Since 1997, the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) has been used to measure CO2 emissions. However, because this cycle is unable to accurately replicate real-world driving conditions, a new procedure has been developed. The WLTP (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure), which is 10 minutes longer and more dynamic than NEDC, has been used since late 2017. In this paper, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and energy demand of these two cycles are compared. The vehicle mathematical model was created in a MATLAB program using vehicle longitudinal motion equations for a light commercial vehicle with a diesel engine. The speed profiles of the commonly used NEDC and WLTP cycles were defined in the model, and the fuel consumption, CO2 emission values, and the total energy values required for each cycle were calculated. Furthermore, the recoverable energy potential of the cycle has been revealed. According to the WLTP cycle, the vehicle's fuel consumption and CO2 emission values were calculated at approximately 11% more than the NEDC cycle. The recoverable energy potential is 2.64 times higher in the WLTP cycle compared to the NEDC cycle. Thus, for vehicle designers, it is a very useful tool that can calculate the fuel and CO2 consumption of a vehicle in 100 km according to certain cycles, based on vehicle parameters.
{"title":"Comparison of fuel consumption and recoverable energy according to NEDC and WLTP cycles of a vehicle","authors":"M. I. Karamangil, Merve Tekin","doi":"10.29047/01225383.628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.628","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1997, the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) has been used to measure CO2 emissions. However, because this cycle is unable to accurately replicate real-world driving conditions, a new procedure has been developed. The WLTP (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure), which is 10 minutes longer and more dynamic than NEDC, has been used since late 2017. In this paper, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and energy demand of these two cycles are compared. The vehicle mathematical model was created in a MATLAB program using vehicle longitudinal motion equations for a light commercial vehicle with a diesel engine. The speed profiles of the commonly used NEDC and WLTP cycles were defined in the model, and the fuel consumption, CO2 emission values, and the total energy values required for each cycle were calculated. Furthermore, the recoverable energy potential of the cycle has been revealed. According to the WLTP cycle, the vehicle's fuel consumption and CO2 emission values were calculated at approximately 11% more than the NEDC cycle. The recoverable energy potential is 2.64 times higher in the WLTP cycle compared to the NEDC cycle. Thus, for vehicle designers, it is a very useful tool that can calculate the fuel and CO2 consumption of a vehicle in 100 km according to certain cycles, based on vehicle parameters.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81393386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luisa Fernanda Torres Acelas, Ana Beatriz Ramirez Silva, Sergio Alberto Abreo Carrillo
Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) has been successfully applied in seismic hydrocarbon exploration as it results in the highest resolution inverted velocity and density models. However, the application of FWI on land datasets is a much more challenging process than its application on marine datasets. This paper suggests a step-by-step guide for the 2D acoustic FWI on a synthetic dataset, in particular, in which we used the SEAM Phase II-Foothills dataset that exhibits many of the characteristics of real land data. The methodology includes tools for the processing of seismic data based on the features of acquisition geometry, source estimation, first arrival tomography, plus the software strategies to meet the requirements of the FWI (memory and computation requirements). The document also includes a discussion of the results of velocity models obtained for a low-resolution Dip 2D line of the SEAM data, using a workstation with low-to-intermediate hardware requirements.
{"title":"A practical guide of the 2D acoustic full waveform inversion on synthetic land seismic data","authors":"Luisa Fernanda Torres Acelas, Ana Beatriz Ramirez Silva, Sergio Alberto Abreo Carrillo","doi":"10.29047/01225383.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.386","url":null,"abstract":"Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) has been successfully applied in seismic hydrocarbon exploration as it results in the highest resolution inverted velocity and density models. However, the application of FWI on land datasets is a much more challenging process than its application on marine datasets. This paper suggests a step-by-step guide for the 2D acoustic FWI on a synthetic dataset, in particular, in which we used the SEAM Phase II-Foothills dataset that exhibits many of the characteristics of real land data. The methodology includes tools for the processing of seismic data based on the features of acquisition geometry, source estimation, first arrival tomography, plus the software strategies to meet the requirements of the FWI (memory and computation requirements). The document also includes a discussion of the results of velocity models obtained for a low-resolution Dip 2D line of the SEAM data, using a workstation with low-to-intermediate hardware requirements.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88983643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo López- Ramos, Felipe González Penagos, Daniel Rincon Martinez, Nestor Raúl Moreno Gómez
Regional analysis of mud volcanoes demonstrates the regional extension of these processes in Northern Colombia. Mud volcanoes are active systems that manifest the characteristics of the underlying sedimentary sequences on the surface, as well as the presence of hydrocarbons. These may which provide information about the oil systems and the characterization of new migration paths. New data acquired during field geology studies, along with the evaluation of acquired aerial images by dron, allowed to observe variations in terms of morphology and neotectonic process, being distinctive between mud volcanoes formed in different structural domains. Mud volcanoes formed in areas of basement without thrust faults (back stop zone) are usually circular, connected to the basement by regional faults. Other mud volcanoes formed in older and younger deformed belts tend to present ellipsoidal shapes, with drainages patterns that suggest local stress fields associated with regional strike slip movements of major faults. The analysis of U/Pb ages in detrital zircons extracted from mud volcanoes and outcropping sedimentary sequences in the Colombian Caribbean, together with the analysis of foraminiferal and palynomorph faunas, suggest different levels of detachment. Clay mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that mud volcanoes formed in the back stop and the Northern part of the San Jacinto deformed belt have sludge material originated in sedimentary sequences with contributions from continental basement rocks, while the mud volcanoes located in the central and Southern parts of the studied area tend to show sediments provided from deepest stratigraphic levels, derived from less evolved magmatic sources (dioritic basements). Gas and water analysis obtained from studied mud volcanoes suggest that the old deformed belt, Paleocene accretionary wedge and back stop areas, have evidences of thermogenic oil systems, while in the domain of the younger deformed belt the tendency is to indicate evidences of microbial process.
{"title":"Detachment levels of Colombian caribbean mud volcanoes","authors":"Eduardo López- Ramos, Felipe González Penagos, Daniel Rincon Martinez, Nestor Raúl Moreno Gómez","doi":"10.29047/01225383.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.401","url":null,"abstract":"Regional analysis of mud volcanoes demonstrates the regional extension of these processes in Northern Colombia. Mud volcanoes are active systems that manifest the characteristics of the underlying sedimentary sequences on the surface, as well as the presence of hydrocarbons. These may which provide information about the oil systems and the characterization of new migration paths. New data acquired during field geology studies, along with the evaluation of acquired aerial images by dron, allowed to observe variations in terms of morphology and neotectonic process, being distinctive between mud volcanoes formed in different structural domains. Mud volcanoes formed in areas of basement without thrust faults (back stop zone) are usually circular, connected to the basement by regional faults. Other mud volcanoes formed in older and younger deformed belts tend to present ellipsoidal shapes, with drainages patterns that suggest local stress fields associated with regional strike slip movements of major faults. The analysis of U/Pb ages in detrital zircons extracted from mud volcanoes and outcropping sedimentary sequences in the Colombian Caribbean, together with the analysis of foraminiferal and palynomorph faunas, suggest different levels of detachment. Clay mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that mud volcanoes formed in the back stop and the Northern part of the San Jacinto deformed belt have sludge material originated in sedimentary sequences with contributions from continental basement rocks, while the mud volcanoes located in the central and Southern parts of the studied area tend to show sediments provided from deepest stratigraphic levels, derived from less evolved magmatic sources (dioritic basements). Gas and water analysis obtained from studied mud volcanoes suggest that the old deformed belt, Paleocene accretionary wedge and back stop areas, have evidences of thermogenic oil systems, while in the domain of the younger deformed belt the tendency is to indicate evidences of microbial process.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82296817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. López, Jetsy Crespo, Salvador Lo Mónaco, F. Marcano
Seven crude oil samples from Los Manueles field, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, were analyzed to evaluate oil mixtures associated with different oil charges into the reservoirs. Analyses of the bulk physicochemical parameters suggest variations in the API gravity, the concentration of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, NSO compounds + asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium, nickel, and the biomarkers distribution. The oils were divided in two groups: G-I with high saturated hydrocarbons and low NSO compounds + asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium and nickel, a bimodal distribution of n-alkanes, high Pr/Ph and oleanane index, low steranes index, low abundance of tricyclic terpanes and C35S/C34S < 0.54 and G-II with low saturated hydrocarbons and high NSO compounds+ asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium and nickel, an unimodal distribution of n-alkanes with low Pr/Ph and oleanane index, high steranes index, abundance of tricyclic terpanes and C35S/C34S > 0.70. G-I has a higher contribution of terrigenous organic matter compared to G-II, characterized by a higher contribution of marine organic matter. Source rock lithology biomarker indicators suggest marine shale as the source rock for oils of terrigenous origin. The results indicate that oils were generated by two independent source rocks, La Luna Formation and a secondary source rock with terrigenous organic matter, probably represented by the Capacho Formation.
{"title":"Assessment of terrigenous and marine sourced oils mixtures: Los Manueles field, Maracaibo basin Venezuela","authors":"L. López, Jetsy Crespo, Salvador Lo Mónaco, F. Marcano","doi":"10.29047/01225383.470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.470","url":null,"abstract":"Seven crude oil samples from Los Manueles field, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, were analyzed to evaluate oil mixtures associated with different oil charges into the reservoirs. Analyses of the bulk physicochemical parameters suggest variations in the API gravity, the concentration of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, NSO compounds + asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium, nickel, and the biomarkers distribution. The oils were divided in two groups: G-I with high saturated hydrocarbons and low NSO compounds + asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium and nickel, a bimodal distribution of n-alkanes, high Pr/Ph and oleanane index, low steranes index, low abundance of tricyclic terpanes and C35S/C34S < 0.54 and G-II with low saturated hydrocarbons and high NSO compounds+ asphaltenes, sulfur, vanadium and nickel, an unimodal distribution of n-alkanes with low Pr/Ph and oleanane index, high steranes index, abundance of tricyclic terpanes and C35S/C34S > 0.70. G-I has a higher contribution of terrigenous organic matter compared to G-II, characterized by a higher contribution of marine organic matter. Source rock lithology biomarker indicators suggest marine shale as the source rock for oils of terrigenous origin. The results indicate that oils were generated by two independent source rocks, La Luna Formation and a secondary source rock with terrigenous organic matter, probably represented by the Capacho Formation.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79004905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yashar Aryanfar, J. L. García Alcaraz, J. Blanco Fernández, Liliana Avelar Sosa
This study investigated the wind energy potential of Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, México) for a whole year. The viability of employing three small-scale wind turbine models, including the S-343, Bergey BWC Excel, and AOC 15/50, in Ciudad Juarez, located in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua in Mexico, is studied in the first stage using RETScreen software. The performance of these three turbine models was subjected to sensitivity analysis in the following study stage using the three defined economic scenarios, assuming a 7% inflation rate, a 9% discount rate, a 7% fuel cost escalation rate, and a 20-year project duration. Finally, the circumstances under which these turbines operate in Ciudad Juarez are discussed economically. Findings indicate that the study site is not economically appropriate, not even for the installation of specific small wind turbines. Finally, it was suggested that the viability of adopting alternative renewable energy systems, such as solar and hybrid systems (photovoltaic wind), be examined in the upcoming study in Ciudad Juárez.
本研究对Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, m xico)的风能潜力进行了为期一年的调查。在第一阶段，使用RETScreen软件研究了位于墨西哥北部奇瓦瓦州的华雷斯城采用三种小型风力涡轮机模型的可行性，包括S-343, Bergey BWC Excel和AOC 15/50。在接下来的研究阶段，对这三种涡轮机模型的性能进行敏感性分析，使用三种定义的经济情景，假设通货膨胀率为7%，贴现率为9%，燃料成本上升率为7%，项目持续时间为20年。最后，对华雷斯市这些涡轮机运行的经济性进行了讨论。研究结果表明，研究地点在经济上不合适，甚至不适合安装特定的小型风力涡轮机。最后，建议在Ciudad Juárez即将进行的研究中审查采用替代可再生能源系统的可行性，例如太阳能和混合系统(光伏风)。
{"title":"Potential and economic feasibility of a wind power plant in Ciudad Juárez, México","authors":"Yashar Aryanfar, J. L. García Alcaraz, J. Blanco Fernández, Liliana Avelar Sosa","doi":"10.29047/01225383.623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.623","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the wind energy potential of Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, México) for a whole year. The viability of employing three small-scale wind turbine models, including the S-343, Bergey BWC Excel, and AOC 15/50, in Ciudad Juarez, located in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua in Mexico, is studied in the first stage using RETScreen software. The performance of these three turbine models was subjected to sensitivity analysis in the following study stage using the three defined economic scenarios, assuming a 7% inflation rate, a 9% discount rate, a 7% fuel cost escalation rate, and a 20-year project duration. Finally, the circumstances under which these turbines operate in Ciudad Juarez are discussed economically. Findings indicate that the study site is not economically appropriate, not even for the installation of specific small wind turbines. Finally, it was suggested that the viability of adopting alternative renewable energy systems, such as solar and hybrid systems (photovoltaic wind), be examined in the upcoming study in Ciudad Juárez.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78664782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zully Patricia Rodríguez Mateus, Rosa Carolina Angarita, Jhorman Alexis Niño Gomez, L. M. Corredor, Sebastián Llanos Gallo, H. Quintero, Rubén Hernán Castro García
Polymer flooding consists of injecting polymer-augmented water into the reservoir to control the water-oil mobility ratio, resulting in an increase in the volumetric sweep efficiency compared to water flooding. Synthetic polymers (polyacrylamides) and biopolymers (scleroglucan, xanthan gum, schizophyllan) are the two families of polymers usually evaluated for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Scleroglucan (SCG) is resistant to electrolytes, hydrolysis, pH (3-10) and temperature (30-100°C) and has remarkable rheological properties, but it is quite susceptible to microbiological degradation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the biodegradation of SCG in the injection and production processes and its aquatic toxicity. The anaerobic biodegradation of the SCG solutions was determined through the viscosity changes of the solutions, while the aerobic biodegradation was calculated with the changes in the SCG concentration. It was observed that the viscosity reduction of the SCG solution was 30% and the SCG concentration decreased from 100 ppm to 52 ppm because bacteria can metabolize the biopolymer. Daphnia Pulex, Scenedesmus Acutus and Oreochromis sp. were the organisms used in the ecotoxicological assays of the SCG solutions. The acute ecotoxicological bioassays showed that there was no evidence of acute deleterious effects of SCG on any of the three organisms. From the chronic ecotoxicological bioassays, it was concluded that there was no effect of SCG on the mortality of Daphnia Pulex, regardless of the tested SCG concentration.
{"title":"Biodegradation and toxicity of scleroglucan for enhanced oil recovery","authors":"Zully Patricia Rodríguez Mateus, Rosa Carolina Angarita, Jhorman Alexis Niño Gomez, L. M. Corredor, Sebastián Llanos Gallo, H. Quintero, Rubén Hernán Castro García","doi":"10.29047/01225383.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.403","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer flooding consists of injecting polymer-augmented water into the reservoir to control the water-oil mobility ratio, resulting in an increase in the volumetric sweep efficiency compared to water flooding. Synthetic polymers (polyacrylamides) and biopolymers (scleroglucan, xanthan gum, schizophyllan) are the two families of polymers usually evaluated for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Scleroglucan (SCG) is resistant to electrolytes, hydrolysis, pH (3-10) and temperature (30-100°C) and has remarkable rheological properties, but it is quite susceptible to microbiological degradation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the biodegradation of SCG in the injection and production processes and its aquatic toxicity. The anaerobic biodegradation of the SCG solutions was determined through the viscosity changes of the solutions, while the aerobic biodegradation was calculated with the changes in the SCG concentration. It was observed that the viscosity reduction of the SCG solution was 30% and the SCG concentration decreased from 100 ppm to 52 ppm because bacteria can metabolize the biopolymer. Daphnia Pulex, Scenedesmus Acutus and Oreochromis sp. were the organisms used in the ecotoxicological assays of the SCG solutions. The acute ecotoxicological bioassays showed that there was no evidence of acute deleterious effects of SCG on any of the three organisms. From the chronic ecotoxicological bioassays, it was concluded that there was no effect of SCG on the mortality of Daphnia Pulex, regardless of the tested SCG concentration.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80921154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Felipe Hincapié Álvarez, Sebastian López Gómez, A. Molina
A simulation tool was designed for analyzing various experimental setups that include the ability to model detailed chemical reaction schemes for in-situ combustion (ISC) analysis.,. The simulation tool was illustrated with a theoretical example to the extent of CO oxidation in a gaseous phase takes place during ISC. The models in the simulation tool are based on fundamental conservation laws, physical correlations for porous media properties, and property databases available in literature. Emphasis is made on the analysis of chemical reactions in the gas phase, a characteristic that may be useful when temperatures are above 700°C and oxygen, unburned hydrocarbons, and CO coexist. The three modules of the simulation tool: (i) Kinetic cell, (ii) One-dimensional reactor, and (iii) Combustion tube, can be used to represent in detail the processes taking place in the typical laboratory-scale equipment used to characterize ISC. Tools for the analysis of transport phenomena and multiphase reactions, present in all three models, can support the process of finding chemical kinetic parameters for an easier calculation of device-independent kinetic constants. Four applications have the simulator scope: (i) Analysis of reactions in the gas phase, (ii) Axial gradients in a kinetic cell, (iii) Pressure build-up in a combustion tube, and (iv) Ignition in a combustion tube. These examples highlight the importance that homogeneous reactions may have in these systems and the existence, under certain conditions, of concentration gradients that are normally neglected, and can affect the interpretation of ISC experiments.
{"title":"Simulation tool for the analysis of in-situ combustion experiments that considers complex kinetic schemes and detailed mass transfer- theoretical analysis of the gas phase CO oxidation reaction","authors":"Juan Felipe Hincapié Álvarez, Sebastian López Gómez, A. Molina","doi":"10.29047/01225383.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.402","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation tool was designed for analyzing various experimental setups that include the ability to model detailed chemical reaction schemes for in-situ combustion (ISC) analysis.,. The simulation tool was illustrated with a theoretical example to the extent of CO oxidation in a gaseous phase takes place during ISC. The models in the simulation tool are based on fundamental conservation laws, physical correlations for porous media properties, and property databases available in literature. Emphasis is made on the analysis of chemical reactions in the gas phase, a characteristic that may be useful when temperatures are above 700°C and oxygen, unburned hydrocarbons, and CO coexist. The three modules of the simulation tool: (i) Kinetic cell, (ii) One-dimensional reactor, and (iii) Combustion tube, can be used to represent in detail the processes taking place in the typical laboratory-scale equipment used to characterize ISC. Tools for the analysis of transport phenomena and multiphase reactions, present in all three models, can support the process of finding chemical kinetic parameters for an easier calculation of device-independent kinetic constants. Four applications have the simulator scope: (i) Analysis of reactions in the gas phase, (ii) Axial gradients in a kinetic cell, (iii) Pressure build-up in a combustion tube, and (iv) Ignition in a combustion tube. These examples highlight the importance that homogeneous reactions may have in these systems and the existence, under certain conditions, of concentration gradients that are normally neglected, and can affect the interpretation of ISC experiments.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89612140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos Mejía-Miranda, Haydee Becerra Quiroga, Dario Yesid Peña Ballestros, D. Laverde Cataño, Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper
Processing crudes with high naphthenic acid content causes corrosion problems on the crude oil distillation units. The total acid number (TAN) is commonly used to evaluate the corrosivity of crude oils; thus for decision-making related to corrosion mitigation and control in refineries. However, the TAN only represents the number of carboxylic groups present in the crude oil and does not consider the structural characteristics of the naphthenic acids, nor their reactivity, which are highly relevant to corrosion. On the other hand, the study of naphthenic acids as fractions with specific structural characteristics should enable the identification of differences in the corrosivity of crude oil with the same naphthenic acid concentration. In this research work, the fractioning of a commercial mixture of naphthenic acids was performed using the ionic strength of their respective salts. The structural characterization of the obtained fractions was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared and mass spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, the corrosion rate of AISI SAE 1005 steel exposed to each fraction of naphthenic acids in the temperature range between 270 and 350 ºC was determined. Based on these results, a kinetic model of parallel reactions for predicting the concentration of dissolved iron in crude oil containing a mixture of naphthenic acids is proposed and validated.
{"title":"Effect of the structural characteristics of naphthenic acids on the corrosion kinetics of an AISI SAE 1005","authors":"Carlos Mejía-Miranda, Haydee Becerra Quiroga, Dario Yesid Peña Ballestros, D. Laverde Cataño, Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper","doi":"10.29047/01225383.389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.389","url":null,"abstract":"Processing crudes with high naphthenic acid content causes corrosion problems on the crude oil distillation units. The total acid number (TAN) is commonly used to evaluate the corrosivity of crude oils; thus for decision-making related to corrosion mitigation and control in refineries. However, the TAN only represents the number of carboxylic groups present in the crude oil and does not consider the structural characteristics of the naphthenic acids, nor their reactivity, which are highly relevant to corrosion. On the other hand, the study of naphthenic acids as fractions with specific structural characteristics should enable the identification of differences in the corrosivity of crude oil with the same naphthenic acid concentration. In this research work, the fractioning of a commercial mixture of naphthenic acids was performed using the ionic strength of their respective salts. The structural characterization of the obtained fractions was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared and mass spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, the corrosion rate of AISI SAE 1005 steel exposed to each fraction of naphthenic acids in the temperature range between 270 and 350 ºC was determined. Based on these results, a kinetic model of parallel reactions for predicting the concentration of dissolved iron in crude oil containing a mixture of naphthenic acids is proposed and validated.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73776792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Devis Morales, Efraín Rodríguez Rubio, Daniel Rincon Martinez
This study encompasses the analysis of oil spills occurred in the Gulf of Morrosquillo during the loading procedures of oil tankers in the Coveñas maritime Terminal, by means of numerical simulation experiments of the trajectories and weathering processes of oil spilled, which occurred under specific wind, waves, and ocean currents conditions. A three-dimensional (3D) modelling system, OpenOil, which is part of the open-source OpenDrift trajectory framework was used to simulate two contingencies occurred in July and August 2014. During each event, different volumes of Vasconia crude oil spilled on the sea surface were simulated. The resulting slicks were subject to wind drift, Stokes drift from wave forcing, and ocean currents transporting the oil spilled towards the coast. Oil weathering effects (evaporation, emulsification, and biodegradation) are included in the analysis. To calculate weathering of the oil, OpenOil interfaces with the latest version of the open source ADIOS oil library. It should be noted that meteorological and ocean conditions contribute to the oil pathways that in both periods forced the oil slick towards the central coast of the Gulf. The wind speed is an important factor contributing to the rapid evaporation rates of the oil spilled in the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea; hence, allowing a gradual increase of the water fraction, which could lead to the formation of tar balls found in the affected coasts in the areas simulated by the model. The implementation of OpenOil to predict the oil fate and weathering processes in the Colombian basin prove to be a valuable tool that should be used in this maritime terminal to improve planning and preparedness in case of an oil spill. The simulations could be enhanced with higher resolution databases.
{"title":"Numerical modeling of oil spills in the Gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombian Caribbean","authors":"Andrea Devis Morales, Efraín Rodríguez Rubio, Daniel Rincon Martinez","doi":"10.29047/01225383.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.396","url":null,"abstract":"This study encompasses the analysis of oil spills occurred in the Gulf of Morrosquillo during the loading procedures of oil tankers in the Coveñas maritime Terminal, by means of numerical simulation experiments of the trajectories and weathering processes of oil spilled, which occurred under specific wind, waves, and ocean currents conditions. A three-dimensional (3D) modelling system, OpenOil, which is part of the open-source OpenDrift trajectory framework was used to simulate two contingencies occurred in July and August 2014. During each event, different volumes of Vasconia crude oil spilled on the sea surface were simulated. The resulting slicks were subject to wind drift, Stokes drift from wave forcing, and ocean currents transporting the oil spilled towards the coast. Oil weathering effects (evaporation, emulsification, and biodegradation) are included in the analysis. To calculate weathering of the oil, OpenOil interfaces with the latest version of the open source ADIOS oil library. It should be noted that meteorological and ocean conditions contribute to the oil pathways that in both periods forced the oil slick towards the central coast of the Gulf. The wind speed is an important factor contributing to the rapid evaporation rates of the oil spilled in the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea; hence, allowing a gradual increase of the water fraction, which could lead to the formation of tar balls found in the affected coasts in the areas simulated by the model. The implementation of OpenOil to predict the oil fate and weathering processes in the Colombian basin prove to be a valuable tool that should be used in this maritime terminal to improve planning and preparedness in case of an oil spill. The simulations could be enhanced with higher resolution databases.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79389237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrés-Fernando Plata-Galvis, Jheyston-Omar Serrano-Luna, A. Ramírez-Silva, Sergio-Alberto Abreo-Carrillo
Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an optimization method that retrieves high-quality images of the ground's internal electromagnetic properties, such as permittivity, permeability, or conductivity. FWI requirements include an initial subsurface image of the parameters (starting point models), a wave propagation model, a cost function, and the source wavelet used during data acquisition. Usually, the source wavelet is estimated from the acquired data, or modelled from the antenna characteristics. In this study, the materials of the shielded antenna of a commercial Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), developed by GSSI, are estimated using a global optimization method, from the observation measurements of the source signal. The estimated source is then used to model the wave propagation of the electromagnetic signal, and to estimate the electromagnetic parameters of the SEAM model via FWI. Experimental results show that the soil characteristics with the estimated source and pattern radiations retrieve better quality images than the inversion when the radiation pattern is neglected. In fact, the impact of using the correct source during the inversion is more evident when the initial model is distant from the correct solution.
{"title":"Characterization of a ground penetrating radar shielded antenna using laboratory measurements, FDTD modeling and swarm global optimization","authors":"Andrés-Fernando Plata-Galvis, Jheyston-Omar Serrano-Luna, A. Ramírez-Silva, Sergio-Alberto Abreo-Carrillo","doi":"10.29047/01225383.361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.361","url":null,"abstract":"Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an optimization method that retrieves high-quality images of the ground's internal electromagnetic properties, such as permittivity, permeability, or conductivity. FWI requirements include an initial subsurface image of the parameters (starting point models), a wave propagation model, a cost function, and the source wavelet used during data acquisition. Usually, the source wavelet is estimated from the acquired data, or modelled from the antenna characteristics. In this study, the materials of the shielded antenna of a commercial Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), developed by GSSI, are estimated using a global optimization method, from the observation measurements of the source signal. The estimated source is then used to model the wave propagation of the electromagnetic signal, and to estimate the electromagnetic parameters of the SEAM model via FWI. Experimental results show that the soil characteristics with the estimated source and pattern radiations retrieve better quality images than the inversion when the radiation pattern is neglected. In fact, the impact of using the correct source during the inversion is more evident when the initial model is distant from the correct solution.","PeriodicalId":55200,"journal":{"name":"Ct&f-Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88792505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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