César Augusto Pineda Gómez, Oscar Armando Arenas Mantilla, Nicolás Santos Santos
For transporting industry of natural gas by pipeline systems, it’s vital to guarantee the integrity of their lines, in order to decrease operational costs and prevent accidents that may damaging against people’s safety, the environment or the infrastructure itself. In this paper it’s presented the principal compounds from a technical study about principal net and its distribution branches to municipalities of the National System Transport of Natural Gas operated by the Colombian Natural Gas Company – Ecogas, (specifically the Cusiana - Porvenir – La Belleza, La Belleza - Cogua, La Belleza – Vasconia, Vasconia - Neiva and Vasconia - Cali gas lines, see Figure 1). The principal objective is evaluate the possible condensation of hydrocarbons fluids inside gas lines, due to compositional characteristics of the gas, the different topographical conditions along the gas line route and the actual and future operational conditions to be implemented in the system. The evaluation performed over this gas streams, generates transcendental information in the creation of safe operational limits that minimizing the existence of obstacle problems and damages over pipeline systems and process equipment, due to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons inside these flow lines. This article has been prepared in four sections in order to guarantee easy access to each one of the steeps involved in the study. Section one presents the compositional and thermodynamic analysis of feeding gas streams; in section two, its presented the required information for modeling gas lines with definition of the gas pipeline numerical simulation model in stable state; section three presents the sensitivity analysis for gas variation upon loading gas composition at the inlet point of the system, variation of the operational conditions (flow, pressure and gas temperature) and environment temperatures for the different inlet points (branches) with verification of compliance of the Unique Transport Regulation (Reglamento Único de Transporte – RUT) established by CREG (CREG, 1999); section four presents the recommended set up of adequate work schemes required to guarantee the non-existence of hydrocarbon fluid due condensation in the evaluated system.
对于天然气管道运输行业来说，保证管道系统的完整性对于降低运营成本，防止可能对人员安全、环境或基础设施本身造成损害的事故至关重要。在本文中，介绍了哥伦比亚天然气公司Ecogas运营的国家天然气运输系统的主要网络及其分销分支的主要化合物(特别是Cusiana - Porvenir - La Belleza, La Belleza - Cogua, La Belleza - Vasconia, Vasconia - Neiva和Vasconia - Cali天然气管道)。(见图1)。由于天然气的成分特征、天然气管线沿线的不同地形条件以及系统中将要实施的实际和未来的操作条件，主要目标是评估油气流体在天然气管道内可能发生的冷凝。通过对这些气流进行评估，可以在建立安全操作限制方面产生卓越的信息，从而最大限度地减少由于流动管线中存在液态碳氢化合物而导致的管道系统和工艺设备的障碍问题和损坏。这篇文章已经准备了四个部分，以保证易于访问的每一个步骤参与研究。第一部分介绍了进料气流的组成和热力学分析;第二节给出了燃气管道建模所需的信息，定义了稳定状态下的燃气管道数值模拟模型;第三节介绍了在系统入口点加载气体成分、不同入口点(分支)的运行条件(流量、压力和气体温度)和环境温度变化时气体变化的敏感性分析，并验证了符合由CREG (CREG, 1999)建立的唯一运输法规(Reglamento Único de Transporte - RUT);第四节介绍了为保证在评价系统中不存在由于冷凝而产生的烃类流体所需的适当工作方案的推荐设置。
{"title":"EVALUATIÓN OF THE CONDENSATION POTENTIAL OF HYDROCARBON FLUIDS IN THE NATIONAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM: ESTABLISHING OF ADEQUATE OPERATIONAL SCHEMES","authors":"César Augusto Pineda Gómez, Oscar Armando Arenas Mantilla, Nicolás Santos Santos","doi":"10.29047/01225383.486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.486","url":null,"abstract":"For transporting industry of natural gas by pipeline systems, it’s vital to guarantee the integrity of their lines, in order to decrease operational costs and prevent accidents that may damaging against people’s safety, the environment or the infrastructure itself. In this paper it’s presented the principal compounds from a technical study about principal net and its distribution branches to municipalities of the National System Transport of Natural Gas operated by the Colombian Natural Gas Company – Ecogas, (specifically the Cusiana - Porvenir – La Belleza, La Belleza - Cogua, La Belleza – Vasconia, Vasconia - Neiva and Vasconia - Cali gas lines, see Figure 1). The principal objective is evaluate the possible condensation of hydrocarbons fluids inside gas lines, due to compositional characteristics of the gas, the different topographical conditions along the gas line route and the actual and future operational conditions to be implemented in the system. The evaluation performed over this gas streams, generates transcendental information in the creation of safe operational limits that minimizing the existence of obstacle problems and damages over pipeline systems and process equipment, due to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons inside these flow lines. This article has been prepared in four sections in order to guarantee easy access to each one of the steeps involved in the study. Section one presents the compositional and thermodynamic analysis of feeding gas streams; in section two, its presented the required information for modeling gas lines with definition of the gas pipeline numerical simulation model in stable state; section three presents the sensitivity analysis for gas variation upon loading gas composition at the inlet point of the system, variation of the operational conditions (flow, pressure and gas temperature) and environment temperatures for the different inlet points (branches) with verification of compliance of the Unique Transport Regulation (Reglamento Único de Transporte – RUT) established by CREG (CREG, 1999); section four presents the recommended set up of adequate work schemes required to guarantee the non-existence of hydrocarbon fluid due condensation in the evaluated system.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72587335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos A. Baldrich Ferrer, Luz Ángela Novoa Mantilla
Chemometric analysis has been applied in this work to correlate ultraviolet spectra of middle distillates and vacuum gas oils with hydrocarbon type analytical data obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry. The use of this methodology reduces the costs of chemical characterization of these types of petroleum fractions and may be applied to the characterization of diesel fuels and gas oils that are processed in fluid catalytic cracking or hydrotreating units.
{"title":"DETAILED CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM MIDDLE FRACTIONS BY CHEMOMETRICS ANALYSIS OF THEIR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM","authors":"Carlos A. Baldrich Ferrer, Luz Ángela Novoa Mantilla","doi":"10.29047/01225383.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.485","url":null,"abstract":"Chemometric analysis has been applied in this work to correlate ultraviolet spectra of middle distillates and vacuum gas oils with hydrocarbon type analytical data obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry. The use of this methodology reduces the costs of chemical characterization of these types of petroleum fractions and may be applied to the characterization of diesel fuels and gas oils that are processed in fluid catalytic cracking or hydrotreating units.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darío Yesid Peña B, Custodio Vásquez Q., Adriana Forero B
One of the main ways to inhibit the corrosion is the adsorption of organic compounds on the surface of a metal. This study reports the behavior of six different organic inhibitors in a system carbon steel AISI-SAE1020/brine 3%w of NaCl/ gas mixture of 6% volume of CO2/10 ppm of H2S/ hydrocarbon. Two primary amines with sixteen and eighteen atoms of carbon were used, a secondary amine with twenty atoms and three carboxylic acids of sixteen, eighteen and twenty carbon atoms. Linear polarization resistance measurements were used, along with Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedances to assess the influence of temperature, velocity of fluid, inhibitor concentration and concentration of oleic phase on the inhibition efficiency in the Electrode of Rotational Cylinder, ECR. Activation and adsorption energies were calculated for the processes of corrosion in the system; according to the values derived, it was possible to define the system brine/CO2/H2S/ inhibitor, as a process with mixed control, where the phenomenon of mass transfer and that of charge transfer are in competition and the values obtained for the energy of adsorption of Gibbs, allowed checking that these compounds showed a chemical adsorption on the metallic surface. Under critical testing conditions (4 m/s, 59ºC or 332,15K) the amines present a better efficiency than carboxylic acids, thus complying with the electro-negativity theory applied to inhibitors. It was then possible to establish by the results obtained for the with hydrocarbon cuts tests, that this parameter adversely affects the percentage efficiency of the inhibitor.
抑制腐蚀的主要方法之一是在金属表面吸附有机化合物。本研究报告了6种不同有机抑制剂在碳钢AISI-SAE1020/盐水3%w NaCl/ 6% co2 / 10ppm H2S/碳氢化合物的气体混合物体系中的行为。用了两个伯胺，分别有16和18个碳原子，一个仲胺，20个原子，三个羧酸，分别有16、18和20个碳原子。采用线性极化电阻法、Tafel外推法和电化学阻抗法，考察了温度、流体流速、抑制剂浓度和油相浓度对ECR电极缓蚀效率的影响。计算了体系腐蚀过程的活化能和吸附能;根据所得值，可以将卤水/CO2/H2S/抑制剂体系定义为一个混合控制过程，其中传质现象和电荷传递现象处于竞争状态，并且得到的吉布斯吸附能值允许检查这些化合物在金属表面表现出化学吸附。在临界测试条件下(4 m/s, 59ºC或332,15k)，胺比羧酸表现出更好的效率，从而符合适用于抑制剂的电负性理论。然后，通过对含烃岩屑测试的结果可以确定，该参数对抑制剂的百分比效率有不利影响。
{"title":"EVALUATION OF GENERIC INHIBITORS BEHAVIOR FORMULTIPHASE SYSTEMS (STEEL-BRINE-CO2/H2S) BYUSING ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES","authors":"Darío Yesid Peña B, Custodio Vásquez Q., Adriana Forero B","doi":"10.29047/01225383.484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.484","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main ways to inhibit the corrosion is the adsorption of organic compounds on the surface of a metal. This study reports the behavior of six different organic inhibitors in a system carbon steel AISI-SAE1020/brine 3%w of NaCl/ gas mixture of 6% volume of CO2/10 ppm of H2S/ hydrocarbon. Two primary amines with sixteen and eighteen atoms of carbon were used, a secondary amine with twenty atoms and three carboxylic acids of sixteen, eighteen and twenty carbon atoms. Linear polarization resistance measurements were used, along with Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedances to assess the influence of temperature, velocity of fluid, inhibitor concentration and concentration of oleic phase on the inhibition efficiency in the Electrode of Rotational Cylinder, ECR. Activation and adsorption energies were calculated for the processes of corrosion in the system; according to the values derived, it was possible to define the system brine/CO2/H2S/ inhibitor, as a process with mixed control, where the phenomenon of mass transfer and that of charge transfer are in competition and the values obtained for the energy of adsorption of Gibbs, allowed checking that these compounds showed a chemical adsorption on the metallic surface. Under critical testing conditions (4 m/s, 59ºC or 332,15K) the amines present a better efficiency than carboxylic acids, thus complying with the electro-negativity theory applied to inhibitors. It was then possible to establish by the results obtained for the with hydrocarbon cuts tests, that this parameter adversely affects the percentage efficiency of the inhibitor.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75645330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many well pressure data coming from long and narrow reservoirs which result from either fluvial deposition of faulting cannot be completely interpreted by conventional analysis since some flow regimes are not conventionally recognized yet in the oil literature. This narrow geometry allows for the simultaneous development of two linear flow regimes coming from each one of the lateral sides of the system towards the well. This has been called dual linear flow regime. If the well is off-centered with regards to the two lateral boundaries, then, one of the linear flow regimes vanishes and, then, two possibilities can be presented. Firstly, if the closer lateral boundary is close to flow the unique linear flow persists along the longer lateral boundary. It has been called single linear flow. Following this, either steady or pseudosteady states will develop. Secondly, if a constant-pressure closer lateral boundary is dealt with, then parabolic flow develops along the longer lateral boundary. Steady state has to be developed once the disturbance reaches the farther boundary. This study presents new equations for conventional analysis for the dual linear, linear and parabolic flow regimes recently introduced to the oil literature. The equations were validated by applying them to field and simulated examples.
{"title":"A COMPLEMENTARY CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR CHANNELIZED RESERVOIRS","authors":"F. Escobar, Matilde Montealegre-M.","doi":"10.29047/01225383.482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.482","url":null,"abstract":"Many well pressure data coming from long and narrow reservoirs which result from either fluvial deposition of faulting cannot be completely interpreted by conventional analysis since some flow regimes are not conventionally recognized yet in the oil literature. This narrow geometry allows for the simultaneous development of two linear flow regimes coming from each one of the lateral sides of the system towards the well. This has been called dual linear flow regime. If the well is off-centered with regards to the two lateral boundaries, then, one of the linear flow regimes vanishes and, then, two possibilities can be presented. Firstly, if the closer lateral boundary is close to flow the unique linear flow persists along the longer lateral boundary. It has been called single linear flow. Following this, either steady or pseudosteady states will develop. Secondly, if a constant-pressure closer lateral boundary is dealt with, then parabolic flow develops along the longer lateral boundary. Steady state has to be developed once the disturbance reaches the farther boundary. This study presents new equations for conventional analysis for the dual linear, linear and parabolic flow regimes recently introduced to the oil literature. The equations were validated by applying them to field and simulated examples.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"134 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72404551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. M. Jiménez, Luz-Carime Valera Lara, Alexander Rueda, Néstor Fernando Saavedra Trujillo
This paper presents the geomechanical wellbore stability model of an exploratory well sited at Middle Magdalena Basin (MMB), which is based on the validity of linear elastic deformational theory for porous media; the use of correlations and field tools such as well and image logs to indirect determination of mechanical properties and stress state. Additionally, it is shown the model calibration and validation using drilling events which occurred at other previously drilled wells in the study area, at the exploratory well itself and experimentally evaluated mechanical properties on outcrop and core samples from the basin formations. This application allowed the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP) at Ecopetrol S.A. to formally perform the geomechanical modeling of Colombian formations and to accomplish a complete and appropriate methodology to do so; such methodology has been standardized as part of the drilling support process at Ecopetrol S.A., supplying the possibility for taking decisions that contribute to reduce drilling costs and risks during operations.
{"title":"GEOMECHANICAL WELLBORE STABILITY MODELING OF EXPLORATORY WELLS – STUDY CASE AT MIDDLE MAGDALENA BASIN","authors":"J. M. Jiménez, Luz-Carime Valera Lara, Alexander Rueda, Néstor Fernando Saavedra Trujillo","doi":"10.29047/01225383.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.477","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the geomechanical wellbore stability model of an exploratory well sited at Middle Magdalena Basin (MMB), which is based on the validity of linear elastic deformational theory for porous media; the use of correlations and field tools such as well and image logs to indirect determination of mechanical properties and stress state. Additionally, it is shown the model calibration and validation using drilling events which occurred at other previously drilled wells in the study area, at the exploratory well itself and experimentally evaluated mechanical properties on outcrop and core samples from the basin formations. This application allowed the Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP) at Ecopetrol S.A. to formally perform the geomechanical modeling of Colombian formations and to accomplish a complete and appropriate methodology to do so; such methodology has been standardized as part of the drilling support process at Ecopetrol S.A., supplying the possibility for taking decisions that contribute to reduce drilling costs and risks during operations.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79554962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yully P. Solano, R. Uribe, M. Frydman, N. Saavedra, Z. Calderón
The methodology for pore pressure prediction known as D exponent is a function of an exponent of adjustment that was originally defined for the Gulf of Mexico (Jorden & Shirley, 1966; Eaton, 1972). A limiting factor of this methodology is the definition of the Normal Compaction Trend (NCT), which needs to be interpreted from the data (Mouchet & Mitchell, 1989). In this study, the D exponent methodology was modified to make it applicable to the Oligocene Carbonera Formation in an oil field of the Llanos foothills, Colombia. The approach consisted of calculating the ratio between effective stress and the D exponent at each well, in order to find a robust NCT for the entire field, thus reducing subjectivity in the traditional D exponent methodology. Pore pressure determinations from Measured Direct Tests (MDT) at one well confirm the predictive capability of our approach.
{"title":"A MODIFIED APPROACH TO PREDICT PORE PRESSURE USING THE D EXPONENT METHOD: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE CARBONERA FORMATION, COLOMBIA","authors":"Yully P. Solano, R. Uribe, M. Frydman, N. Saavedra, Z. Calderón","doi":"10.29047/01225383.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.479","url":null,"abstract":"The methodology for pore pressure prediction known as D exponent is a function of an exponent of adjustment that was originally defined for the Gulf of Mexico (Jorden & Shirley, 1966; Eaton, 1972). A limiting factor of this methodology is the definition of the Normal Compaction Trend (NCT), which needs to be interpreted from the data (Mouchet & Mitchell, 1989). In this study, the D exponent methodology was modified to make it applicable to the Oligocene Carbonera Formation in an oil field of the Llanos foothills, Colombia. The approach consisted of calculating the ratio between effective stress and the D exponent at each well, in order to find a robust NCT for the entire field, thus reducing subjectivity in the traditional D exponent methodology. Pore pressure determinations from Measured Direct Tests (MDT) at one well confirm the predictive capability of our approach.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81032084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Bayona, C. Jaramillo, Milton Rueda, Andrés Reyes-Harker, V. Torres
A foreland basin is a dynamic system whose depositional systems migrate in response to changes in tectonic uplift patterns, sedimentary filling processes and isostatic rebound of the lithosphere. The Paleocene-middle Miocene foreland system of the Llanos foothills and Llanos basin of Colombia includes regional unconformities, abrupt changes in lithology/stacking patterns and flooding surfaces bounding reservoir and seal units. Here we integrate a systematic biostratigraphic study, stratal architecture and tectonic subsidence analyses, regional seismic profiles, and provenance data to define the diachronism of such surfaces and to document the direction of migration of foreland depozones. In a flexurally-deformed basin, sandstone composition, rates of accommodation and sediment supply vary across and along the basin. We show how a coeval depositional profile in the Llanos foothills-Llanos foreland basin consists of litharenites interbedded with mudstones (seal rock, supplied from the orogenic front to the west) that correlate cratonward with organic-rich mudstones and coal (source rock), and to amalgamated fluvial-estuarine quartzarenites (reservoir rock, supplied from the craton to the east) adjacent to a subaerial forebulge (unconformity). This system migrated northward and eastward during the Paleocene, westward during the early-middle Eocene, and eastward during the Oligocene. In the lower-middle Miocene succession of the Llanos basin, identification of flooding events indicates a westward encroaching of a shallow-water lacustrine system that covered an eastward-directed fluvial-deltaic system. A similar process has been documented in other basins in Venezuela and Bolivia, indicating the regional extent of such flooding event may be related to the onset of Andean-scale mountain-building processes.
{"title":"PALEOCENE-MIDDLE MIOCENE FLEXURAL-MARGIN MIGRATION OF THE NONMARINE LLANOS FORELAND BASIN OF COLOMBIA","authors":"G. Bayona, C. Jaramillo, Milton Rueda, Andrés Reyes-Harker, V. Torres","doi":"10.29047/01225383.475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.475","url":null,"abstract":"A foreland basin is a dynamic system whose depositional systems migrate in response to changes in tectonic uplift patterns, sedimentary filling processes and isostatic rebound of the lithosphere. The Paleocene-middle Miocene foreland system of the Llanos foothills and Llanos basin of Colombia includes regional unconformities, abrupt changes in lithology/stacking patterns and flooding surfaces bounding reservoir and seal units. Here we integrate a systematic biostratigraphic study, stratal architecture and tectonic subsidence analyses, regional seismic profiles, and provenance data to define the diachronism of such surfaces and to document the direction of migration of foreland depozones. In a flexurally-deformed basin, sandstone composition, rates of accommodation and sediment supply vary across and along the basin. We show how a coeval depositional profile in the Llanos foothills-Llanos foreland basin consists of litharenites interbedded with mudstones (seal rock, supplied from the orogenic front to the west) that correlate cratonward with organic-rich mudstones and coal (source rock), and to amalgamated fluvial-estuarine quartzarenites (reservoir rock, supplied from the craton to the east) adjacent to a subaerial forebulge (unconformity). This system migrated northward and eastward during the Paleocene, westward during the early-middle Eocene, and eastward during the Oligocene. In the lower-middle Miocene succession of the Llanos basin, identification of flooding events indicates a westward encroaching of a shallow-water lacustrine system that covered an eastward-directed fluvial-deltaic system. A similar process has been documented in other basins in Venezuela and Bolivia, indicating the regional extent of such flooding event may be related to the onset of Andean-scale mountain-building processes.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"79 18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82309561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Júlio Eduardo Mateus, N. Saavedra, Z. Carrillo, D. Mateus
A new way to characterize the perforated formation strength has been implemented using the Indentation test. This test can be performed on irregular cuttings mounted in acrylic resins forming a disc. The test consists of applying load on each sample by means of a flat end indenter. A graph of the load applied VS penetration of the indenter is developed, and the modules of the test, denominated Indentation Modulus (IM) and Critical Transition Force (CTF) are obtained (Ringstad et al., 1998). Based on the success of previous studies we developed correlations between indentation and mechanical properties for some Colombian sandstones. These correlations were obtained using a set of 248 indentation tests and separate compression tests on parallel sandstone samples from the same depth. This analysis includes Barco Formation, Mirador Formation, and Tambor Formation. For the correlations, IM-UCS and CTF-UCS, the correlation coefficient are 0,81 and 0,70 respectively. The use of the correlation and the Indentation test is helpful for in-situ calibration of the geomechanical models since the indentation test can be performed in real time thus reducing costs and time associated with delayed conventional characterization.
{"title":"CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN INDENTATION PARAMETERS AND UNAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR COLOMBIAN SANDSTONES","authors":"Júlio Eduardo Mateus, N. Saavedra, Z. Carrillo, D. Mateus","doi":"10.29047/01225383.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.481","url":null,"abstract":"A new way to characterize the perforated formation strength has been implemented using the Indentation test. This test can be performed on irregular cuttings mounted in acrylic resins forming a disc. The test consists of applying load on each sample by means of a flat end indenter. A graph of the load applied VS penetration of the indenter is developed, and the modules of the test, denominated Indentation Modulus (IM) and Critical Transition Force (CTF) are obtained (Ringstad et al., 1998). Based on the success of previous studies we developed correlations between indentation and mechanical properties for some Colombian sandstones. These correlations were obtained using a set of 248 indentation tests and separate compression tests on parallel sandstone samples from the same depth. This analysis includes Barco Formation, Mirador Formation, and Tambor Formation. For the correlations, IM-UCS and CTF-UCS, the correlation coefficient are 0,81 and 0,70 respectively. The use of the correlation and the Indentation test is helpful for in-situ calibration of the geomechanical models since the indentation test can be performed in real time thus reducing costs and time associated with delayed conventional characterization.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89577500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A thermal model integrated with an oil and gas geochemical study has been constructed for the Catatumbo Basin, Colombia to provide petroleum system data for hydrocarbon exploration. The calibration of the thermal model with maturity data took into account a changing heat flow scheme which included a thermal increase towards the end of the Jurassic and another one in the Early Eocene, associated with rifting events. Locally, active/generating source rocks are within the synclines axes. The hydrocarbon expulsion time for Cretaceous source rocks (Capacho and La Luna formations) started in the Upper Paleocene-Eocene, while for the Los Cuervos Formation the generation and expulsion started at 10 my. The petroleum expelled during the Paleocene-Miocene, were likely accumulated in structures formed since the end of the Cretaceous, while the younger structures that resulted from the Andean orogen were charged by remigration from the older structures and additionally with the yougest lately generated hydrocarbons. The accumulations of hydrocarbons are mainly the result of generation and migration locally within the basin. The Catatumbo basin contains thermogenic wet gases with different degrees of thermal maturity which varies from around 1,0 to 2,5 equivalent Ro. The highest degree of thermal evolution according to maturity indicators and thermal modeling is in the southern area, which is prospective for wet gas. The central and northern area appears more prospective for oil with minor amounts of gas.
{"title":"THERMAL MATURITY HISTORY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN THE CATATUMBO BASIN, COLOMBIA","authors":"A. Rangel, R. Hernández","doi":"10.29047/01225383.473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.473","url":null,"abstract":"A thermal model integrated with an oil and gas geochemical study has been constructed for the Catatumbo Basin, Colombia to provide petroleum system data for hydrocarbon exploration. The calibration of the thermal model with maturity data took into account a changing heat flow scheme which included a thermal increase towards the end of the Jurassic and another one in the Early Eocene, associated with rifting events. Locally, active/generating source rocks are within the synclines axes. The hydrocarbon expulsion time for Cretaceous source rocks (Capacho and La Luna formations) started in the Upper Paleocene-Eocene, while for the Los Cuervos Formation the generation and expulsion started at 10 my. The petroleum expelled during the Paleocene-Miocene, were likely accumulated in structures formed since the end of the Cretaceous, while the younger structures that resulted from the Andean orogen were charged by remigration from the older structures and additionally with the yougest lately generated hydrocarbons. The accumulations of hydrocarbons are mainly the result of generation and migration locally within the basin. The Catatumbo basin contains thermogenic wet gases with different degrees of thermal maturity which varies from around 1,0 to 2,5 equivalent Ro. The highest degree of thermal evolution according to maturity indicators and thermal modeling is in the southern area, which is prospective for wet gas. The central and northern area appears more prospective for oil with minor amounts of gas.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86329798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This document presents the application of a new flotation process, developed by Ecopetrol S.A., for the treatment of produced or residual production waters for injection. Recently, treatment costs of these waters have increased due to stricter quality specifications, especially in the content of suspended solids and emulsified oils, which should be eliminated to minimum levels (less than 5 ppm). In the same way, in the increase of the volumes to be treated, which have elevated –in some cases- more than 100 times. Considering the industrial results obtained, we observed that the application in this flotation process in production fields is a valuable treatment alternative, with advantages over the conventional processes, in terms of efficiency, energy, financial and of process.
{"title":"DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF FLOTATION SYSTEMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF REINJECTED WATER IN A COLOMBIAN PETROLEUM FIELD","authors":"J. E. Forero, Olga-Patricia Ortiz, J. J. Duque","doi":"10.29047/01225383.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.483","url":null,"abstract":"This document presents the application of a new flotation process, developed by Ecopetrol S.A., for the treatment of produced or residual production waters for injection. Recently, treatment costs of these waters have increased due to stricter quality specifications, especially in the content of suspended solids and emulsified oils, which should be eliminated to minimum levels (less than 5 ppm). In the same way, in the increase of the volumes to be treated, which have elevated –in some cases- more than 100 times. Considering the industrial results obtained, we observed that the application in this flotation process in production fields is a valuable treatment alternative, with advantages over the conventional processes, in terms of efficiency, energy, financial and of process.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88134811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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