Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Modulation of systemic antioxidant and immune responses in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) during the recovery phase of anesthesia, in preparation for grafting surgery","authors":"Alejandro Rojas-Figueroa ,&nbsp;Pedro E. Saucedo ,&nbsp;Andrés Granados-Amores ,&nbsp;Rubén Araya ,&nbsp;Gabriel Correa-Reyes ,&nbsp;Francisco A. Guardiola ,&nbsp;Carlos Angulo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of anesthetic agents as pre-operatory treatment to pearl seeding surgery can be stressful to organisms and activate various physiological response mechanisms. This study evaluated some parameters of the systemic antioxidant and immune responses in red abalone (<em>Haliotis rufescens</em>) exposed to 0.25 mL L⁻¹ eugenol (EUB), 3.0 mL L⁻¹ phenoxyethanol (PEB) and CO₂ at saturation, as well as in a control (CT) without anesthetic. Abalone were anesthetized for 45 min and, during the recovery stage, hemolymph samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2 and 24 h. Total protein content (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production, were evaluated in hemolymph cell-free fraction (HCF) and hemocytes lysate (HL). In addition, total hemocyte count (THC) was determined. In HCF, TP was significantly higher in abalone exposed to PEB than in the other treatments and CT at 0.5, 1 and 24 h. SOD activity in HCF was significantly higher in all treatments compared to the CT (1 h), while CAT and MPO activity was only significantly higher in abalone exposed to EUB compared to PEB at 1, 2 and 24 h. In the HL fraction, the percentage of SOD inhibition was significantly higher only in abalone anesthetized with EUB compared to the CT (0.5 h). These results suggest that the antioxidant activity of the species during the recovery phase from anesthesia was transient and restored after 24 h. Similarly, the immune response of <em>H. rufescens</em> at the systemic level was not altered by the anesthetics, suggesting that the species adequately tolerated the anesthesia process. This research provides evidence of the effects of anesthesia at the systemic level in red abalone for the proper selection of anesthetics for pearl culture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue-specific vitellogenesis and 17β-estradiol facilitate ovarian maturation of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus","authors":"Meimei Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Lang Feng ,&nbsp;Qing Guo ,&nbsp;Ting Chen ,&nbsp;Changkao Mu ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Lu ,&nbsp;Yongxu Cheng ,&nbsp;Xugan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated the changes of expression and localization of <em>PtVg</em> mRNA, tissue Vg/ Vn concentrations, the contents of progesterone and 17ß-estradiol during the ovarian development of <em>P. trituberculatus</em>. The results showed that: 1) The most abundant mRNA levels of <em>PtVg</em> were found in stage IV, and hepatopancreatic PtVg mRNA was markedly greater than that in ovaries from stage II to stage V. The positive signal of <em>PtVg</em> mRNA was found in the follicular cells (FC), the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes (PRO) and endogenous vitellogenic oocytes (EN), and hepatopancreatic fibrillar (F) cells and resorptive (R) cells. 2) The ovarian Vn contents reached the peak at stage V. In the hemolymph and hepatopancreas, the level of Vg/Vn markedly increased from stage II to stage IV. Immunohistochemistry findings confirmed that the PtVg protein was primarily distributed in the FC and the oocyte cytoplasm of late stages (II-V). 3) The highest levels of progesterone in the ovaries, hepatopancreas and hemolymph all appeared in stage II and then declined gradually from stage II to stage V. Ovarian 17β-estradiol concentration show an increasing trend from stage I to IV and remarkably decreased at stage V, while the peak levels of 17β-estradiol in hepatopancreas and hemolymph was found in stage III. 4) Positive correlations were found between ovarian and hepatopancreatic 17β-estradiol content and the corresponding <em>Vg</em> mRNA level, while significantly negative correlations were found between the tissue progesterone titers and the corresponding GSI or Vg/Vn contents during ovarian maturation. In conclusion, the vitellogenesis characteristics of <em>P. trituberculatus</em> are stage-specific, and most vitellogenin is produced by the hepatopancreas, which is also highly correlated to the changes of tissue 17β-estradiol content during the ovarian developmental cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hibernation enhances contractile responses of basilar artery in ground squirrels: The role of Rho-kinase and NO","authors":"Dina K. Gaynullina ,&nbsp;Anastasia A. Shvetsova ,&nbsp;Anna A. Borzykh ,&nbsp;Oxana O. Kiryukhina ,&nbsp;Natalia S. Sirotina ,&nbsp;Denis V. Abramochkin ,&nbsp;Olga S. Tarasova","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hibernation is accompanied by dramatic decrease of blood flow in many organs due to the increase of their vascular resistances. We compared the responses of mesenteric, renal, and cerebral proximal resistance arteries in summer active (SA) and winter hibernating (WH) ground squirrels and studied the signaling pathways of Rho-kinase and NO. Wire myography and Western blotting were used to assess the arterial responses and protein abundances. Basal tone and contractile responses did not differ between SA and WH squirrels in mesenteric and renal arteries, but were greatly increased in basilar arteries of WH compared to SA. Rho-kinase inhibitor abolished the differences in basilar artery basal tone and contractile responses between WH and SA squirrels, while the content of Rho-kinase II protein in the cerebral arteries did not differ between the groups. NO-synthase inhibitor increased basal tone level and basilar artery contractile responses only in SA but not in WH animals, so that the intergroup differences disappeared. The responses of basilar artery to the NO-donor and eNOS protein content did not differ between the two groups, while nNOS protein content was reduced in WH compared to SA. Therefore, the increase of basilar artery basal tone and contractile responses in hibernating animals is due to the increase of procontractile influence of Rho-kinase and the decrease of anticontractile influence of NO. Localization of high resistance in the hibernating brain at the level of proximal resistance arteries may be important for rapid restoration of cerebral blood flow upon arousal from hibernation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological welfare indicators in wild cetaceans: Epidermal cortisol and oxytocin concentrations in stranded striped dolphins","authors":"Clara Agustí ,&nbsp;Laia Guix ,&nbsp;Annaïs Carbajal ,&nbsp;Mariano Domingo ,&nbsp;Manel López-Béjar ,&nbsp;Xavier Manteca ,&nbsp;Oriol Talló-Parra","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic pressures and climate change present growing challenges for cetaceans, as the combined effects of multiple stressors can jeopardize their welfare and survival. In this context, validating reliable individual welfare indicators is crucial for quantifying these impacts. This study aimed to validate a method for measuring cortisol and oxytocin from the epidermis of stranded striped dolphins (<em>Stenella caeruleoalba</em>) using enzyme immunoassays, while accounting for confounding factors such as epidermal layer and body location. The effects of different causes of death—’Peracute Underwater Entrapment’ and ‘Distress Associated’— along with biological factors, were examined in relation to epidermal hormone levels. Furthermore, the relationship between these hormone levels and markers suggesting an impaired welfare, was explored. Validation tests indicated that the method was effective in quantifying both epidermal cortisol and oxytocin concentrations. Specifically, epidermal cortisol levels showed strong correlations with both serum and blubber levels and were 6 times higher in emaciated individuals and 14 times higher in those with distress-associated deaths, supporting its use in assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. Interestingly, results supported the validity of epidermal cortisol levels as markers of impaired welfare in dolphins, as they consistently increased across conditions assumed to negatively affect welfare but varying in terms of severity and duration. In contrast, epidermal oxytocin levels could not be validated as an indicator of the general oxytocin system nor as an indicator of welfare in this species. In conclusion, this study successfully validated epidermal cortisol as a reliable physiological indicator of welfare in striped dolphins, providing a promising tool for assessing individual and population-level welfare impacts. However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential role of oxytocin as a welfare biomarker in cetaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold temperature delays ovarian development of largemouth bass by inhibiting sex hormone release, angiogenesis, apoptosis and autophagy during out-of-season reproduction","authors":"Kuo He ,&nbsp;Zhihong Li ,&nbsp;Haoxiao Yan,&nbsp;Longlong Shi,&nbsp;Hangyu Yang,&nbsp;Qiao Liu,&nbsp;Kaige Song,&nbsp;Yifan Hu,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Song Yang,&nbsp;Liulan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold temperature is an effective method of achieving out-of-season reproduction and obtaining fry in the autumn. This study investigated the effects of low-temperature (12–16 °C) environment on the out-of-season reproduction of largemouth bass, particularly the delayed effects on ovarian development. During the period of delayed out-of-season reproduction, there was a significant reduction in the levels of serum sex hormones (FSH and LH) and their respective receptors (<em>FSHR</em> and <em>LHCGR</em>). Exposure to cold temperature significantly reduced the expression of gonadal development genes (<em>IGF-1</em>, <em>GDF9</em>, and <em>CDC2</em>) <em>(P&lt;0.05)</em> and diminished the vascular network on the ovarian membrane, as confirmed by angiogenesis-related analyses. In lipid metabolism, <em>AMH</em> mRNA levels decreased overall, while <em>HSD3B</em>, <em>FABP1</em>, <em>APOA1</em>, and <em>APOC2</em> initially increased before declining. Serum VTG levels decreased gradually with a slight increase post-spawning. These findings suggested that cold temperature delay ovarian development in largemouth bass by impacting sex hormone synthesis, angiogenesis, and lipid deposition. This insight enhances our understanding of out-of-season reproduction and guides the development of more effective reproductive techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping with salinity change: How does the cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi (Lindberg 1940) do it?","authors":"Per M. Jepsen,&nbsp;Cæcilie H. Dinsen,&nbsp;Esther S.H. Øllgaard,&nbsp;Jonathan Y.B. Jedal,&nbsp;Lasse Aggerholm,&nbsp;Tor Salomonsen,&nbsp;Hans Ramløv","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111794","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The cyclopoid copepod species &lt;em&gt;Apocyclops royi&lt;/em&gt; has attracted significant attention due to its importance in marine food webs and its role as a vital food source for many marine organisms, particularly marine fish larvae. This study aims to understand the activity patterns, osmoregulation mechanisms, and physiological adaptations of &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; in response to acute decreasing salinities. In total three experiments were conducted. The first two experiments both investigated behavioural change and survival as a function of acute decreasing salinities in the range from 32 to 0, with steps of salinity reductions of five. The third experiment investigated the correlation between internal and external osmolality in &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt;, by using a novel method developed for the experiment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first experiment indicated that &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; behaviour and survival were not affected at salinities from 20 and higher. Surprisingly, some copepods were able to survive an acute decrease in salinity from 32 to 0.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The second experiment utilized, for the first time for this copepod species, an in situ Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitoring system, to further observe &lt;em&gt;A. royi's&lt;/em&gt; behaviour. The results showed that the system was able to monitor &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; activity level. The system both documented that &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; exhibit a statistically significant increase in activity levels in response to light. Furthermore, it provided knowledge about the temporal activity level of &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; as a function of acute decreases in salinities, providing insights into that &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; has an ∼3 h acclimatization time to an acute decrease from 32 to 0 salinity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the third experiment, the osmolality of the copepods' body fluids with relation to external osmolality was examined using a vapor pressure osmometer. In this context a new method to extract body fluids from &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; was developed. The body fluid osmolality of copepods exposed to three different salinities 10, 20 and 32 was examined. The results showed that &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; is an osmoconformer at a higher salinity 32 but initiates hyperregulation at a lower salinity 10. Furthermore, it was observed that when copepods were exposed to a salinity of 10, 1000 individuals (stage: C5 or adults) were needed to obtain one sample of body fluid (10 μL) whereas when exposed to a salinity of 32, 3000 individuals were required to extract the same amount of body fluid.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Overall, the findings demonstrated that &lt;em&gt;A. royi&lt;/em&gt; has a high tolerance for acute decreases in salinity, showcasing behavioural adaptations and osmoregulatory capabilities, at extreme salinities. These results contribute to our understanding of copepod physiology and their ability to thrive in various habitats. Further research is needed to fully comprehend the physiological mechanisms underlying &lt;em&gt;A. royi's&lt;/em&gt; adaptation abilities to acute decreases in salinity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico identification of neuropeptide genes encoded by the genome of Crassostrea virginica with a special emphasis on feeding-related genes","authors":"Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa ,&nbsp;Sarah Farhat ,&nbsp;Bassem Allam","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspension-feeding bivalves, including the oyster <em>Crassostrea virginica</em>, use mucosal lectins to capture food particles. For instance, oysters can increase the transcription of these molecules to enhance food uptake. However, the regulatory processes influencing food uptake remain unclear although likely involve neuropeptides. Information on the neuropeptidome of <em>C. virginica</em> is limited, hindering the comprehension of its physiology, including energy homeostasis. This study explored the genome of <em>C. virginica</em> to identify neuropeptide precursors in silico and compared these with orthologs from other mollusks. A special focus was given to genes with potential implication in feeding processes. qPCR was used to determine the main organs of transcription of feeding-related genes. To further probe the function of target neuropeptides, visceral ganglia extracts and synthetic NPF were injected into oysters to evaluate their impact on genes associated with feeding and energy homeostasis. A total of eighty-five neuropeptides genes were identified in <em>C. virginica</em> genome. About 50 % of these are suggested to play a role in feeding processes. qPCR analyses showed that visceral ganglia and digestive system are the main organs for the synthesis of feeding-related neuropeptides. Further, results showed that the transcription of several neuropeptide genes in the visceral ganglia, including NPF and insulin-like peptide, increased after starvation. Finally, the injection of visceral ganglia extracts and synthetic NPF increased the transcription of a mucosal lectin and a glycogen synthase, known to be involved in food capture and glucose storage. Overall, this study identifies key genes regulating oyster physiology, enhancing the understanding of the control of basic physiological mechanisms in <em>C. virginica</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 111792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small heat shock proteins as relevant biomarkers for anthropogenic stressors in earthworms","authors":"Natasha Tilikj ,&nbsp;Mercedes de la Fuente ,&nbsp;Ana Belén Muñiz-González ,&nbsp;José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte ,&nbsp;Patricia Caballero-Carretero ,&nbsp;Marta Novo","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic stressors in terrestrial ecosystems require focused research on adaptive responses in soil organisms such as <em>Eisenia fetida</em>, a model earthworm species. We analyzed the gene expression of five small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) in response to various stressors: heat stress (31 and 35 °C), desiccation (10 % and 20 % humidity), and chemical exposure (bisphenol A and endosulfan) under standard and elevated temperatures. Under moderate heat (31 °C), early upregulation of sHSP transcripts suggests their involvement in initial stress responses, possibly mitigating protein aggregation. At the higher temperature (35 °C), three sHSPs served as a defense against severe protein aggregation, a significant finding as previous studies identified only one activated heat shock protein (HSP70) in <em>E. fetida</em> under similar conditions. Desiccation stress at 10 % humidity activated more sHSPs than at 20 % humidity, and the expression profile at 10 % humidity closely resembled that observed under heat stress, suggesting overlapping adaptation pathways. Heat combined with chemical stress, particularly endosulfan, elevated sHSP transcription and underscored the potential of these proteins as biomarkers in multi-stressor environments. Monomeric sHSPs from <em>E. fetida</em>, which share homology with human sHSPs, showed the highest activity across all stressors, suggesting their key role in earthworm adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 111785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short communication: Can Vitamin D be supplied from the large intestine?","authors":"David R. Fraser","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery that vitamin D₂ is being generated by anaerobic microbial metabolism in the alimentary tract, raises the question whether such a source of vitamin D could contribute to vitamin D supply for the animal hosting this microbial production system. In ruminants, this microbial generation in the forestomach allows vitamin D₂ to be readily absorbed when it reaches the small intestine, contributing to vitamin D₂ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ [25(OH)D₂] found in their tissues. In monogastric animals like humans, the microbial generation of vitamin D₂ is occurring in the large intestine. There is evidence that vitamin D hydroxy metabolites, delivered to the lumen of the colon can be absorbed. However, the parent vitamin D is more lipophilic than its metabolites, and like lipophilic vitamin K₂ being produced by bacteria in the hindgut, may be poorly absorbed by the colon mucosa. It is now apparent that colon mucosal cells have the proteins megalin and cubilin in their basal membrane. These glycoproteins perform endocytosis of circulating proteins including vitamin D binding protein [DBP]. Inside the cell, DBP binds to cytoplasmic actin and thus provides an array of high affinity binding sites for vitamin D and its functional metabolites. Any traces of vitamin D₂ that may diffuse into the colon mucosal cells from the lumen would thus be retained and accumulate on the DBP-actin. It would then be a substrate for functional hydroxylase metabolism for local endocrine action in these cells, and subsequent delivery of 25(OH)D₂ by diffusion to apo-DBP in the circulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 111784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioimaging and the future of whole-organismal developmental physiology","authors":"Oliver Tills,&nbsp;Ziad Ibbini,&nbsp;John I. Spicer","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While omics has transformed the study of biology, concomitant advances made at the level of the whole organism, <em>i.e.</em> the phenome, have arguably not kept pace with lower levels of biological organisation. In this personal commentary we evaluate the importance of imaging as a means of measuring whole organismal developmental physiology. Image acquisition, while an important process itself, has become secondary to image analysis as a bottleneck to the use of imaging in research. Here, we explore the significant potential for increasingly sophisticated approaches to image analysis, including deep learning, to advance our understanding of how developing animals grow and function. Furthermore, unlike many species-specific methodologies, tools and technologies, we explore how computer vision has the potential to be transferable between species, life stages, experiments and even taxa in which embryonic development can be imaged. We identify what we consider are six of the key challenges and opportunities in the application of computer vision to developmental physiology carried out in our lab, and more generally. We reflect on the tangibility of transferrable computer vision models capable of measuring the integrative physiology of a broad range of developing organisms, and thereby driving the adoption of phenomics for developmental physiology. We are at an exciting time of witnessing the move from computer vision as a replacement for manual observation, or manual image analysis, to it enabling a fundamentally more powerful approach to exploring and understanding the complex biology of developing organisms, the quantification of which has long posed a challenge to researchers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55237,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology","volume":"300 ","pages":"Article 111783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}