Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology最新文献

Influence of temperature changes on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians 温度变化对海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）氧化应激和抗氧化防御系统的影响。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111775

Jin Ah Song , Eunseong Lee , Young-Ung Choi , Jordan Jun Chul Park , Jeonghoon Han

In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of changes in temperature on biochemical and molecular responses associated with the antioxidant defense system in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. We measured the contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., glutathione S-transferase [GST], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and catalase [CAT]), and the regulation of stress-related genes (e.g., GST, SOD, CAT, and heat shock protein 70 [HSP70]). In addition, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was examined in scallops exposed to different temperatures. A. irradians showed high levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in response to acute thermal stress (48 and 72 h of exposure). Temperature changes also led to a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and mRNA expression levels in A. irradians. Interestingly, the TAC increased in response to acute thermal stress (28 °C) for up to 12 h and decreased thereafter. The oxidative stress induced by high temperatures could not be alleviated by an increase in levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as GST, SOD, and CAT, resulting in high levels of H₂O₂ and MDA and low levels of TAC. In addition, significant changes (P < 0.05) in HSP70 levels were observed in response to changes in temperature, suggesting that HSP70 played an important role in the heat tolerance of A. irradians. In conclusion, A. irradians exhibits a greater degree of oxidative stress responses in high-temperature environments than that in low-temperature environments. Overall, these findings indicate that temperature changes lead to oxidative stress, resulting in cellular damage and activation of the antioxidant defense system in bay scallops. Further experiments are required to elucidate other antioxidants and fully understand the redox system in A. irradians.

本研究旨在了解温度变化对海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）抗氧化防御系统相关生化和分子反应的影响。我们测量了 H2O2 和丙二醛（MDA）的含量、抗氧化酶（如谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 [GST]、超氧化物歧化酶 [SOD] 和过氧化氢酶 [CAT]）的活性以及应激相关基因（如 GST、SOD、CAT 和热休克蛋白 70 [HSP70]）的调控。此外，还检测了暴露在不同温度下的扇贝的总抗氧化能力（TAC）。辐照扇贝在急性热应激反应下（暴露 48 和 72 小时）显示出较高水平的 H2O2 和 MDA。温度变化也导致辐照扇贝的抗氧化酶活性和 mRNA 表达水平显著增加。有趣的是，TAC 在急性热应激（28 °C）下最多持续 12 小时，随后下降。高温诱导的氧化应激不能通过提高抗氧化酶（如 GST、SOD 和 CAT）的水平来缓解，从而导致高水平的 H2O2 和 MDA 以及低水平的 TAC。此外，在高温条件下，猕猴桃的抗氧化酶水平也发生了明显变化（P

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引用次数: 0

Effects of acute exposure to freshwater acidification on developing Oryzias latipes. 急性暴露于淡水酸化对发育中的黄颡鱼的影响。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111774

Grace E Wallace, Rosemary C Minns, Caleb T Hasler

Elevated CO₂ in aquatic environments causes weak acidification. When exposed to weak acidification, regardless of life stage, most fishes undergo some degree of hypercapnia (elevation of CO₂ in the bloodstream). Hypercapnia negatively affects physiological processes and embryo and larval fish are particularly vulnerable to rises in CO₂. The aim of our study was to understand if weak acidification induced by elevated CO₂ alters the physiology and behaviour of freshwater Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos and larvae. To test this, we treated Japanese medaka embryos and larvae for 24 h with varying levels of weak acidification (pH 7.1 [∼482 μatm], 6.4 [∼2,122 μatm], 6.1 [∼3,280 μatm], 5.8 [∼5,306 μatm], and 5.7 [∼10,130 μatm]) at two developmental stages (72 hpf and 9 dpf). Following the treatment, heart rate, burst activity (movement within the egg), and survival of embryos were quantified. Swimming activity of hatched larvae was also measured. We observed a statistically significant 2-fold decline in heart rate of embryonic Japanese medaka as pH decreased (P < 0.01). We also found that survival of embryos significantly declined as acidification increased (P < 0.01). Behaviour of larval fish was significantly altered (P < 0.001) but not in a pH dependent manner. Our study suggests that weak acidification can cause negative effects to early life stage physiology and that behaviour can be altered. Our results suggest that if fish develop in weakly acidified freshwater there may be unfavourable impacts, including mortality at the most extreme levels.

水生环境中的二氧化碳升高会导致弱酸化。暴露在弱酸化环境中时，无论处于哪个生命阶段，大多数鱼类都会出现某种程度的高碳酸血症（血液中二氧化碳浓度升高）。高碳酸血症会对生理过程产生负面影响，胚胎和幼鱼尤其容易受到二氧化碳升高的影响。我们的研究旨在了解二氧化碳升高引起的弱酸化是否会改变淡水日本鳉胚胎和幼鱼的生理和行为。为此，我们在两个发育阶段（72 hpf 和 9 dpf）用不同程度的弱酸化（pH 7.1 [~482 μatm]、6.4 [~2122 μatm]、6.1 [~3280 μatm]、5.8 [~5306 μatm]和 5.7 [~10,130 μatm]）处理日本鳉胚胎和幼体 24 小时。处理后，对胚胎的心率、爆发活动（卵内运动）和存活率进行了量化。还测量了孵化幼虫的游泳活动。我们观察到，随着 pH 值的降低，胚胎日本鳉的心率下降了 2 倍（P

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引用次数: 0

Water fluxes and nutrient absorption along the midgut of three hemipterans, Mahanarva fimbriolata, Dysdercus peruvianus, and Rhodnius prolixus Mahanarva fimbriolata、Dysdercus peruvianus 和 Rhodnius prolixus 三种七鳃鳗中肠的水通量和营养吸收。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111773

Ignacio G. Barroso, Bárbara B. Nascimento, Clelia Ferreira, Walter R. Terra

Hemiptera Order comprises insect species adapted to different diets regarding water and nutrient content and availability, thus suggesting different combinations of proteins to ensure their absorption. To find out whether hemipterans use the same or distinct set of proteins and whether these differences are related to the phylogeny or the diet, RNAseq analyses were conducted in gut sections of three hemipterans, M. fimbriolata, D. peruvianus, and R. prolixus, with remarkable distinct diet. Since only a few of the selected proteins were functionally characterized, the coded putative proteins were manually curated by bioinformatics to infer their physiological function. The results suggest a relationship between gene expression patterns and water and nutrient dietary content and availability. In contrast, putative gene expansions and deletions are related to phylogeny, corresponding to evolutionary adaptations of ancestral forms to feed on xylem, cotton seeds, and blood, resulting in more resemblances between D. peruvianus and R. prolixus than M. fimbriolata. M. fimbriolata absorbs water through aquaporins Drip and Prip in the filtration chamber by passive diffusion, with a higher contribution of water-selective Drip. D. peruvianus water absorption involves Drip and Prip, but Prip contribution appears to be higher, and they probably cooperate with water-ion cotransporters in the posterior midgut. R. prolixus absorbs water in the anterior midgut involving a sodium transporter and a putative water-urea Prip. Sugars, amino acids, and lipids might be absorbed along the midgut in the three species, with a higher contribution of the posterior midgut for amino acid and lipid absorption in M. fimbriolata and D. peruvianus and the middle midgut in R. prolixus.

半翅目（Hemiptera Order）包括适应不同食物的昆虫物种，它们的水分和营养成分含量及可用性各不相同，因此需要不同的蛋白质组合来确保它们的吸收。为了弄清半翅目昆虫是否使用相同或不同的蛋白质组合，以及这些差异是否与系统发育或食物有关，研究人员对三种半翅目昆虫（M. fimbriolata、D. peruvianus 和 R. prolixus）的肠道切片进行了 RNAseq 分析。由于所选蛋白质中只有少数具有功能特征，因此通过生物信息学方法对编码的推测蛋白质进行了人工整理，以推断其生理功能。结果表明，基因表达模式与膳食中水和营养物质的含量和可获得性之间存在关系。相比之下，推测基因的扩增和缺失与系统发育有关，对应于祖先对木质部、棉花种子和血液的进化适应，导致 D. peruvianus 和 R. prolixus 比 M. fimbriolata 更为相似。M. fimbriolata 在过滤室中通过水汽素 Drip 和 Prip 被动扩散吸水，其中水选择性 Drip 的作用更大。秘鲁蛙的吸水涉及 Drip 和 Prip，但 Prip 的贡献似乎更大，它们可能与中肠后部的水离子共转运体合作。R. prolixus 在前中肠吸收水分，涉及钠转运体和假定的水-尿素 Prip。这三个物种的糖类、氨基酸和脂质可能沿着中肠吸收，M. fimbriolata 和 D. peruvianus 的后中肠对氨基酸和脂质的吸收贡献较大，R. prolixus 的中肠对氨基酸和脂质的吸收贡献较大。

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引用次数: 0

Daily rhythms of locomotor activity and transcript levels of non-visual opsins in the brain of the blind Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) 墨西哥洞穴盲鱼（Astyanax mexicanus）大脑中运动活动的日节律和非视觉蛋白的转录水平。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111772

Francesca Conti , Alba Vergès-Castillo , Francisco J. Sánchez-Vázquez , José F. López-Olmeda , Cristiano Bertolucci , José A. Muñoz-Cueto

Most organisms possess endogenous circadian clocks that synchronise their physiology and behaviour with environmental cycles, with the light-dark (LD) cycle being the most potent synchronising signal. Consequently, it can be hypothesised that animals that have evolved in the dark, as in caves or deep sea, may no longer possess a functional light-entrained biological clock. In this research, the blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus was selected as a model organism to investigate the potential effects of daily light conditions on the circadian timekeeping mechanisms. First, we focused on describing behavioural photic entrainment and the presence of a circadian endogenous rhythmicity by recording locomotor activity rhythms under different lighting regimes: LD 12:12, after a 6-h shift of LD, constant darkness (DD), and constant dim light (LLdim). Secondly, we aimed at characterising the mechanisms of photodetection by analysing the daily rhythms of expression of selected non-visual extraocular opsins (exo-rhod, opn3, rgra, rgrb, tmt1a and tmt1b) in the brain of this blind species using real-time quantitative PCR. Our results revealed that blind Mexican cavefish activity rhythms were entrained to the LD cycle, with a diurnal activity pattern that persisted in a circadian fashion under constant lighting conditions. Additionally, statistically significant daily variations and/or rhythms were observed in three out of the six non-visual opsin genes analysed (opn3, rgra and tmt1b), all of them displaying nocturnal acrophases. These findings suggest that daily rhythms in extraretinal non-visual opsins may be transducing daily photic cycles and contributing to the entrainment of locomotor activity and other light-synchronised rhythms in blind cavefish species.

大多数生物都有内源性昼夜节律钟，使其生理和行为与环境周期同步，其中光-暗（LD）周期是最有效的同步信号。因此，可以假设，在黑暗中进化的动物，如洞穴或深海中的动物，可能不再拥有功能性的光诱导生物钟。在这项研究中，我们选择了盲洞穴鱼Astyanax mexicanus作为模式生物，研究日常光照条件对昼夜节律计时机制的潜在影响。首先，我们通过记录不同光照条件下的运动活动节律，重点描述了行为光诱导和昼夜节律内生节律的存在：LD 12:12、LD 6 小时转换后、恒定黑暗 (DD) 和恒定暗光 (LLdim)。其次，我们利用实时定量 PCR 技术分析了该盲目物种大脑中部分非视觉眼外虹膜蛋白（exo-rhod、opn3、rgra、rgrb、tmt1a 和 tmt1b）的日表达节律，旨在确定光探测机制的特征。我们的研究结果表明，墨西哥洞穴盲鱼的活动节律与 LD 周期有关，在恒定光照条件下，其昼夜活动模式持续存在。此外，在所分析的六个非视觉视蛋白基因中，有三个基因（opn3、rgra 和 tmt1b）的日变化和/或节律在统计学上有显著意义，所有这些基因都显示出夜间渐缩现象。这些研究结果表明，视网膜外非视觉蛋白的日节律可能在传递日光周期，并有助于盲洞鱼种的运动活动和其他光同步节律的调节。

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引用次数: 0

Physiological effects of research handling on the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) 研究操作对北方象海豹（Mirounga angustirostris）的生理影响。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111771

Lauren A. Cooley , Allyson G. Hindle , Cassondra L. Williams , Paul J. Ponganis , Shawn M. Hannah , Holger Klinck , Markus Horning , Daniel P. Costa , Rachel R. Holser , Daniel E. Crocker , Birgitte I. McDonald

Wildlife researchers must balance the need to safely capture and handle their study animals to sample tissues, collect morphological measurements, and attach dataloggers while ensuring their results are not confounded by stress artifacts caused by handling. To determine the physiological effects of research activities including chemical immobilization, transport, instrumentation with biologgers, and overnight holding on a model marine mammal species, we collected hormone, blood chemistry, hematology, and heart rate data from 19 juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) throughout a translocation experiment. Across our six sampling timepoints, cortisol and aldosterone data revealed a moderate hormonal stress response to handling accompanied by minor changes in hematocrit and blood glucose, but not ketone bodies or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. We also examined heart rate as a stress indicator and found that interval heart rate, standard deviation of heart rate, and apnea-eupnea cycles were influenced by handling. However, when seals were recaptured after several days at sea, all hormonal and hematological parameters had returned to baseline levels. Furthermore, 100 % of study animals were resighted in the wild post-translocation, with some individuals observed over four years later. Together, these findings suggest that while northern elephant seals exhibit measurable physiological stress in response to handling, they recover rapidly and show no observable long-term deleterious effects, making them a robust species for ecological and physiological research.

野生动物研究人员必须在安全捕获和处理研究动物以采集组织样本、收集形态测量数据和安装数据记录器的需要之间取得平衡，同时确保他们的研究结果不会被处理过程中产生的应激伪影所干扰。为了确定研究活动（包括化学固定、运输、使用生物记录仪进行仪器操作以及隔夜饲养）对海洋哺乳动物模型物种的生理影响，我们在整个迁移实验过程中收集了 19 只幼年北方象海豹（Mirounga angustirostris）的激素、血液化学、血液学和心率数据。在我们的六个采样时间点上，皮质醇和醛固酮数据显示了对搬运的中度激素应激反应，伴随着血细胞比容和血糖的轻微变化，但酮体或红细胞沉降率没有变化。我们还研究了作为应激指标的心率，发现间歇心率、心率标准偏差和呼吸暂停-呼吸暂停周期受搬运影响。然而，当海豹在海上漂流数天后被重新捕获时，所有激素和血液学参数都已恢复到基线水平。此外，100% 的研究动物在转移后在野外重新见到，其中一些个体在四年后才被观察到。总之，这些研究结果表明，虽然北方象海豹在处理过程中会表现出可测量的生理压力，但它们会迅速恢复，并且不会出现可观察到的长期有害影响，因此它们是生态学和生理学研究的有力物种。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of larval rearing temperature on steroidogenesis pathway development in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) early life history 幼体饲养温度对冬鲽（Pseudopleuronectes americanus）早期生活史中类固醇生成途径发育的影响

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111770

Nina Bellenger , Étienne Audet-Walsh , Lucas Germain , Eric Normandeau , Céline Audet

Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) is a North Atlantic flatfish that inhabits cold-water environments already affected by global warming. Flatfishes are particularly sensitive during their juvenile stage to a phenomenon known as temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). In this study, we hypothesized that many genes involved in the steroidogenesis pathway are already expressed at the larval stage in winter flounder and that temperature conditions may influence this pathway prior to the juvenile stage, which is usually considered the TSD-sensitive period. We also hypothesized that temperature effects on the steroidogenesis pathway may carry over from the larval to the juvenile stage. We surveyed three cohorts issued from three different spawning events during spring. Rearing temperature and salinity conditions followed seasonal conditions in the St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada). As a result, cohorts were exposed to different temperature regimes during egg and larval development. Once metamorphosis occurred, all juveniles were held at a stable temperature of 10.1 ± 0.8 °C. Larvae were sampled at 20, 30, and, 40 days post-hatching and juveniles at one and two months post-metamorphosis. RNA was extracted from these individuals and then sequenced. Transcriptome analysis showed clear differentiation between larvae and juveniles. Gene expression patterns showed that the steroidogenesis pathway, including genes involved in gonadal differentiation, was influenced by temperature during larval development, which indicates that sexual determination at the cellular level is an early process in winter flounder development. Carry-over effects of larval rearing temperature conditions were present at the juvenile stage, with an increased number of genes involved in the steroidogenesis pathway being affected. Altogether, our study highlights the important role of larval development and temperature exposure on the transcriptome of winter flounder.

冬季比目鱼（Pseudopleuronectes americanus）是北大西洋的一种比目鱼，栖息在已经受到全球变暖影响的冷水环境中。比目鱼在幼鱼阶段对温度依赖性决定性别（TSD）现象特别敏感。在这项研究中，我们假设许多参与类固醇生成途径的基因在冬季比目鱼的幼鱼阶段就已经表达，而温度条件可能会在通常被认为是 TSD 敏感期的幼鱼阶段之前影响这一途径。我们还假设，温度对类固醇生成途径的影响可能会从幼鱼阶段延续到幼鱼阶段。我们调查了春季三次不同产卵活动产生的三组鱼群。饲养温度和盐度条件与圣劳伦斯河口（加拿大魁北克省）的季节条件一致。因此，在卵和幼虫发育期间，各组群暴露在不同的温度条件下。一旦发生变态，所有幼体均保持在 10.1 ± 0.8 °C 的稳定温度下。幼虫在孵化后 20 天、30 天和 40 天采样，幼体在变态后 1 个月和 2 个月采样。从这些个体中提取 RNA，然后进行测序。转录组分析表明，幼虫和幼体之间存在明显的差异。基因表达模式显示，类固醇生成途径，包括参与性腺分化的基因，在幼体发育过程中受到温度的影响，这表明细胞水平的性决定是冬季鲽鱼发育的早期过程。幼体饲养温度条件对幼体阶段也有影响，受影响的类固醇生成途径基因数量增加。总之，我们的研究强调了幼体发育和温度暴露对冬鲽转录组的重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of triiodothyronine on the immune response and extracellular matrix remodeling during zebrafish heart regeneration 三碘甲状腺原氨酸对斑马鱼心脏再生过程中免疫反应和细胞外基质重塑的影响

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111769

Reece R.B. Long , Oliver M.N. Bullingham , Benjamin Baylis , Jared B. Shaftoe , John R. Dutcher , Todd E. Gillis

Damage to the human heart is an irreparable process that results in a permanent impairment in cardiac function. There are, however, a number of vertebrate species including zebrafish (Danio rerio) that can regenerate their hearts following significant injury. In contrast to these regenerative species, mammals are known to have high levels of thyroid hormones, which has been proposed to play a role in this difference in regenerative capacity. However, the mechanisms through which thyroid hormones effect heart regeneration are not fully understood. Here, zebrafish were exposed to exogenous triiodothyronine (T₃) for two weeks and then their hearts were damaged through cryoinjury to investigate the effect of thyroid hormones on ECM remodeling and the components of the immune response during heart regeneration. Additionally, cardiac fibroblasts derived from trout, another species of fish known to display cardiac regenerative capacity, were exposed to T₃ in vitro to analyze any direct effects of T₃ on collagen deposition. It was found that cryoinjury induction results in an increase in myocardial stiffness, but this response was muted in T₃ exposed zebrafish. The measurement of relevant marker gene transcripts suggests that T₃ exposure reduces the recruitment of macrophages to the damaged zebrafish heart immediately following injury but had no effect on the regulation of collagen deposition by cultured trout fibroblasts. These results suggest that T₃ effects both the immune response and ECM remodeling in zebrafish following cardiac injury.

人类心脏的损伤是一个无法弥补的过程，会导致心脏功能永久受损。然而，包括斑马鱼（Danio rerio）在内的一些脊椎动物在心脏受到严重损伤后可以再生。与这些具有再生能力的物种不同，哺乳动物体内的甲状腺激素水平较高，这被认为是造成再生能力差异的原因之一。然而，甲状腺激素影响心脏再生的机制尚不完全清楚。在此，研究人员将斑马鱼暴露于外源性三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）中两周，然后通过冷冻损伤的方式使其心脏受损，以研究甲状腺激素对心脏再生过程中ECM重塑和免疫反应成分的影响。此外，鳟鱼（另一种已知具有心脏再生能力的鱼类）的心脏成纤维细胞也在体外暴露于 T3，以分析 T3 对胶原沉积的任何直接影响。研究发现，冷冻损伤诱导会导致心肌僵硬度增加，但在暴露于 T3 的斑马鱼中，这种反应却不明显。对相关标记基因转录本的测量表明，暴露于 T3 的斑马鱼心脏在受伤后会立即减少巨噬细胞的招募，但对培养的鳟鱼成纤维细胞的胶原沉积调节没有影响。这些结果表明，T3 对斑马鱼心脏损伤后的免疫反应和 ECM 重塑都有影响。

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引用次数: 0

Physiological responses of euryhaline marine fish to naturally-occurring hypersalinity 极海洋鱼类对自然发生的低盐度的生理反应。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111768

Andrew J. Esbaugh

Hypersaline habitats are generally defined as those with salinities in excess of 40 ppt. Well-known hypersaline regions (e.g. salt and soda lakes) have a well-earned reputation for being among the most inhospitable habitats in the world, and fish endemic to these areas have been the subject of much research related to extremophile physiology. Yet, marine coastal hypersalinity is both a common occurrence and a growing consideration in many marine coastal ecosystems, in part owing to human influence (e.g. evaporation, river diversion, desalination effluent). Importantly, any increase in salinity will elevate the osmoregulatory challenges experienced by a fish, which must be overcome by increasing the capacity to imbibe and absorb water and excrete ions. While great attention has been given to dynamic osmoregulatory processes with respect to freshwater to seawater transitions, and to the extreme hypersalinity tolerance that is associated with the adoption of an osmo-conforming strategy, relatively little focus has been placed on the physiological implications of moderate hypersalinity exposures (e.g. ≤ 60 ppt). Importantly, these exposures often represent the threshold of osmoregulatory performance owing to energetic constraints on ion excretion and efficiency limitations on water absorption. This review will explore the current state of knowledge with respect to hypersalinity exposure in euryhaline fishes, while placing a particular focus on the physiological constraints, plasticity and downstream implications of long-term exposure to moderate hypersalinity.

高盐度生境一般指盐度超过 40 ppt 的生境。著名的高盐度地区（如盐湖和苏打湖）是世界上最荒凉的栖息地之一，享有盛誉。然而，在许多海洋沿岸生态系统中，海洋沿岸盐度过高既是一种常见现象，也是一个日益严重的问题，部分原因是人类的影响（如蒸发、河流改道、海水淡化排放的废水）。重要的是，任何盐度的增加都会提高鱼类的渗透调节能力，鱼类必须通过提高吸收水分和排泄离子的能力来克服这一挑战。尽管人们对淡水向海水过渡时的动态渗透调节过程以及与采用渗透调节策略有关的极端低盐度耐受性给予了极大关注，但对中等低盐度（例如≤ 60 ppt）暴露的生理影响的关注相对较少。重要的是，由于离子排泄的能量限制和水分吸收的效率限制，这些暴露通常代表渗透调节性能的临界值。本综述将探讨极海洋鱼类暴露于低盐度环境的知识现状，同时特别关注长期暴露于中度低盐度环境的生理限制、可塑性和下游影响。

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引用次数: 0

Reproductive effort affects cellular response in the mantle of Nodipecten subnodosus scallops exposed to acute hyperthermia 生殖努力影响暴露于急性高热的 Nodipecten subnodosus 扇贝套膜的细胞反应。

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111766

A. Marzari , I.S. Racotta , C. Escobedo-Fregoso , S. Artigaud , E. Kraffe , R.L. Salgado-García

In marine ecosystems, temperature regulates the energy metabolism of animals. In the last decades, the temperature increase was related to mass mortality events of marine ectotherms, particularly during high-energy investment for reproduction. In scallops, the mantle has been poorly investigated while this tissue covers more than 40 % of the body mass, contributing to the perception of surrounding environmental stimuli. Our aim was to assess the cellular and molecular responses linked to energy metabolism in the mantle of adult N. subnodosus facing acute hyperthermia during reproductive effort. Scallops collected in spring (late gametogenesis) and summer (ripe gonads) were exposed to a control temperature (22 °C) or acute hyperthermia (30 °C) for 24 h. In spring, increased arginine kinase (AK) activity together with increased pyruvate kinase/citrate synthase ratio (PK/CS) suggested an enhanced carbohydrate, pyruvate, and arginine metabolism to maintain the adenylate energy charge (AEC) in the mantle of scallops coping with acute thermal increase. In summer, animals decreased their AEC (5 %) and arginine phosphate pool (40 %) and increased their anaerobic metabolism as shown by enhanced activities of lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) and octopine dehydrogenase (ODH), respectively. The abundance of twenty proteins involved in energy metabolism (isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase subunit β), protein protection (cognate heat shock protein 70), and cytoskeleton (actins and tubulins) were affected only by season. These results underlie the role of the mantle of N. subnodosus in the seasonal responses of this tissue to thermal fluctuations during reproductive effort with possible implications for the physiological performance of scallops under heat waves in wild or harvest conditions.

在海洋生态系统中，温度调节动物的能量代谢。在过去几十年中，温度升高与海洋外温动物的大量死亡事件有关，特别是在为繁殖进行高能量投资期间。对扇贝的套膜研究较少，而这一组织覆盖了扇贝40%以上的体重，有助于扇贝感知周围环境的刺激。我们的目的是评估在繁殖过程中面临急性高热的扇贝（N. subnodosus）成体套膜中与能量代谢有关的细胞和分子反应。将春季（配子发生晚期）和夏季（性腺成熟期）采集的扇贝暴露在控制温度（22 °C）或急性高热（30 °C）下 24 小时。在春季，精氨酸激酶（AK）活性的增加以及丙酮酸激酶/柠檬酸合成酶比率（PK/CS）的增加表明，碳水化合物、丙酮酸和精氨酸的新陈代谢增强，以维持扇贝甲壳中的腺苷酸能量电荷（AEC）来应对急性高热。在夏季，扇贝的腺苷酸能量电荷（5%）和精氨酸磷酸池（40%）减少，无氧代谢增强，这分别表现为乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和辛辣脱氢酶（ODH）活性增强。参与能量代谢（异柠檬酸脱氢酶、ATP合成酶亚基β）、蛋白质保护（同源热休克蛋白70）和细胞骨架（肌动蛋白和微管蛋白）的二十种蛋白质的丰度仅受季节影响。这些结果揭示了扇贝套膜在扇贝繁殖过程中对热波动的季节性反应中的作用，并可能对扇贝在野生或收获条件下的热浪条件下的生理表现产生影响。

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引用次数: 0

Physiological adaptations of red blood cells during aestivation in the south American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa 南美洲肺鱼（Lepidosiren paradoxa）休眠期红细胞的生理适应性

IF 2.1 3区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111765

Elisa M. Fonseca , Sofia L.B. da S. Matos , Alan E. Piedade , Flávio A.G. Mourão , Kenia C. Bícego , Luciane H. Gargaglioni , Glauber S.F. da Silva

The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa inhabits areas with variable pluvial regimes. During aestivation (dormancy state observed in some species during dry seasons), the prolonged period of dryness imposes osmotic stress. We aimed to investigate the physiological and morphological adaptations of RBCs in Lepidosiren paradoxa during aestivation. Here, the lungfish were subjected to aestivation for 20 and 40 days and compared to a control group in an active period. The osmotic fragility, blood osmolality, and pH were measured. Blood smears were performed to assess morphological changes in the RBCs. Lepidosiren paradoxa presented lower hemolysis when compared with a teleost fish and tegu lizard. Hemolysis increased when the lungfish was subjected to 40 days of aestivation (from 6.04 % to 16.51 %; control vs 40-day aestivation). Hematocrit rose in both aestivation groups compared to the control (26.36 %, 41.36 % and 41 %, control, 20 and 40 days, respectively; p < 0.05) indicating changes in RBC volume and hydration status. Moreover, the results revealed increased osmolality in the 40-day aestivation group (244.4 vs 372.1 mmol/Kg; control vs 40-day aestivation). 40 days of aestivation led to a decrease in blood pH when compared to the control and 20-day aestivation groups. Both aestivation durations resulted in a reduction in the perimeter and cell diameters in at least one direction of the RBCs (24 % mean reduction in size from control to 40 days aestivation). These findings suggest that South American lungfish possess remarkable physiological and morphological adaptations in their RBCs during aestivation.

南美洲肺鱼（Lepidosiren paradoxa）栖息在雨量多变的地区。在休眠期（某些物种在干旱季节的休眠状态），长时间的干燥会造成渗透压应激。我们的目的是研究在休眠状态下鲈鱼红细胞的生理和形态适应性。在此，我们对龙鱼进行了 20 天和 40 天的休眠，并与处于活动期的对照组进行了比较。测量了渗透脆性、血液渗透压和 pH 值。进行血液涂片以评估红细胞的形态变化。与远洋鱼类和tegu蜥蜴相比，鳞鱼的溶血率较低。肺鱼休眠 40 天后，溶血率升高（从 6.04% 升至 16.51%；对照组与 40 天休眠组）。与对照组相比，禁食组的血细胞比容都有所上升（对照组、禁食 20 天组和禁食 40 天组的血细胞比容分别为 26.36 %、41.36 % 和 41 %；p <0.05），表明红细胞体积和水合状态发生了变化。此外，结果显示，40 天禁食组的渗透压增加（244.4 vs 372.1 mmol/Kg；对照组 vs 40 天禁食组）。与对照组和禁食 20 天组相比，禁食 40 天导致血液 pH 值下降。这两种休眠期都导致红细胞的周长和细胞直径至少在一个方向上缩小（从对照组到 40 天休眠组的平均缩小率为 24%）。这些发现表明，南美肺鱼的红细胞在休眠期具有显著的生理和形态适应性。

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引用次数: 0