的深度上，地应力诱发的强化仍然占主导地位，导致在模拟深地平线条件下的断裂韧性仍然超过模拟地球表面环境条件下的断裂韧性。这些研究结果促进了对应力-温度-流体耦合效应对裂缝韧性的认识，为深部地热储层水力压裂设计提供了实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Microwave melting of lunar regolith simulant in an unchambered environment: Insights from physical model experiments 在无室环境中微波融化月球风化模拟物：来自物理模型实验的见解

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106433

Jia-Qi Lu , Zheng-Wei Li , Xia-Ting Feng , Cheng-Dan He , Yong-Jun Wang , Yang Zuo , Jin Wang

The microwave melting technology for lunar regolith capitalizes on the electromagnetic loss occurring within an alternating electromagnetic field to carry out the heating process and the subsequent solidification. This heating process is characterized by advantages like selectivity, uniformity, and immediacy, rendering it an extremely promising in-situ construction approach. To adapt to the lunar surface operational conditions, this study introduces an open-type microwave melting method for lunar regolith. Physical model experiments were carried out on the microwave melting of lunar regolith simulant in an unchambered environment. Key parameters such as microwave power, working distance, and energy consumption and their impacts on the temperature field and melt evolution during the melting process were systematically investigated. Additionally, the macroscopic morphology, porosity features, microstructure, and nanomechanical properties of the melted samples were analyzed. The results show that the surface temperature evolution of lunar regolith simulant in an open-type microwave energy field features a distinct three stage pattern: an initial slow linear heating, a mid-stage with a rapidly increasing heating rate and a final temperature stabilization. The semi-ellipsoidal shape of microwave fixed-point melted samples is determined by the electromagnetic field distribution in the simulant under open-type microwave irradiation. With the same microwave energy consumption, samples melted under low-power and long-duration conditions have lower macroscopic porosity, smaller average pore diameter, and a more uniform pore distribution, but poorer micro mechanical property uniformity in the matrix. Conversely, samples melted under high-power and short-duration conditions display higher macroscopic porosity, larger average pore diameter, and non-uniform pore distribution. However, their matrix shows better uniformity in micro-mechanical properties. Microstructural analysis shows that during melt formation, lunar regolith simulant particles change from a separated state to a molten one. The molten body evolves from having a small number of open pores to many closed pores, finally forming a dense, pore-free solid.

微波熔融月球风化层技术利用交变电磁场中产生的电磁损耗进行加热和固化。这种加热过程具有选择性、均匀性和即时性等优点，是一种非常有前途的原位施工方法。为了适应月球表面的工作条件，本研究提出了一种开放式的月球风化层微波融化方法。在无室环境下进行了模拟月球风化层微波融化的物理模型实验。系统研究了微波功率、工作距离、能量消耗等关键参数对熔化过程温度场和熔体演化的影响。此外，还分析了熔融试样的宏观形貌、孔隙特征、微观结构和纳米力学性能。结果表明：在开放式微波能量场作用下，模拟月球风化层表面温度演变具有明显的三个阶段：初始缓慢线性升温、中期升温速率快速上升和最终温度稳定。在开放式微波辐照下，模拟物中的电磁场分布决定了微波定点熔化试样的半椭球形状。在微波能量消耗相同的情况下，低功率长时间熔化的试样宏观孔隙率更低，平均孔径更小，孔隙分布更均匀，但基体微观力学性能均匀性较差。反之，在高功率和短时间条件下熔化的试样宏观孔隙率较高，平均孔径较大，孔隙分布不均匀。但其基体在微观力学性能上表现出较好的均匀性。微观结构分析表明，在熔体形成过程中，模拟月球风化层颗粒从分离状态转变为熔融状态。熔融体由少量开孔演变为许多闭孔，最终形成致密的无孔固体。

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引用次数: 0

Structural barriers to complete homogenization and wormholing in dissolving porous and fractured rocks 溶蚀性多孔和裂隙岩石中完全均质化和虫孔形成的结构障碍

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106431

Tomasz Szawełło , Jeffrey D. Hyman , Peter K. Kang , Piotr Szymczak

Dissolution in porous media and fractured rocks alters both the chemical composition of the fluid and the physical properties of the solid. Depending on system conditions, reactive flow may enlarge pores uniformly, widen pre-existing channels, or trigger instabilities that form wormholes. The resulting pattern reflects feedbacks among advection, diffusion, surface reaction, and the initial heterogeneity of the medium. Porous and fractured media can exhibit distinct characteristics — for example, the presence of large fractures can significantly alter the network topology and overall connectivity of the system. We quantify these differences with three network models — a regular pore network, a disordered pore network, and a discrete fracture network — evaluated with a unified metric: the flow focusing profile. This metric effectively captures evolution of flow paths across all systems: it reveals a focusing front that propagates from the inlet in the wormholing regime, a system-wide decrease in focusing during uniform dissolution, and the progressive enlargement of pre-existing flow paths in the channeling regime. The metric shows that uniform dissolution cannot eliminate heterogeneity resulting from the network topology. This structural heterogeneity — rather than just pore-diameter or fracture-aperture variance — sets a fundamental limit on flow homogenization and must be accounted for when upscaling dissolution kinetics from pore or fracture scale to the reservoir level.

在多孔介质和裂隙岩石中的溶解会改变流体的化学成分和固体的物理性质。根据系统条件的不同，反应性流动可能会均匀地扩大孔隙，扩大已有的通道，或者引发不稳定，形成虫孔。所得到的模式反映了平流、扩散、表面反应和介质初始非均质性之间的反馈。多孔介质和裂缝介质可以表现出不同的特征，例如，大裂缝的存在可以显著改变网络拓扑结构和系统的整体连通性。我们通过三种网络模型（规则孔隙网络、无序孔隙网络和离散裂缝网络）来量化这些差异，并使用统一的度量标准进行评估：流动聚焦剖面。该指标有效地捕捉了所有体系中流动路径的演变：它揭示了在虫洞状态下从入口传播的聚焦前沿，在均匀溶解过程中整个系统的聚焦减少，以及在窜流状态下原有流动路径的逐渐扩大。该度量表明，均匀溶解不能消除网络拓扑结构造成的异质性。这种结构非均质性（而不仅仅是孔径或裂缝孔径差异）限制了流体均质性，当将溶蚀动力学从孔隙或裂缝尺度提升到油藏水平时，必须考虑到这种非均质性。

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引用次数: 0