Two-scale structures demonstrate great potential in engineering due to their superior mechanical performance. However, under variable-amplitude loading, the analysis of structural fatigue response is complex, which makes the fatigue design of two-scale structures a challenge. In this study, we propose a concurrent topology optimization method considering high-cycle fatigue damage under variable-amplitude loading, which controls the maximum fatigue damage by designing the microstructure and its distribution at the macro scale under given volume constraints at both scales. To facilitate fatigue analysis under complex loading conditions, the rainflow counting method is employed to convert load history into analyzable cyclic loads. By incorporating the Palmgren-Miner linear cumulative damage rule into the microscale homogenization method, the fatigue damage at the microscale can be effectively analyzed. In fatigue damage analysis, three damage models signed von Mises, Brown-Miller, and Dang Van are considered. To address the challenge of microscale fatigue localization caused by highly nonlinear damage distribution, penalized fatigue damage constraints are defined by scaling the fatigue damage values. Based on the adjoint variable method, sensitivity analysis for the fatigue damage constraints is performed to update the design variables through the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA). Numerical examples demonstrate that the optimized design can effectively control fatigue damage. The results confirm that fatigue damage is more severe under tensile than compressive loading, a fact that directly leads to differing optimal designs.
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