International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences最新文献

{"title":"An interpretable rock mass quality intelligent classification model (IRICM) driven by refined decision rule and its application","authors":"Xiang Wu ,&nbsp;Fengyan Wang ,&nbsp;Jianping Chen ,&nbsp;Mingchang Wang ,&nbsp;Lina Cheng ,&nbsp;Chengyao Zhang ,&nbsp;Junke Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock mass quality classification (RMQC) plays a crucial role in rock mass stability analysis and in the design and construction planning of rock engineering projects. However, current RMQC methods rely on expert experience, which makes it difficult for RMQC to be intelligent, scientific, and interpretable, and is not conducive to understanding rock mass characteristics in engineering applications. Therefore, this study proposes an interpretable rock mass quality intelligent classification model (IRICM) by coupling random forest (RF) and genetic algorithm (GA) to refine decision rules, aiming to enhance the intelligence, scientificity, and interpretability of RMQC. Based on 318 tunnel section data, the RMQC dataset was constructed using rock mass rating (RMR) parameters obtained from field investigations and laboratory experiments. By coupling RF and GA, the rules from all decision trees were selected, combined, and optimized to refine decision rules, achieving a classification accuracy of 87.50 % with only five rules per class. Interpretability analysis of the refined decision rules revealed that rock quality designation (RQD), intact rock strength (IRS), joint spacing (JS), and groundwater (GW) were the most frequently used features, confirming their importance in RMQC. Further analysis using post-hoc interpretability techniques also indicated that RQD, IRS, JS, and GW contributed most significantly to RMQC, especially in distinguishing poor rock mass quality (classes IV and V). The model was applied to the RMQC of tunnels and rock slopes, and the results demonstrated consistency with classification outcomes from the Q, RMR, and geological strength index (GSI) systems, validating its reliability and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106430"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of rock creep on the performance of lined caverns under cyclic pressurization and hydrogen embrittlement","authors":"Chenxi Zhao ,&nbsp;Haiyang Yu ,&nbsp;Zixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinghua Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lined rock cavern (LRC) technology, known for its remarkable geographical flexibility, stands out as a promising and cost-effective approach to underground hydrogen storage. However, since these caverns are often built in complex geological settings and designed for prolonged operation, evaluating their long-term stability is crucial, which should take into account both the creep of rock masses under fatigue loading and the degradation of the steel lining under hydrogen embrittlement (HE). In this paper, we present a comprehensive numerical analysis of LRCs within fractured rock masses, incorporating the effects of time-dependent viscoelastic deformation in the host rock and HE processes in the steel lining under cyclic pressurization. A novel two-dimensional multiscale model is developed that captures the interactions between the LRC structure and the surrounding fractured rocks to assess the damage and degradation of concrete, rock, and steel components in the LRC system. Our framework uniquely integrates rock viscoelasticity and steel hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, providing a quantitative means to evaluate the long-term mechanical–chemical interactions. The findings demonstrate that the rock’s viscoelastic behavior significantly impacts the time-dependent integrity of the LRC, with damage progressively accumulating during prolonged operation. Additionally, damage evolution in the concrete lining and rock mass, along with steel degradation, are strongly influenced by pre-existing fractures in the rock mass. While small relaxation times in the viscoelastic response lead to rapid system stabilization, moderate relaxation times can trigger time-dependent stress redistribution and further damage progression. The results also highlight the important effect of HE on LRC performance, especially when the surrounding rock mass is characterized by the presence of interconnected fractures. The insights gained in this study are critical to optimizing the design and ensuring the long-term safe operation of LRCs in the context of sustainable underground hydrogen storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106401"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response analysis of three-layer anchorage under radial P-wave loading: wave-function expansion for optimal thickness","authors":"Jian Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xiuzhi Shi ,&nbsp;Xianyang Qiu ,&nbsp;Chengxing Zong ,&nbsp;Zongguo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blasting-induced dynamic loads are a primary risk factor for failure in underground support structures. Based on the wave-function expansion method, this study develops a dynamic response model of a surrounding rock-anchoring agent-bolt system subjected to cylindrical P-wave incidence. A dimensionless dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) is introduced to characterize the stress within the system. The influences of blasting source frequency, impact distance, anchoring agent thickness, and material impedance mismatch on the evolution of DSCF are systematically analyzed. Parametric analyses reveal that low-frequency excitation leads to lower and more uniformly distributed DSCF. The thickness and shear modulus of the anchoring agent significantly affect the magnitude and directional distribution of DSCF. The LS-DYNA simulations validate the model's ability to capture wave propagation, interface reflections, and stress concentration, confirming that reflected shear waves govern circumferential stress and make the 90° direction most prone to tensile failure. Physical model tests further verify this trend, with higher 90° strain and stronger internal interface response, supporting the model's engineering applicability. A three-dimensional response surface is established, incorporating frequency, impedance, and thickness. Based on this surface, a quantitative optimization strategy is proposed: within the parameter space examined here, thickness ratios in the range of 1.4–1.8 reduce DSCF, combined with suitable impedance matching, can effectively minimize DSCF under multi-frequency excitation under the adopted model assumptions. This study establishes an analytical framework and validated failure mechanism for radial dynamic stress concentration, and proposes a quantifiable design criterion that enables more reliable optimization of anchorage systems under blasting loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106416"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rockburst in circular openings under varying confining stress: Acoustic emission characteristics and precursors","authors":"Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Murat Karakus ,&nbsp;Dongqiao Liu ,&nbsp;Manchao He ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rockburst induced by high in-situ stress is a major threat to the stability of underground structures. Among various controlling factors, confining stress plays a decisive role in governing the initiation, development, and intensity of rockburst. In this study, true triaxial rockburst experiments were conducted on sandstone specimens containing a circular hole under five levels of confining stress. The failure process was monitored through real-time video and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. AE energy, entropy, and microcrack mechanisms were analyzed to characterize the evolution of failure. Two precursor indicators, namely variance based on Critical Slowing Down (CSD) theory and the Hurst exponent derived from Rescaled Range (R/S) analysis, were employed to identify early warning signals. Results show that higher confining stress leads to greater energy accumulation, stronger tangential stress concentration, more abrupt failure behavior, and increased damage brittleness. The variance parameter was more sensitive to sudden failure, whereas the Hurst exponent provided earlier indications of instability. A two-stage damage fitting model revealed accelerated damage growth and increased brittleness with rising confining stress. These findings improve the understanding of rockburst evolution under different stress conditions and contribute to the development of more reliable early warning systems for deep underground engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106418"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cosserat continuum with the hyperbolic Mohr-Coulomb failure surface and its applications to strength problems","authors":"Le Zhang,&nbsp;Hong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of continuum mechanics, the Cauchy continuum model has traditionally held a dominant position. In contrast, the Cosserat continuum model, which serves as a significant complement to the Cauchy model, has primarily been used to address strain softening or to simulate the growth of shear bands. In the limited applications of the Cosserat continuum to strength problems, the elasto-plastic model employed takes the Drucker-Prager criterion as the failure criterion, rather than the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that better captures the failure characteristics of geomaterials. This is largely due to the fact that a non-smooth Mohr-Coulomb yield surface poses substantial challenges for elasto-plastic constitutive integration. To address this issue, this study develops a projection-contraction algorithm based on Gauss-Seidel iteration to implement stress updates within the framework of the Cosserat model, using a hyperbolic Mohr-Coulomb (HMC) criterion as the yield criterion. The Gauss–Seidel Projection-Contraction (GSPC) algorithm eliminates the need to compute the Hessian matrix of the yield function and exhibits superior numerical performance compared to the widely-used return-mapping method. Meanwhile, a displacement control method (DCM) is designed to bring models to the limit equilibrium state. This proposed procedure exhibits superior numerical performance compared to load control method (LCM) based on Newton iteration. Analysis of typical case studies reveals that the proposed method is free from mesh dependency and possesses robust numerical characteristics. In particular, the Cosserat continuum naturally regularizes strain localization in elastic–perfectly plastic problems, and the internal characteristic length significantly influences the thickness of shear bands and the distribution of plastic zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106425"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of seismic potential in a depleted chalk reservoir subject to CO2 injection","authors":"M.R. Hajiabadi,&nbsp;F. Amour,&nbsp;B. Hosseinzadeh,&nbsp;A.C. Cheriki,&nbsp;H. Nick","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a multi-scale modelling framework to evaluate fault reactivation risks and seismic potential during CO₂ injection into a highly depleted and deformable chalk reservoir, using the Harald East field in the northern part of the Danish North Sea as a case study. A robust multi-scale Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) modeling approach is developed to bridge field- and fault-scale processes, supporting fault stability and seismic risk assessment in CO₂ storage. A field-scale coupled flow-geomechanical model is used to screen for critically-stressed faults, while fault-scale simulations investigate slip behaviour using a Mohr-Coulomb frictional model, combined with a rate-dependent frictional model to assess specific potential seismic events. THM analysis under realistic CO₂ injection scenarios reveals that faults remain stable with friction coefficients of 0.6. However, simulations with reduced initial friction coefficients (e.g., 0.27 and 0.36) indicate localized slip risks during both production and injection phases along the plane of one single fault out of a total of 30 faults analysed. As the reservoir repressurizes, the stress regime transitions from normal to reverse faulting, accompanied by a significant reorientation in principal stress. This shift of stress regime causes a progressive rise in shear stress on the fault plane as repressurization continues, resulting in higher slip tendency values and a greater likelihood of seismic reactivation. Besides, the results demonstrate the benefit of a combined field- and fault-scale approach that enhances computational efficiency by restricting detailed analyses to critical faults and critical time throughout the injection period. This work provides a framework for fault stability and seismic risk assessments, offering key insights for the safe implementation of underground CO₂ storage projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106394"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapidly improving the acid-fracture conductivity in deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs through mineral alteration: a new method","authors":"Xiang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaoxu Deng ,&nbsp;Pingli Liu ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Juan Du ,&nbsp;Hongming Tang ,&nbsp;Haitai Hu ,&nbsp;Xuan Gao ,&nbsp;Zhongxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotian He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs contain abundant geothermal and natural gas resources, and the conductivity of acid-fractured fractures is a critical factor determining the development efficiency of these resources. However, high closure stress and acid-induced damage can lead to fracture closure and conductivity degradation. Mineral alteration refers to the in-situ conversion of existing minerals into new compounds, but the mineral alteration process is currently too slow (72 h). The Na₂HPO₄ + H₃PO₄ buffer solution (PPN) has been preliminarily proven effective in rapidly enhancing rock strength. This study investigated the effects of different acid systems (gelling acid and organic acid) and PPN treatment at 200 °C on the etching morphology, hardness, and fracture conductivity of dense carbonate rocks from two formations: the Mao-kou limestone and the Jialingjiang argillaceous limestone. The experimental results confirm that PPN rapid treatment under ultra-high temperature is effective in enhancing the fracture conductivity under high closure stress, and also reveal its mechanism of action. After 4 h of PPN treatment at 200 °C, the fracture conductivity of the Mao-kou formation and Jialingjiang formation samples increased by factors of 29.4 and 19.0, respectively, compared with untreated samples. Acid dissolution caused the rock's microstructure to transform from being dense and compact to becoming loose, with numerous dissolution pores and micro-fractures. In contrast, PPN treatment converted carbonate minerals on the fracture surfaces in situ into harder hydroxyapatite and repaired acid-induced structural damage, thereby enhancing rock strength and deformation resistance, resulting in smaller fracture-closure displacement under stress. Acid-induced damage reduced the hardness of Mao-kou formation and Jialingjiang formation samples by up to 25.6 % and 36.9 %, respectively. PPN treatment was effective for both limestone and argillaceous limestone, with the maximum increases in rock hardness reaching 39.4 % and 29.8 %, respectively. The organic acid produced a more heterogeneous etching morphology in the argillaceous limestone than the gelling acid did in the limestone. This study provides a new pathway for the rapid construction of high-conductivity fractures in deep and ultra-deep reservoir and efficient energy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106415"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A microplane-enhanced quasi-bond method with a dual-mechanism fracture criterion for mixed-mode failure in rock-like materials","authors":"Wei-Tong Li ,&nbsp;Qi-Zhi Zhu ,&nbsp;Wei-Jian Li ,&nbsp;Xing-Guang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an enhanced quasi-bond method for modeling mixed-mode fracture in rock-like materials. By integrating concepts from microplane theory, the proposed approach incorporates strain decomposition and projection onto bond directions, establishing bond-level stiffness through energy equivalence with classical elasticity. The formulation accommodates arbitrary Poisson’s ratios and preserves consistency across two-dimensional/three-dimensional settings. A novel dual-mechanism fracture criterion is introduced, incorporating both a bond-breakage rule based on energy thresholds and microstress states to differentiate tensile and shear cracks, and a complementary bond-level softening model that concurrently captures tensile and shear strength degradation. To improve numerical accuracy, a smoothed strain technique synchronizes strain updates with bond failure, and a hybrid finite element/quasi-bond coupling strategy enables efficient localized fracture resolution. Validations against notched beams and multi-flawed specimens under compression demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model in solving mixed-mode fracture in rock-like materials. Engineering-scale extensions to jointed rock slopes reveal step-path fracture network evolution governed by flaw interaction-driven coalescence patterns, advancing geohazard predictions through explicit linkage between discrete fracturing and macro-scale instability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106396"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterioration and damage characteristics of rock masses within the fluctuating zone, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","authors":"Zhiqiang Yi ,&nbsp;Yueping Yin ,&nbsp;Zhihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Luqi Wang ,&nbsp;Xuebing Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Zhao ,&nbsp;Limei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2008, the water level in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has fluctuated annually between 145 and 175 m. This fluctuation has caused significant deterioration and damage to the rock masses within the fluctuating zone. In this zone, the elevation difference can reach up to 30 m. This study uses the Longmen dangerous rock as a typical case to comprehensively reveal the deterioration and damage characteristics of rock masses through sonic CT (Computed Tomography) imaging. This is further supported by field geological surveys, drilling engineering, and underground television. The following findings were obtained: (1) The degree of deterioration and damage below the 175 m elevation decreases with depth. Specifically, the RQD (Rock Quality Designation) generally follows an exponential distribution function. (2) The development of fractures and fragmentation zones within the fluctuating zone is higher than in areas below the fluctuating zone. (3) The degree of deterioration and damage below the 175 m elevation is heterogeneous and exhibits surface to inside pattern. (4) The essential cause of deterioration and damage effects is the RWLF (Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation). Detailed, weakly alkaline erosive flowing water in the study area initiates chemical corrosion, leading to deterioration and damage effects on the rock masses. Under the influence of gravity from the overlying high and steep dangerous rocks, leading to the prominent manifestation of joint fissures. Furthermore, mechanical dynamic effects, such as scour, erosion, and washout, occur due to the RWLF and vessels. These effects cause small portions of the rock masses to gradually detach and be carried away into the water. As a result, phenomena such as corrosion and dissolution cavities are formed. The insights gained from this study are significant for understanding the instability mechanisms of high and steep dangerous submerged rocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106421"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of elastic constants of transversely isotropic rocks using strain measurements from a single inclined specimen","authors":"Youn-Kyou Lee ,&nbsp;S. Pietruszczak","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2026.106399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elastic behavior of transversely isotropic rocks is governed by five independent constants. Conventional methods for measuring these elastic constants typically involve uniaxial compression tests on three specimens sampled at different inclinations with respect to the isotropy plane. However, this approach may introduce errors due to specimen heterogeneity. In this study, three sets of simple inversion formulas are derived to determine five elastic constants from strain data obtained during hydrostatic compression followed by an increment of axial stress applied to a single inclined specimen. Each of these three sets includes an identical equation for the shear modulus and a distinct matrix equation for the remaining four elastic constants. Although these matrix equations differ in appearance, they are mathematically equivalent and yield identical solutions. To facilitate coordinate transformation, the Mehrabadi-Cowin notation was employed, in which the strain and stress states are represented as first-order tensors in a six-dimensional space, and the corresponding compliance matrix is treated as a second-order tensor in the same space. The input data for the proposed inversion formulas consist of strain measurements taken in a coordinate system aligned with the strike and dip directions of the isotropy plane. If the orientation of the isotropy plane can be inferred from the strain data, then strain measurements obtained in an arbitrary coordinate system can also be used as input. Illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and practical relevance of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106399"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}